Vietnam academy of agriculture science ---***--- DANG VAN NIEN RESEARCH ON IDENTIFYING NEW VARIETIES AND CULTIVATED TECHNIQUES PROTOCOL TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Trang 1Ministry of education and training Ministry of agri and rural deve
Vietnam academy of agriculture science
-*** -
DANG VAN NIEN
RESEARCH ON IDENTIFYING NEW VARIETIES AND CULTIVATED TECHNIQUES PROTOCOL TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN TOMATO
PRODUCTION IN RED RIVER DELTA
Subject: Crop science Code: 62.62.01.10
SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURE PHD THESIS
HA NOI, 2014
Trang 2The thesis was completed in: Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Science
Science supervisors by:
1 Vice prof DR Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue
2 DR Tran Ngoc Hung
At: …… …… date…… month … 2014
Can be find theisis at :
- Hanoi national library
Vietanm Academy of Agriculture Science library
Trang 3INTRODUCTION
1 Urgent of the project
Red River delta (RRD) is one of the largest regions of tomato production Conditions of climate and soil here is favorable to cultivate tomato with many crop seasons around the year, binging good benefits for tomato growers However, diseases such as bacterial wilt, yellow leaves curly leaf (TYCLV) develop with higher pressues, resulting in decrease of tomato productivity Beside that, a large area
of tomato in Red River delta is in main crop season (winter season) with high productivity but low price, while tomato in off-seasons (summer-autumn, spring-summer) with high product demand but less of area, because weather is not suitable for good plant growth and lack of suitable tomato varieties
In front of actual demand of tomato production, some research organizations in domestic have introduced some hybrid varieties such as HT7, HT24, Hybird No.9, VT3, FM20, FM29… together with guidelines of intensitive cultivation and initialy apply advance technology innovation of grafting between tomato and egg plant in off-season production However, until now, tomato hybrid varieties are with small supply of seeds for production due to limited technology of hybid seed production Moreover, the number of varieties with high productivity and good quality is limited
to meet demands of fresh tomato, tomato for processing and for exportation Breeding of disease resistance varieties for rootstock becomes an urgent requirement
of production, but there are not many studies on rootstock Materials for rootstock are maily imported In addition, technical guidelines are common for all production in off-season tomato, grafted tomato, which needs to be specified for each variety and each ecological region
In this context, it is essential to evaluate and rapidly introduce hybrid tomato varieties imported with high productivity, good quality, good disease resistance, and good adaptation to crop seasons and intensitive cultivation for Red River delta, providing improvement of crop productivity and economic benefits Thus, study
“Research on identifying new varieties and cultivated techniques protocol to
improve productivity and economic efficiency in tomato production in Red River delta”
2 Objective of the project
Assess of current status of tomato production in Red River delta in recent
yeas, drawing techniques and strategy need to be improved
Evaluate some imported hybid tomato varieties that are suitable for Red River delta with good adaptation, high productivity, good disease resistance in order to contribute to diversity of tomato varieties
Trang 4Establish technical guidelines of production for selected varieties
Build a production model of hybid tomato in off-season with large scale in some locals of Red River delta
3 Scientific and Usable contribution of the Project
Results of selection and evaluation of new hybrid tomato varieties accompanied by appropriate cultivation techniques and introduce 02 varieties of rootstock (variety Hawaii 7996 and cà gai), contributing to diversity of tomato varieties and improving crop productivity and quality of commercial hybrid tomato and promote development scale of tomato production with higher economic efficiency in Red River delta
4 News results from Project
Evaluate status of tomato production in Red River in period 2008 – 2011, resulting in some direction of research to overcome difficulties to improve production efficiency of growers
Select, evaluate and introduce 03 potential tomato varieties: TAT072672, Savior and TAT062659 with high productivity, good disesase resistance, suitable for production in main crop season as well as in off-season in Red River delta In 2012, production area of 2 varieties Savior and TAT072672 is up to 1382.4 ha and 328.3
ha Variety TAT062659 was introduced into production in 2013
Establish cultivated tecniques for improving of productivity for 2 varieties TAT072672 and TAT062659 in different crop season in Red River delta
Evaluate and introduce 02 new varieties of rootstock suitable for variety Savior: Hawaii 7996 and cà gai Establish farming guidelines for cultivation of grafted tomato in different crop seasons in Red River delta Productivity of Savior grafted tomato from demotrations is higher than tomato of the check, resulting in 18.7 – 34.1% bebefit increaments
Trang 5Introduce some protential hybrid tomato varieties in some province: Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi… which are widely accepted by tomato growers In
2012, production area of 2 varieties Savior and TAT072672 is up to 1382.4 ha and 328.3 ha Variety TAT062659 was introduced into production in 2013
6 Sructure of the Thesis
Thesis consists of 127 page including: introduction (5 pages), Chapter 1: Summary of references and sciencific basic of the thesis (36 pages); Chapter 2: Material and method (12 pages); Chapter 3: Results and discussions (72 pages); Conclusion and proposals (2 pages) There are 161 references used, including 58 Vietnamese ones and 102 English ones in the thesis There are 55 data tables, 4 ficgures, 10 expendixes, 4 declared studies
Trang 6CHAPTER 1 Literature review
There are 58 Vietnamese ones and 102 English ones in the thesis regarding to: 1 Introduction of tomao; 2 Status of tomato production in the world and in Vietnam; 3 Status of research on tomato in the world and in Vietnam
Origin of Tomato Solanum lycopersicum is from Andean region including
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile (Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez, 2008) Tomato is a fruit vegetable with nutritional value, high medicinal value and is one of the vegetable with high economic efficiency, is a good of export in many countries worldwide Area of tomato production in the world continues increasing but
it is not stable In 2011, area of tomato production was 4,734,350 ha, productivity was 34.59 tons/ha and yield 159,023 million tons (FAOSTAT Database, 2011) In Vietnam, tomato has been cultivated for over 100 years, which is well-developed in many regions in the country In 2011, area was 23,083 ha, evarage productivity was 25.55 tons/ha and yield was 589.83 million tons (Tổng Cục thống kê, 2012)
Methods of tomato breeding are still traditional methods, including: sexual hybrid and selecting generated populations, sexual hybrid and … Recently, with applications of bio-technology, especially genetic engineering in tomato breeding has been strongly developed in some countries and international organizations Beside achievements of genetic engineering, applications of heterosis effects in tomato are also well-developed in the 20th century (Singh and Checma (1989); Thomas and Umesh (1989), Pichet and Anon (1996)AVRDC (2003), AVRDC reports (2005, Foolad et al., (2012), Easlon H M, (2009), Nasar Virk et al., (2012)
Recent years, there is a diversity of materials for tomato breeding including both cultivated cultivals and wilt cultuvals Tomato breeding, especially heterosis selections of high yield, good quality, resistance with diseases such as bacterials wilt, yellow curly leaf, late blight, ring spot, tematodes, suitable for fresh tomato and processing is taken place and achieved a lot of successes in USA, India, France, Bulgaria, Thailand, Phillipine… and the AVRDC(Gaikwad et al., 2010; Wessel Beaver et al., 1992; Lin and Lai,1989; Anbinder et al.,2009; Vidavski F et al.,2008, Dagan et al.,2012; AVRDC Report, 2004; 2005 và 2008a; Chunwongse J et al., 2002; Min-Jea Kim et al., 2005; R.Chaerani và cộng sự, 2007; Chaerani et al., 2007 Technology of molecular marker is used successfully in tomato breeding of adaption with unfavorable to conditions such hot climate, high humidity, salt tolerance, drought tolerance (AVRDC, 2000; Easlon H M, 2009; Nasar Virk et al., 2012) Alica
Trang 7et al, (2001), Denoyes and Anais (1989); Denoyes and Rhino, (1999), Tiwari and Choudhury, (1993)
Worldwide, applications of high technology, greenhouse technology in tomato production brough revulitionary results for tomato production in term of productivity and control of harvesting time as well ( Valerie et al., 2010; Asit Baran Mondal at el., 2011;, Sanchez et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Choudhary et al., 2010; Manson et al., 2010; ….) Studies in many countries regarding to crop densit, fertilizers, cultivation habitat, pest management improved countable productivity and quality, decrease disease infection in production, resulting in improvement of economic efficiency of production (Tran Khac Thi, Ngo Thu Ha, 2010) Studies on rootstock eggplant, Hawai variety in tomato production have been carried out soon and brough remarkable results such as high productivity, good quality, tolerance to disease and unfavorable conditions (Nina, 2004; Khah et al., 2006; Francisco et al., (2010), Dimitrios Savvas et al., (2009),
Studing and breeding of tomato in Vietnam focus on good growth, high yield, firm fruit, thick flesh, high crack resistance, good tolerance to pest, heat tolerance, short life cycle, long shelf life, good color, good quality for fresh market and food processing In recent years, universities and research institutes introduced a number
of hybrid tomato varieties with high quality and good disiese tolerance such as HT7, HT42, HT160, FM20, FM29, lai số 9, HPT 10, VT3, VT4… contributing development of tomato production in Red River delta (Nguyen Minh Hong, Kieu Thi Nhu et al, 2006ab, 2011a, 2011b; Le Thi Thuy et al, 2010; Duong Kim Thoa et al, 2012) However, the number of tomato varieties is limited, account for small area and slowly introduced in practice production In practice production, there is lack of varieties with high productivity and good tolerance, suitable for production in off-season
In parallel to breeding, studies and application of innovations (crop season, density, fertilizer program, grafted tomato with rootstock of egg plant…) provide potential results, contributing increased productivity and production efficiency in main crop season as well as in off-season (Ta Thu Cuc, 2007; Dao Xuan Thang el all 2005; Duong Kim Thoa et al 2006, Nguyen Thi Mao, 2008; Tran Van Lai et al, 2002; Vu Thanh Hai, 2011; Tran Thi Ba et all., 2010; Tran Khac Thi et all.,2011)… Althought there is improvement in research and applicatinon of hybrid tomato as well as cultivation techniques in tomato production…
Trang 8CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL, OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Materials
2.1.1 Varieties materials
Group of 80 hybrid combinations of semideterminate tomato and 62 hybrid combination of determinate tomato mported from Thailand and India and 4 popular varieties of check Grandeva, DV269, HT42, VL2004
10 potential varieties are introduced to evaluate including 5 semideterminate varieties (TAT072672, Savior, TAI786, TAT08-1072, TAT08-1336) and 5 determinate varieties (TAT071001, TAT071004, TAT062659, TAT08-1266 và TAT08-1336)
Technical guidelines for cultivation in Red River delta of 3 potential varieties Savior, TAT072672 (Hồng ngọc), TAT062659 were completed
3 varieties of rootstock Egg Plant EG203, Hawaii 7996 and Cà Gai were evaluated efficacy of rootstock with scion variety Savior in off-season in Red River delta
2.1.2 Others materials
- Organic fertilizer: Composted fertilizer
- Inorganic fertilizers: Ure 46.6% N, super phosphorous fertilizer 16,5% P2O5, KCL 60% K2O, NPK đầu trâu 13-13-13+TE fertilizer
2.2.3 Complete technical guildeline for cultivation of potential varieties
2.2.4 Complete technical guideline of tomato grafting and evaluate production efficiency of grafted tomato Savior in Red River delta
2.3 Place and Period implementation
2.3.1 Research Place: Evaluated status of tomato production in 7 provinces Vinh
Phuc, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, and Nam Dinh Trials of variety selecting and research on farming technical were carried out in farming co-operative Song Phuong, Hoai Duc district, Ha Noi Trials of production were carried out in Vinh Phuc, Ha Noi, Hai Duong and Nam Dinh Trial of grafted tomato were carried out in Tam Dao, Vinh Tuong of Vinh Phuc province, Hoai Duc, Ha Noi; Nam Sach, Hai Duong province; Tien Lang, Hai Phong province
Trang 92.3.2 Implementation period: from 2008-2013
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Survey methodology about tomato production status in RRD
- Data was collected from relevant national and local divisions, departments
- Farmers interview by method RRA, PRA, KIP, Group interview; analysis of strength, weakness, opportunities and difficulties
2.4.2 Setting up field trials methodology
2.4.2.1 Evaluation and Selection varieties trials
Trial 1: Evaluate group of varieties using sequential method, no replication, 2
varieties of check for every 10 evaluated varieties Plot size is 12.0 m2 (20 plants/plot)
Trial 2: Evaluate farming and efficiency of potential varieties in 3 different seasons:
autumn – winter, Winter and Spring – Summer in Red River delta to determine suitable varieties for each crops season Trial was designed as Randomly Completed Block Design (CRBD) with 3 replications, plot size 20m2 Density is 28500 plants/ha
of semi-determinate varieties; 35700 plants/ha of determinate varieties Fertilizers per
ha were: 25 tons composted fertilizer, 1385 kg lime, NPK: 150 kg N+180 kg P2O5+200kg K2O
2.4.2.2 Techniques research trials
Trial 3: Effect crop seasons: There were 12 treatments of crop season from July 20,
2009 to February 20, 2010: 2 treatments in Summer-Autumn, 3 treatments in Autumn-Winter; 3 treatments in Winter and 4 treatments in Spring-Summer Trial was designed as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 12.0 m2 Crop interval is 70 x
50 cm Fertilizers per ha were: 25 tons composted fertilizer, 1385 kg lime, NPK: 150
kg N+180 kg P2O5+200kg K2O
Trial 4: Effect of crop density on growth, development, productivity and pest
infection of variety TAT072672 in Spring-Summer and Autumn-Winter Trial was designed as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 12.0 m2 and 5 treatment of crop density with crop intervals 35cm, 40cm, 45cm, 50cm và 55cm, and crop row interval 70cm
Trial 5: Effect of inorganic fertilizer on growth, development, productivity and pest
infection of variety TAT072672 in Spring-Summer and Autumn-Winter There were
6 treatments of fertilizer of N:P: K as treatment 1: 120:150:150; treatment 2: 120:180:180; treatment 3: 150:180:200; treatment 4: 150:200:200; treatment 5: 180:180:180; treatment 6: 180:200:200 Trial was designed as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 12.0 m2, crop row interval 70 x 50 cm Basic fertilizer per ha were 25 tons composted fertilizer, 1385 kg lime
Trang 10Trial 6: effect of density on growth, development, productivity and pest infection of
variety TAT072672 in Winter season There were 5 treatments of 70 x 35cm, 70x40cm, 70x45cm, 70x50cm và 70x55cm Trial was designed as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 12.0 m2 Fertilizer per ha were 25 tons composted fertilizer,
1385 kg lime +150kgN + 180kg P2O5 + 200kg K2O
Trial 7: Effect of fertilizer on growth, development, productivity and pest infection of
variety TAT072672 in Winter season There were 6 treatments of fertilizer of N:P: K
as treatment 1: 120:150:150; treatment 2: 120:180:180; treatment 3: 150:180:200; treatment 4: 150:200:200; treatment 5: 180:180:180; treatment 6: 180:200:200 Basic fertilizer per ha were 25 tons composted fertilizer, 1385 kg lime Trial was designed
as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 12.0 m2, crop row interval 70 x 40 cm
Trial 8: Evaluate rootstock, specifications of rootstock and time of grafting for Sarvior variety to complete technical guideline for grafting of commercial Savior tomato 3 varieties for rootstock were eggplant, Hawaii tomato, cà gai
Trial 9: Evaluation Bacterial wilt of Savior and Rootstock Hawaii7996 by infecsion Trial 10: Evaluate growth, development, adaptation and productivity off grafted
Savior tomato with different rootstock and in Summer-Autumn season and Summer season in Red River delta Trial was designed as RCBD with 3 replications, plot size 20.0 m2 (50 plants/plot) and crop interval 70 x 50 cm Fertilizer per ha were
Spring-25 tons composted fertilizer, 1385 kg lime +150kgN + 180kg P2O5 + 200kg K2O
Number of observed plant: 10 plants/plot Trials were according to experimental regulation of farming and efficacy of tomato 10 TCN-2004
Observed criteria of growth, development, pest were according to regulation TCN Data was analyzed by excel and IRRISTAT
2.4.3 Collection evaluation methods
Apply standard methodology from “Crop breeding” book (2005) and national standard on DUS testing - 10TCN 667-2002 to evaluated and separate varieties group
by special characters, using evaluation appearant characteristic method, yield components, fruit quality chacracters… Base traits to select good variety are: Good growth ability, short to medium growth duration, tolerant to TYLCV, Late blight and high yield
2.4.4 Method on cultivation testing and building demonstration
2.4.4.1 Cultivated testing of some selected varieties
There were 2 production trials of 02 semi-determinate varieties Sarvior and TAT072672 and 01 determinate variety TAT062659 in some locals in Red River delta with scale of 360m2 with different soil Technical guideline of growing was
Trang 11experimental regulation VCU of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 10 TCN-2004
2.4.4.2 Demostration for selected varieties
Base on researching results from density and fertilizer trials to set up demonstration at multi locations across RRD
2.4.4.3 Demostration of grafted tomato plant
Demostration of grafted tomato plant from Savior scion had been implemented
at 5 locations in Summer-Autumn season 2012 (started from 15-20/7/2012) grafted plant had been used as check plot on Demos, Demos area was around 0,3-1,0ha/location
Caculation economic efficiency as fommular
Gross Return (GR) = Yield x selling price
- Total variation Cost (TVC) = Material cost + Labor cost
- Benefit = GR –TVC
CHATER III: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Current status of tomato production in RRD
3.1.1 Weather condition in RRD period 2008-2012
The Weather condition in RRD allow to develop tomato production from at many seasons as Summer-Auturm, Auturm-Winter, Winter and Spring-summer In which Winter season is the best suitable for different tomato type, Summer-Auturm season can be develop good heat tolerant, TYLCV tolerant, Bacterial wilt, in Spring-summer season require varieties with heat tolerant, late blight and TYLCV tolerant …
3.1.2 Cultivated season and tomato varieties partern in RRD in period 2008-2012
In RRD condition, tomato cultivated season started from middle of July to end of Jannuary The early season starts sowing from middle of july to end of August with the varieties as heat tolerant, TYLCV tolerant Some provinces with high area in this season as Haiduong, Namdinh, the popular varieties as Monggan, at Haiphong, Bacninh with Savior, HT160… The main tomato season (sowing at early of Sep to end of Oct) have been growing at the 2 rice seasons area and irrigated area The provinces with high contrentation area as Namdinh, Hungyen, Hanoi, Vinhphuc… the popular varieties as VL2000, BM199, Grandeva, VL3500, HT160 The Spring-summer season and Summer season have been growth on high and irrigated area, the required traits for these season are heat tolerant, good to medium late blight tolerant, the popular varieties as Savior, Grandeva, DV2962 , The provinces have larges area
in this season are Bắc Ninh (140 ha), Hưng Yên (80 ha), Hải Dương (120 ha), Hải Phòng( 125 ha), Hà Nội (90ha), Vĩnh Phúc (85 ha)…,
Trang 12RRD area are diversity on cultivated tophography The higher soil area with 40% where tomato have been grwown at early season, main season and late season The popular varieties are semi determinate type as Savior, Grandeva, VL3500…Continuous by 2 rice seasons area with 55% area, main crop partern here
is winter season, the varieties in this segment are short growth duration, concentrated harvesting as BM199, DV178, Perfect 89 and Savior A small area of soil nearby river (5%) in Vinhphuc and Hanoi … have been growth at early season, the popular varieties as VL2004, VL2000, Perfect 89…
3.1.3 Variation tomato variety quatity through periods
Have variation on number of tomato variaties through period It was from 32 varieties in 2000-2005 to 27 varieties at 2006-2008 and 2009-2011 The local varieties, inbred varieties had been replaced by hybrids one (from incountry and import from outside) The current production has high demand of high yield, high quality, tolerant to some important diseases due to existing 16 kind of insects and 16 kind of diseses with different effected level The pressure of the late blight, TYLCV and bacterial wilt have been increasing and more serious at recent years that big effected to tomato production in RRD
3.1.5 Economy efficiency of tomato production at RRD by season and by location
It is high variation economic efficiency by growing seasons The highest efficiency from Summer-Auturm season with profit from 70,7 – 92,7 mio VND/ha, Continuous by Spring-Summer season from 44,6-51,6 mio VND/ha, in Winter season with suitable condition for tomato production but the price always at low level so that benefit at low level also
3.1.7 The limitation and difficulties of tomato production in RRD
The high pressure of late blight in Winter-spring and Spring-Summer are biggest problem (76,6% - 94,5% surveyed people); Leaf miner is second worries pest with 62,5% - 93,3%; The pressure of Bacterial wilt is thirth with (51,6% - 61,4% surveyed people) The pressure of diseases as late blight, bacterial wilt have been developing fast and strong expanding in RRD while the high yield, better diseases tolerant varieties still gap Problem from flooding/ heavy rain in Summer-Auturm season also effected to tomato production The Social -economic factors as unstable price, lack of technicial knowledge are limit to tomato production also
3.1.8 Research orientation to reduce limitation and difficulties on production
Develop new varieties with high yield, good diseases tolerant and completed cultivated techniques protocol to support
Trang 13Deeply research on breeding variety with heat tolerant, TYLCV and late blight tolerant traits to support for tomato production on Summer-Auturm and Spring-Summer season that can bring higher benefit for tomato growers
Research and quickly apply the improved cultivated techniques protocol on prevent late blight, bacterial wilt disease on tomato production, especial on off season
Based on targeted criteria, we selected variety groups with good agronomic characters, good tolerant to diseases and higher yield There were 5 varieties in semiditerminate type as TAT072672, TAI786, Savior, TAT081072, TAT081119 and
5 varieties in determinate type as TAT062659, TAT071001, TAT071004, TAT081266 and TAT081336
3.2.2 Evaluating selected varieties
3.2.2.1 Agronomy characters of tomato varieties
The varieties belong to semi determinate type had growth duration from 113 days
(TAI786 – Autumn-Winter season) to 145 days (Savior, Winter season), harvesting time from from 40 days (TAI786, Grandeva – Spring-Summer) to 65 days (Savior – winter season) The growth duration of determinate varieties were shorter as 95 days (TAT081266 – Autumn-winter) to 120 days (TAT071101 – winter season) The harvesting time were shoter than semiditerminate varieties, the variation from 32 days (TAT071101 –Spring-summer season) to 40 days (TAT062659, winter season) These characters are basement to set up cropping partern on different area in RRD In Spring-summer season, the plant height is highest, in Auturnm-Winter season, the growth ability were stronger at early stage and in Winter season the plant height shorter due to growth duration in the reducing temperature period make limit the heigh It was variation on trait as plant height from bottom to first node between seasons; Number of node from bottom to first fruit bunch had no variation between seasons In the determinate varieties, the plant height similar between seasons, numbers of node from bottom to first fruit bunch have small variation between seasons