projector projector /prə d"ektə/ noun a machine which sends pictures onto a screen promise promise / prɒms/ noun the act of say-ing that you will definitely do some-thing 쑗 But you mad
Trang 1progress 244 proposal
meeting is still in progress 쑗 We still
have a lot of work in progress.
progress
progress 2 /prəυ 'res/ verb to develop
or move forwards 쑗 Work on the new
road is progressing slowly.
project
project 1 / prɒd"ekt/ noun work planned
by students on their own 쑗 She asked
her teacher for some pointers to help
her with her project.
project
project 2 /prə d"ekt/ verb to send a
pic-ture onto a screen 쑗 The lecturer
pro-jected slides of his visit to the Arctic.
projector
projector /prə d"ektə/ noun a machine
which sends pictures onto a screen
promise
promise / prɒms/ noun the act of
say-ing that you will definitely do
some-thing 쑗 But you made a promise not to
tell anyone else and now you’ve told my
mother! 쑗 I’ll pay you back on Friday –
that’s a promise 쐽 verb to give your
word that you will definitely do
some-thing 쑗 They promised to be back for
supper 쑗 You must promise to bring the
computer back when you have finished
with it 쑗 He promised he would look
into the problem 쑗 She promised the
staff an extra week’s holiday but it never
materialised.
promote
promote /prə məυt/ verb 1 to give
someone a better job 쑗 He was
promot-ed from salesman to sales manager 2 to
make sure that people know about a
product or service, by advertising it 쑗
There are posters all over the place
pro-moting the new night club 3 to
encour-age something 쑗 The club’s aim is to
promote gardening.
promotion
promotion /prə məυʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 a
move to a better job 쑗 He ruined his
chances of promotion when he argued
with the boss 2 the process of
advertis-ing a new product 쑗 We’re giving away
small bottles of shampoo as a
promo-tion.
prompt
prompt /prɒmpt/ adjective done
imme-diately 쑗 Thank you for your prompt
re-ply 쐽 verb to tell an actor words which
he or she has forgotten 쑗 He had to be
prompted in the middle of a long speech.
promptly
promptly / prɒmptli/ adverb very soon
after an event, in a way that is helpful or
efficient
pronoun
pronoun / prəυnaυn/ noun a word used instead of a noun, such as ‘I’, ‘you’,
‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’
pronounce
pronounce /prə naυns/ verb 1 to
speak sounds, especially in a particular
way 쑗 How do you pronounce ‘Paris’ in
French? 2 to state something officially
쑗 He was pronounced dead on arrival
at hospital 쑗 The priest pronounced them man and wife.
pronunciation
pronunciation /prə nnsi eʃ(ə)n/ noun a way of saying words 쑗 What’s the correct pronunciation of ‘controver-sy’? 쑗 You should try to improve your pronunciation by taking lessons from native speakers.
proof
proof /
proves that something is true 쑗 The po-lice have no proof that he committed the murder.
prop
prop /prɒp/ noun a support or stick
which holds something up 쑗 I used a piece of wood as a prop to keep the win-dow open.
proper
proper / prɒpə/ adjective right and cor-rect; in the way that things are normally
done 쑗 She didn’t put the sugar back into its proper place in the cupboard 쑗
This is the proper way to use a knife and fork 쑗 The parcel wasn’t delivered be-cause it didn’t have the proper address.
properly
properly / prɒpəli/ adverb correctly 쑗
The accident happened because the ga-rage hadn’t fitted the wheel properly 쑗
The parcel wasn’t properly addressed.
property
property / prɒpəti/ noun 1 something
that belongs to a particular person 쑗 The furniture is the property of the landlord.
쑗 The hotel guests lost all their property
in the fire 쑗 The management is not re-sponsible for property left in the
restau-rant 2 buildings and land 쑗 The family owns property in West London 쑗 A lot
of industrial property was damaged in the war (NOTE: [all senses] no plural)
proportion
proportion /prə
of a whole 쑗 Only a small proportion of his income comes from his TV appear-ances.
proposal
proposal /prə pəυz(ə)l/ noun a plan
which has been suggested 쑗 The com-mittee made a proposal to rebuild the
Trang 2propose 245 publication
clubhouse 쑗 His proposal was
accept-ed by the committee 쑗 She put forward
a proposal but it was rejected.
propose
propose /prə pəυz/ verb to make a
sug-gestion 쑗 I propose that we all go for a
swim.
prosecute
prosecute /
someone to court to answer a criminal
charge 쑗 People found stealing from the
shop will be prosecuted.
prospect
prospect / prɒspekt/ noun a future
pos-sibility 쑗 There is no prospect of getting
her to change her mind 쑗 Faced with
the grim prospect of two weeks at home
he decided to go on holiday 쐽 plural
noun prospects future opportunities,
especially in your work 쑗 His job
pros-pects are very good 쑗 What are our
prospects of success in this business
deal?
protect
protect /prə tekt/ verb to keep someone
or something safe from harm or danger
쑗 The cover protects the machine
against dust 쑗 The injection is
sup-posed to protect you against the disease.
protection
protection /prə tekʃən/ noun shelter,
the process of being protected 쑗 The
trees give some protection from the rain.
쑗 The legislation offers no protection to
temporary workers 쑗 The injection
gives some protection against cholera.
protein
protein /
food such as meat, eggs and nuts which
is one of the elements in food which you
need to keep your body working
proper-ly
protest
protest 1 / prəυtest/ noun a statement
saying that you object or disapprove of
something 쑗 The new road went ahead
despite the protests of the local
inhabit-ants 쑗 She resigned as a protest against
the change in government policy.
protest
protest 2 /prə test/ verb 1 to say or
show that you do not approve of
some-thing 쑗 After being stuck in the train for
twenty minutes, the passengers began to
protest 왍 to protest against something
to object strongly to something 쑗
Eve-ryone has protested against the increase
in fares 2 to insist that something is
true, when others think it isn’t 쑗 She
went to prison still protesting her inno-cence.
protester
protester /prə testə/ noun a person who protests in a public way about
something they don’t agree with 쑗 Sev-eral protesters stood outside the bank’s offices handing out leaflets.
proud
proud /praυd/ adjective showing pleas-ure in what you or someone else has done or in something which belongs to
you 쑗 We’re proud of the fact we did it all without help from anyone else.
proudly
proudly / praυdli/ adverb showing that you are proud of something
prove
prove /
thing is true 쑗 The police think he stole the car but they can’t prove it 쑗 I was determined to prove him wrong or that
he was wrong 쒁 proof (NOTE : proves –
proving – proved)
proverb
proverb /
teaches you something
provide
provide /prə vad/ verb to supply
some-thing 쑗 Medical help was provided by the Red Cross 쑗 Our hosts provided us with a car and driver.
provided
provided (that) /prə vadd ðt/,
pro-viding /prə vadŋ/ conjunction on
condition that; as long as, so long as 쑗
It’s nice to go on a picnic provided it doesn’t rain 쑗 You can all come to watch the rehearsal providing you don’t interrupt.
prudent
prudent /
good sense and using good judgement 쑗
It would be prudent to consult a lawyer before you sign the contract.
pub
pub /pb/ noun a place where you can buy beer and other alcoholic drinks, and
sometimes meals 쑗 I happened to meet him at the pub 쑗 We had a sandwich and some beer in the pub.
public
public / pblk/ adjective relating to the
people in general 쑗 The crown jewels are on public display in the Tower of London 쑗 It’s in the public interest that the facts should be known 쐽 noun
peo-ple in general 쑗 The public have the right to know what is going on.
publication
publication /pbl keʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.
the process of making something public
쑗 The publication of the official figures
Trang 3publicity 246 pupil
has been delayed 2 a book or
newspa-per which has been published 쑗 He
asked the library for a list of gardening
publications.
publicity
publicity /p blsti/ noun advertising
which attracts people’s attention to
something 쑗 We’re trying to get
public-ity for our school play 쑗 The failure of
the show was blamed on bad publicity.
publicly
publicly / pblkli/ adverb in public 쑗
The Prime Minister publicly denied the
accusations.
publish
publish / pblʃ/ verb 1 to bring out a
book or newspaper for sale 쑗 The
com-pany publishes six magazines for the
business market 쑗 We publish
diction-aries for students 2 to make something
publicly known 쑗 The government has
not published the figures yet.
publisher
publisher / pblʃə/ noun a person or
company that produces books or
news-papers for sale
pudding
pudding / pυdŋ/ noun 1 a sweet dish at
the end of the meal 쑗 I’ll have ice cream
for my pudding 2 a sweet cooked food
puddle
puddle / pd(ə)l/ noun a small pool of
water, e.g on the ground after it has
rained
pull
pull /pυl/ verb to move something
to-wards you or after you 쑗 Pull the door
to open it, don’t push it 쑗 The truck was
pulling a trailer 쑗 She pulled an
enve-lope out of her bag.
pull off phrasal verb 1 to take off a
piece of clothing by pulling 쑗 He sat
down and pulled off his dirty boots 2 to
succeed in doing something very good,
especially if it is unexpected 쑗 The deal
will be great for the company, if we can
pull it off.
pull out phrasal verb 1 to take
some-thing out by pulling 쑗 They used a rope
to pull the car out of the river 2 to drive
a car away from the side of the road 쑗
He forgot to signal as he was pulling
out 쑗 Don’t pull out into the main road
until you can see that there is nothing
coming.
pull over phrasal verb to drive a car
to-wards the side of the road and stop 쑗
The police car signalled to him to pull
over.
pull up phrasal verb 1 to bring
some-thing closer 쑗 Pull your chair up to the
window 2 (of a vehicle) to stop 쑗 A car pulled up and the driver asked me if I wanted a lift 쑗 He didn’t manage to pull up in time and ran into the back of the car in front.
pullover
pullover / pυləυvə/ noun a piece of clothing made of wool, which covers the top part of your body
pulse
pulse /pls/ noun a regular beat of your
heart 쑗 The doctor took his pulse 쑗 Her pulse is very weak.
pump
pump /pmp/ noun a machine for
forc-ing liquids or air into somethforc-ing 쑗 a bi-cycle pump 쐽 verb to force in something
such as liquid or air with a pump 쑗 Your back tyre needs pumping up 쑗 The heart pumps blood round the body.
punch
punch / pntʃ/ noun 1 a blow with the
fist 쑗 She landed two punches on his
head 2 a metal tool for making holes 쑗
The holes in the belt are made with a punch (NOTE: The plural is punches.)
쐽 verb 1 to hit someone with your fist
쑗 He punched me on the nose 2 to
make holes in something with a punch 쑗
The conductor punched my ticket.
punctual
punctual / pŋktʃuəl/ adjective on time
쑗 He was punctual for his appointment with the dentist.
punctuation
punctuation /pŋktʃu eʃ(ə)n/ noun the practice of dividing up groups of words using special printed symbols
puncture
puncture / pŋktʃə/ noun a hole in a
tyre 쑗 I’ve got a puncture in my back tyre 쐽 verb to make a small hole in
something 쑗 The tyre had been punc-tured by a nail.
punish
punish / pnʃ/ verb to make someone suffer because of something they have
done 쑗 The children must be punished for stealing apples 쑗 The simplest way
to punish them will be to make them pay for the damage they caused.
punishment
punishment / pnʃmənt/ noun a
treatment given to punish someone 쑗 As
a punishment, you’ll wash the kitchen floor.
pupil
pupil /
school 쑗 There are twenty-five pupils in the class 쑗 The piano teacher thinks
Trang 4puppet 247 put
she is her best pupil 2 a black hole in
the central part of the eye, through
which the light passes 쑗 The pupil of the
eye grows larger when there is less light.
puppet
puppet / ppt/ noun a doll which
moves, used to give a show
puppy
puppy / ppi/ noun a young dog 쑗 Our
dog has had six puppies (NOTE: The
plural is puppies.)
purchase
purchase /
that has been bought 쑗 She had
difficul-ty getting all her purchases into the car.
왍 to make a purchase to buy something
쑗 We didn’t make many purchases on
our trip to Oxford Street 쐽 verb to buy
something 쑗 They purchased their car
in France and brought it back to the UK
purchaser
purchaser /
who buys something
pure
pure / pjυə/ adjective 1 not spoiled by
being mixed with other things or
sub-stances of a lower quality 쑗 a bottle of
pure water 쑗 a pure silk blouse 쑗 a pure
mountain stream 2 total, complete 쑗
This is pure nonsense 쑗 It is pure
extor-tion 쑗 It is pure spite on his part 쑗 It
was by pure good luck that I happened
to find it (NOTE: purer – purest)
purple
purple /
colour 쑗 The sky turned purple as night
approached 쑗 His face was purple with
fury 쐽 noun a blue-red colour 쑗 They
painted their living room a deep purple.
purpose
purpose /
쑗 The purpose of the meeting is to plan
the village fair.
purse
purse /
ing money 쑗 I know I had my purse in
my pocket when I left home 쑗 She put
her ticket in her purse so that she
wouldn’t forget where it was.
pursue
pursue /pə
one in order to try to catch him or her
(formal) 쑗 The police pursued the stolen
car across London 쑗 The boys fled,
pursued by their older brother.
push
push /pυʃ/ noun the action of making
something move forwards 쑗 Can you
give the car a push? – It won’t start 쐽
verb to make something move away
from you or in front of you 쑗 We’ll have
to push the car to get it to start 쑗 The
piano is too heavy to lift, so we’ll have
to push it into the next room 쑗 Did she fall down the stairs or was she pushed?
put
put /pυt/ verb to place something
some-where 쑗 Did you remember to put the milk in the fridge? 쑗 Where do you want
me to put this book? (NOTE: puts –
putting – put – has put) put back phrasal verb to put some-thing where it was before
put down phrasal verb 1 to place
something lower down onto a surface 쑗
He put his suitcase down on the floor
beside him 2 to kill an animal that is
old or ill, painlessly using drugs 쑗 The cat will have to be put down.
put in phrasal verb 1 to place
some-thing inside somesome-thing 쑗 I forgot to put
in my pyjamas when I packed the case.
2. to fix something such as a system or
a large piece of equipment in place so
that it can be used 쑗 The first thing we have to do with the cottage is to put in central heating.
put off phrasal verb 1 to arrange for
something to take place later 쑗 We have
put the meeting off until next month 2.
to take someone’s attention so that they
cannot do things properly 쑗 Stop mak-ing that strange noise, it’s puttmak-ing me off
my work 3 to say something that makes
someone decide not to do something 쑗
He told a story about cows that put me off my food 쑗 I was going to see the film, but my brother said something which put me off.
put on phrasal verb 1 to place
some-thing on top of somesome-thing, on a surface
쑗 Put the lid on the saucepan 쑗 He put his hand on my arm 쑗 Put the suitcases
down on the floor 2 to dress yourself in
a certain piece of clothing 쑗 I put a clean shirt on before I went to the party.
쑗 Put your gloves on, it’s cold outside.
쑗 Put on your wellies if you’re going
out in the rain 3 to switch something
on 쑗 Can you put the light on, it’s get-ting dark? 쑗 Put on the kettle and we’ll have some tea.
put out phrasal verb 1 to place
some-thing outside 쑗 Did you remember to
put the cat out? 2 to switch something
Trang 5puzzle 248 pyramid
off 쑗 He put the light out and went to
bed.
put up phrasal verb 1 to attach
some-thing to a wall, to attach somesome-thing high
up 쑗 I’ve put up the photos of my family
over my desk 쑗 They are putting up
Christmas decorations all along Regent
Street 2 to build something 쑗 They put
up a wooden shed in their garden 3 to
increase something, to make something
higher 쑗 The shop has put up all its
prices by 5% 4 to give someone a place
to sleep in your house 쑗 They’ve missed
the last train, can you put them up for
the night?
put up with phrasal verb to accept
someone or something unpleasant 쑗 I don’t think I can put up with that noise any longer.
puzzle
puzzle / pz(ə)l/ noun 1 a game where
you have to find the answer to a problem
쑗 I can’t do today’s crossword puzzle 2.
something that is hard to understand 쑗
It’s a puzzle to me why they don’t go to live in the country 쐽 verb to be difficult
to understand 쑗 It puzzles me how the robbers managed to get away.
pyramid
pyramid / prəmd/ noun a shape with a square base and four sides rising to meet
at a point
Trang 6q
q /
the alphabet, between P and R
qualification
qualification /kwɒlf keʃ(ə)n/ noun
1. something necessary for a job, e.g
proof that you have completed a
partic-ular course of study 쑗 Does she have the
right qualifications for the job? 2.
something which limits the meaning of
a statement, or shows that you do not
agree with something completely 쑗 I
want to add one qualification to the
agreement: if the goods are not
deliv-ered by the 30th of June, then the order
will be cancelled 3 success in a test or
competition which takes you on to the
next stage 쑗 She didn’t reach the
neces-sary standard for qualification.
qualify
qualify / kwɒlfa/ verb to attach
condi-tions to something 쑗 I must qualify the
offer by saying that your proposals still
have to be approved by the chairman.
(NOTE: qualifies – qualifying –
quali-fied)
quality
quality / kwɒlti/ noun 1 how good
something is 쑗 We want to measure the
air quality in the centre of town 쑗 There
are several high-quality restaurants in
the West End (NOTE: no plural) 2
some-thing which is part of a person’s
charac-ter 쑗 She has many good qualities, but
unfortunately is extremely lazy 쑗 What
qualities do you expect in a good
sales-man? (NOTE: The plural is qualities.)
quantity
quantity / kwɒntti/ noun how much of
something there is (NOTE: The plural is
quantities.)
quarrel
quarrel / kwɒrəl/ noun an occasion
when people argue about something 쑗
They have had a quarrel and aren’t
speaking to each other 쑗 I think the
quarrel was over who was in charge of
the cash desk.
quarter
quarter /
equal parts of something 쑗 She cut the
pear into quarters 쑗 The jar is only a
quarter empty 쑗 He paid only a quarter
of the normal fare because he works for the airline.
quay
quay /
port where boats stop (NOTE: Do not
confuse with key.)
queen
queen /
쑗 King Charles I’s queen was the
daughter of the king of France 2 a
woman who rules a country 쑗 The Queen sometimes lives in Windsor Cas-tle 쑗 Queen Victoria was queen for many years (NOTE: queen is spelt with
a capital letter when used before a name or when referring to a particular person: Queen Elizabeth I.) 3 in the game of chess, the second most
impor-tant piece, after the king 쑗 In three moves he had captured my queen.
query
query / kwəri/ noun a question 쑗 She had to answer a mass of queries about the tax form (NOTE: The plural is
que-ries.)
question
question / kwestʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 a
sen-tence which needs an answer 쑗 The teacher couldn’t answer the children’s questions 쑗 Some of the questions in the exam were too difficult 쑗 The man-ager refused to answer questions from
journalists about the fire 2 a problem
or matter 쑗 The question is, who do we appoint to run the shop when we’re on holiday? 쑗 The main question is that of cost 쑗 He raised the question of moving
to a less expensive part of town 쐽 verb
to ask questions 쑗 The police ques-tioned the driver for four hours 앳 in
question under discussion 쑗 Please keep to the matter in question.
question mark
question mark /
noun a sign (?) used in writing to show that a question is being asked
questionnaire
questionnaire /kwestʃə neə/ noun a printed list of questions given to people
Trang 7queue 250 quote
to answer, usually questions about what
they like or what they buy
queue
queue /
things such as cars, waiting one behind
the other for something 쑗 There was a
queue of people waiting to get into the
exhibition 쑗 We joined the queue at the
entrance to the stadium 쐽 verb to stand
in a line and wait for something 쑗 We
spent hours queuing for tickets (NOTE:
queues – queuing – queued)
quick
quick /kwk/ adjective done with speed
or in a short time 쑗 I’m trying to work
out the quickest way to get to the Tower
of London 쑗 We had a quick lunch and
then went off for a walk 쑗 He is much
quicker at calculating than I am 쑗 I am
not sure that going by air to Paris is
quicker than taking the train.
quickly
quickly / kwkli/ adverb very fast,
with-out taking much time 쑗 He ate his
sup-per very quickly because he wanted to
watch the match on TV 쑗 The firemen
came quickly when we called 999.
quiet
quiet / kwaət/ adjective 1 without any
noise 쑗 a house in a quiet street 쑗 I wish
the children would be quiet – I’m trying
to work 2 with no great excitement 쑗
We had a quiet holiday by the sea 쑗 It’s
a quiet little village 쑗 The hotel is in the
quietest part of the town.
quietly
quietly / kwaətli/ adverb without
mak-ing any noise 쑗 The burglar climbed
quietly up to the window 쑗 She shut the door quietly behind her.
quit
quit / kwt/ verb 1 to leave something
such as a job or a place and not return 쑗
When the boss criticised her, she quit 쑗
I’m fed up with the office, I’m thinking
of quitting 2 US to stop doing
some-thing 쑗 Will you quit bothering me! 쑗
He quit smoking (NOTE: quits –
quit-ting – quit or quitted)
quite
quite /kwat/ adverb 1 to some degree 쑗
It’s quite a long play 쑗 She’s quite a good writer 쑗 The book is quite
amus-ing but I liked the TV play better 2 to a
great degree 쑗 You’re quite mad to go walking in a snowstorm 쑗 He’s quite right 쑗 I don’t quite understand why you want to go China.
quiz
quiz /kwz/ noun a game where you are
asked a series of questions 쑗 She got all the questions right in the quiz 쑗 They organised a general knowledge quiz.
(NOTE: The plural is quizzes.)
quotation
quotation /kwəυ teʃ(ə)n/ noun the words of one person which are repeated
by another person 쑗 The article ended with a quotation from one of Churchill’s speeches.
quote
quote /kwəυt/ noun a quotation 쑗 I need some good quotes from his speech to put into my report 쐽 verb to repeat what
someone has said or written 쑗 He
start-ed his speech by quoting lines from Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’.
Trang 8r
r /
alphabet, between Q and S
rabbit
rabbit / rbt/ noun a common wild
an-imal with grey fur, long ears and a short
white tail 쑗 The rabbit ran down its
hole 쑗 She keeps a pet rabbit in a cage.
race
race /res/ noun a competition to see
which person, animal or vehicle is the
fastest 쑗 She was second in the 200
me-tres race 쑗 The bicycle race goes round
the whole country 쐽 verb 1 to run fast
쑗 They saw the bus coming and raced to
the bus stop 쑗 He snatched some
watches from the shop window and then
raced away down the street 2 to run
with someone in order to find out who is
fastest 쑗 I’ll race you to see who gets to
school first.
rack
rack /rk/ noun a frame for holding
things, e.g letters, tools or suitcases 쑗
He put the envelope in the letter rack on
his desk.
racket
racket / rkt/ noun 1 a light frame
with tight strings, used for hitting the
ball in games 쑗 She bought a new tennis
racket at the start of the summer season.
쑗 She asked if she could borrow his
badminton racket for the tournament 2.
a loud noise (informal) 쑗 Stop that
rack-et at once! 쑗 The people next door make
a terrible racket when they’re having a
party.
radiator
radiator / redietə/ noun 1 a metal
ob-ject, usually fixed to a wall, which is
filled with hot water for heating a room
쑗 Turn the radiator down – it’s boiling
in here 쑗 When we arrived at the hotel
our room was cold, so we switched the
radiators on 2 a metal container filled
with cold water for preventing a car
en-gine from becoming too hot 쑗 The
radi-ator overheated causing the car to
break down.
radio
radio / rediəυ/ noun 1 a method of
sending out and receiving messages
us-ing air waves 쑗 They got the news by ra-dio 쑗 We always listen to BBC radio
when we’re on holiday 2 a machine
which sends out and receives messages
using air waves 쑗 Turn on the radio – it’s time for the weather forecast 쑗 I heard the news on the car radio 쑗
Please, turn the radio down – I’m on the phone.
radius
radius / rediəs/ noun 1 a line from the
centre of a circle to the outside edge 쑗
We were all asked to measure the radius
of the circle 2 the distance in any
direc-tion from a particular central point 쑗
People within a radius of twenty miles heard the explosion 쑗 The school ac-cepts children living within a two-mile radius (NOTE: The plural is radii or
ra-diuses.)
rag
rag /r'/ noun a piece of torn cloth 쑗 He used an old oily rag to clean his motor-bike.
rage
rage /red"/ noun sudden extreme anger
쑗 Her face was red with rage 쐽 verb to
be violent 쑗 The storm raged all night.
raid
raid /red/ noun a sudden attack; a
sud-den visit by the police 쑗 Robbers car-ried out six raids on post offices during the night 쑗 Police carried out a series
of raids on addresses in London 쐽 verb
to make a sudden attack on a place 쑗
The police raided the club 쑗 We caught the boys raiding the fridge.
rail
rail / rel/ noun 1 a straight metal or
wooden bar 쑗 The pictures all hang from a picture rail 쑗 Hold onto the rail
as you go down the stairs 쑗 There is a
heated towel rail in the bathroom 2.
one of two parallel metal bars on which
trains run 쑗 Don’t try to cross the rails
– it’s dangerous 3 the railway, a system
of travel using trains 쑗 Six million com-muters travel to work by rail each day 쑗
We ship all our goods by rail 쑗 Rail travellers are complaining about rising
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fares 쑗 Rail travel is cheaper than air
travel.
railway
railway / relwe/ noun a way of
travel-ling which uses trains to carry
passen-gers and goods 쑗 The railway station is
in the centre of town 쑗 The French
rail-way system has high-speed trains to all
major cities.
rain
rain /ren/ noun drops of water which fall
from the clouds 쑗 The ground is very
dry – we’ve had no rain for days 쑗
Yes-terday we had 3cm of rain or 3cm of rain
fell here yesterday 쑗 If you have to go
out in the rain take an umbrella 쑗 All
this rain will help the plants grow 쐽
verb to fall as drops of water from the
clouds 쑗 As soon as we sat down and
took out the sandwiches it started to
rain 쑗 Look at the clouds, it’s going to
rain.
rainbow
rainbow / renbəυ/ noun a shape like
half a circle which shines with many
colours in the sky when it is sunny and
raining at the same time
raincoat
raincoat / renkəυt/ noun a coat which
keeps off water, which you wear when it
is raining
rain forest
rain forest / ren fɒrst/ noun a thick
forest which grows in tropical regions
where there is a lot of rain
raise
raise / rez/ verb 1 to put something in a
higher position or at a higher level 쑗 He
picked up the flag and raised it over his
head 쑗 Air fares will be raised on June
1st 2 to mention a subject which could
be discussed 쑗 No one raised the
sub-ject of politics 쑗 The manager tried to
prevent the question of pay being raised.
3. to obtain money 쑗 The hospital is
try-ing to raise £2m to finance its buildtry-ing
programme 쑗 Where will he raise the
money from to start up his business? 4.
to look after a child 쑗 She was raised by
her aunt in Canada (NOTE: raises –
raising – raised)
rally
rally / rli/ noun a large meeting of
members of a group or political party 쑗
We are holding a rally to protest against
the job cuts.
ran
ran / rn/ past tense of run
ranch
ranch /
or cows are kept, especially in North or
South America 쑗 The cowboys returned
to the ranch each evening 쑗 They left the city and bought a ranch in Colora-do.
rang
rang / rŋ/ past tense of ring
range
range / rend"/ noun 1 a choice or series
of things which are available 쑗 We have
a range of holidays at all prices 쑗 I am looking for something in the £20–£30
price range 2 a distance which you can
go; a distance over which you can see or
hear 쑗 The missile only has a range of
100 km 쑗 The police said the man had been shot at close range 쑗 The optician told her that her range of vision would
be limited 3 a series of buildings or
mountains in line 쑗 There is a range of outbuildings next to the farmhouse which can be converted into holiday cottages 쑗 They looked out at the vast mountain range from the plane window.
쐽 verb 왍 to range from include all
types between two limits 쑗 The sizes range from small to extra large 쑗 Holi-days range in price from £150 to £350 per person 쑗 The quality of this year’s examination papers ranged from excel-lent to very poor.
rank
rank /rŋk/ noun an official position in the army, the police force or a similar
organisation 쑗 She rose to the rank of captain.
rapid
rapid / rpd/ adjective done very
quick-ly or happening very quickquick-ly 쑗 There has been a rapid rise in property prices this year 쑗 The rapid change in the weather forced the yachts to turn for home.
rapidly
rapidly / rpdli/ adverb quickly
rare
rare /reə/ adjective not usual or common
쑗 It’s very rare to meet a foreigner who speaks perfect Chinese 쑗 Experienced sales staff are rare these days 쑗 The woodland is the habitat of a rare species
of frog (NOTE: rarer – rarest)
rarely
rarely / reəli/ adverb almost never 쑗 I rarely buy a Sunday newspaper 쑗 He is rarely in his office on Friday afternoons.
rash
rash /rʃ/ noun a mass of red spots on your skin, which stays for a time and
then disappears 쑗 She had a rash on her arms 쐽adjective done without
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ing carefully or sensibly 쑗 It was a bit
rash of him to suggest that he would pay
for everyone.
rat
rat /rt/ noun a small furry animal like a
large mouse which has a long tail and
can carry disease
rate
rate / ret/ noun 1 a number shown as a
proportion of another 2 how frequently
something is done or how often
some-thing happens 쑗 a sharp increase in the
country’s birth rate 쑗 His heart was
beating at a rate of only 59 per minute.
3. a level of payment 쑗 He immediately
accepted the rate offered 쑗 Before we
discuss the project further, I would like
to talk about the rates of payment 쑗
Their rate of pay is lower than ours 4.
speed 쑗 At the rate he’s going, he’ll be
there before us 쑗 If you type at a steady
rate of 70 words per minute you’ll finish
copying the text today.
rather
rather /
쑗 Their house is rather on the small
side 쑗 Her dress is a rather pretty
shade of blue.
ratio
ratio / reʃiəυ/ noun an amount of
some-thing measured in relation to another
amount 쑗 the ratio of successes to
fail-ures 쑗 Our athletes beat theirs by a
ra-tio of two to one (2:1) (NOTE: The plural
is ratios.)
rattle
rattle / rt(ə)l/ verb to make a repeated
noise like two pieces of wood hitting
each other 쑗 The wind made the
win-dows rattle.
raw
silly – you can’t eat raw potatoes! 쑗 We
had a salad of raw cabbage and
toma-toes 쑗 Sushi is a Japanese dish of raw
fish 쑗 They served the meat almost raw.
ray
ray /re/ noun a beam of light or heat 쑗 A
ray of sunshine hit the window pane and
lit up the gloomy room.
razor
razor / rezə/ noun an instrument with a
very sharp blade for removing hair from
the face or body
reach
reach /
stretch out your hand 쑗 Keep the
medi-cine bottle out of the reach of the
chil-dren 쐽 verb 1 to stretch out your hand
in order to touch or take something 쑗
She reached across the table and took
some meat from my plate 쑗 He’s quite tall enough to reach the tool cupboard.
쑗 Can you reach me down the suitcase
from the top shelf? 2 to arrive at a place
쑗 We were held up by fog and only reached home at midnight 쑗 The plane reaches Hong Kong at midday 쑗 We wrote to tell her we were coming to visit,
but the letter never reached her 3 to get
to a certain level 쑗 The amount we owe the bank has reached £100,000.
react
react /ri kt/ verb to do or to say thing as a result of something that
some-one else does or says 쑗 How will he re-act when we tell him the news? 쑗 When she heard the rumour she didn’t react at all.
reaction
reaction /ri kʃən/ noun 1 a thing done
or said as a result of something else 쑗
His immediate reaction to the news was
to burst into laughter 쑗 There was a very negative reaction to the proposed
building development 2 a process of
chemical change 쑗 A chemical reaction takes place when the acid is added.
read
read /
stand written words 쑗 She was reading
a book when I saw her 쑗 What are you reading at the moment? 쑗 We’re
read-ing about the general election 2 to
look at and understand written music 쑗
She can play the piano by ear, but can’t
read music 3 to understand the
mean-ing of data from somethmean-ing such as a computer disk or a piece of electronic
equipment 쑗 My PC cannot read these old disks 쑗 The scanner reads the code
on each product 4 to speak the words
of something which is written 쑗 The chairman read a message from the pres-ident during the meeting 쑗 She reads a story to the children every night 쑗 Can you read the instructions on the medi-cine bottle? – The print is too small for
me (NOTE: reads – reading – read)
read aloud, read out phrasal verb to speak the words you are reading
reader
reader /
reads, especially a person who reads regularly or who reads a particular
newspaper or type of book 쑗 a message from the editor to all our readers 쑗
She’s a great reader of science fiction.
...pulse /pls/ noun a regular beat of your
heart 쑗 The doctor took his pulse 쑗 Her pulse is very weak.
pump