chairperson chairperson / person who controls what happens at a meeting chairwoman chairwoman / tʃeəwυmən/ noun a woman who controls what happens at a meeting NOTE: The plural is chair-
Trang 1certificate 52 championship
certainly impressed the judges 쑗 He
certainly knows how to score goals.
certificate
certificate /sə tfkət/ noun an official
document which proves or shows
some-thing 쑗 She has been awarded a
certifi-cate for swimming 쑗 He has a
certifi-cate of competence in English.
chain
chain /tʃen/ noun 1 a series of metal
rings joined together 쑗 She wore a gold
chain round her neck 쑗 He stopped
when the chain came off his bike 2. a
se-ries of businesses such as shops,
restau-rants or hotels which belong to the same
company 쑗 a chain of hotels or a hotel
chain 쑗 a chain of shoe shops 쐽 verb to
attach with a chain 쑗 I chained my bike
to the fence.
chair
chair /tʃeə/ noun 1 a piece of furniture
with a back, which you can sit on 쑗 He
pulled up a chair and started to write 쑗
These chairs are very hard 2 the
per-son who is in charge of a meeting 쑗
Please address all your comments to the
chair 왍 in the chair the position of
con-trolling what happens at a meeting 쑗
Mrs Smith was in the chair for our first
meeting 쐽verb to be the person
con-trolling what happens at a meeting 쑗
The meeting was chaired by Mrs Smith.
chairman
chairman / tʃeəmən/ noun the person
who controls what happens at a meeting
쑗 Mrs Jones was the chairman at the
meeting (NOTE: The plural is
chair-men Many people prefer to say chair
or chairperson because chairman
suggests that the person is a man.)
chairperson
chairperson /
person who controls what happens at a
meeting
chairwoman
chairwoman / tʃeəwυmən/ noun a
woman who controls what happens at a
meeting (NOTE: The plural is
chair-women.)
chalk
chalk /
rock 2 a stick of a hard white or
col-oured substance used for writing on a
board, e.g in a classroom 쑗 He wrote
the dates up on the board in coloured
chalk.
chalkboard
chalkboard /
board which you can write on with
chalk, especially on the wall of a
class-room (NOTE: Now often preferred to
‘blackboard’.)
challenge
challenge / tʃlnd"/ noun 1 a
diffi-cult test of someone’s skill or strength 쑗
It’s a difficult job, but I enjoy the chal-lenge 왍 to pose a challenge to
some-one to be extremely difficult to do 쑗
Getting the piano up the stairs will pose
a challenge to the helpers 2 an
invita-tion to something such as a fight or
com-petition 쑗 Our team accepted the
chal-lenge to play another game 3. an action that shows there are doubts about the truth, accuracy or legality of something
쑗 a challenge over the ownership of the property 쐽verb 1 to accept an invita-tion to a contest 2 to ask someone to
prove that they are right 쑗 When chal-lenged, he admitted that he had seen her get into a car 쑗 The committee’s con-clusions have been challenged by other experts 앳 to take up the challenge 1.
to accept an invitation to a contest 쑗
Our team took up the challenge to play
another game 2 to decide to prove that
you are right about something or able to
do something difficult 쑗 She decided to take up the challenge of being the first woman to complete the course.
challenged
challenged / tʃlnd"d/ adjective 1.
unable to do a particular activity easily, especially because of physical or mental
disadvantages 2 not having a particular
quality (humorous) 쑗 a scientifically challenged (=not accurate according to science) account of the new cancer treatment
champion
champion / tʃmpiən/ noun 1 the best
one in a particular competition 쑗 a champion swimmer 쑗 He’s the world champion in the 100 metres 쑗 Their dog was champion two years running.
2. a person who strongly supports
some-thing or someone 쑗 a champion of free city centre transport 쐽verb to support
something or someone strongly 쑗 They have been championing or championing the cause of children’s rights for many years.
championship
championship / tʃmpiənʃp/ noun a
contest to find who is the champion 쑗
The tennis championship was won by a boy from Leeds.
Trang 2chance 53 characteristic
chance
There is little chance of rain in August.
쑗 What are their chances of survival in
this weather? 왍 a chance of doing
something a possibility of doing
some-thing 2 an opportunity 쑗 I’ve been
waiting for a chance like this for a long
time 쑗 The trip was a good chance for
us to meet old friends 왍 a or the chance
to do something an opportunity to do
something 쑗 I wish I’d had the chance
to visit South Africa 3. luck or accident
쑗 The satisfactory outcome owed more
to chance than to good planning 쑗 It
was pure chance that we met at the
sta-tion 앳 by chance in a way that was not
planned or expected 쑗 It was quite by
chance that we were travelling on the
same bus 앳 by any chance perhaps 쑗
Have you by any chance seen my
glass-es?
change
change /tʃend"/ verb 1 to become
dif-ferent, or make something different 쑗
She’s changed so much since I last saw
her that I hardly recognised her 쑗
Liv-ing in the country has changed his
atti-tude towards towns 2 to become
differ-ent 쑗 London has changed a lot since
we used to live there 쑗 He’s changed so
much since I last saw him 3 to put on
different clothes 쑗 I’m just going
up-stairs to change or to get changed 쑗 Go
into the bathroom if you want to change
your dress 4 to use or have something
in place of something else 쑗 You ought
to change your car tyres if they are
worn 쑗 Can we change our room for
one with a view of the sea? 쑗 She’s
re-cently changed her job or changed jobs.
5. to give one country’s money for
an-other 쑗 I had to change £1,000 into
dol-lars 쑗 We want to change some
travel-ler’s cheques 쐽 noun 1 an occasion on
which something is changed 쑗 There
was a sudden change of plan 쑗 We’ve
seen a lot of changes over the years 2.
something different 쑗 We usually go on
holiday in summer, but this year we’re
taking a winter holiday for a change 쑗
A change of scenery will do you good 쑗
A glass of water is a nice change after
all that coffee 3 money in coins 쑗 I
need some change for the parking meter.
쑗 Have you got change for a £5 note? 4.
money which you get back when you
have given more than the correct price 쑗
So that’s £1.50 change from £5 쑗 The shopkeeper gave me the wrong change.
channel
channel / tʃn(ə)l/ noun 1 a frequency
band for radio or TV or a station using
this band 쑗 We’re watching Channel 4.
쑗 Shall we watch the new show on the
other channel? 2 a way in which
infor-mation or goods are passed from one
place to another 쑗 The request will have
to be processed through the normal
channels 3 a narrow passage along
which water can flow 4 a piece of water
connecting two seas 쑗 the English Channel 쐽 verb to send something in a
particular direction 쑗 They are channel-ling their funds into research (NOTE:
channels – channelling – chan-nelled The US spelling is channeling – channeled.)
chaos
chaos / keɒs/ noun a state of confusion
쑗 There was total chaos when the elec-tricity failed.
chap
chap /tʃp/ noun a man (informal) 쑗
He’s a really nice chap 쑗 I bought it from a chap at work.
chapel
chapel / tʃp(ə)l/ noun 1 a room used
as a church, e.g in a hospital or airport
2. a part of a large church 쑗 the west chapel of the cathedral 쑗 The west chapel of the cathedral is dedicated to
St Teresa.
chapter
chapter / tʃptə/ noun a division of a
book 쑗 The first chapter is rather slow, but after that the story gets exciting 쑗
Don’t tell me how it finishes – I’m only
up to chapter three.
character
character / krktə/ noun 1 the part of
a person which makes them behave
dif-ferently from all others 쑗 He has a
strong, determined character 2 a
per-son in a play or novel 쑗 The main char-acter in the film is an old woman with a
fascinating history 3 a person with
par-ticular qualities 쑗 He’s an interesting character 왍 quite a or a real character
an interesting and unusual person 쑗 My first head teacher was quite a character.
characteristic
characteristic /krktə rstk/ adjec-tive typical 쑗 You can recognise her by her characteristic way of walking 쑗
The shape is characteristic of this type
Trang 3charge 54 cheat
of flower (NOTE: something is
charac-teristic of something) 쐽 noun a typical
feature 쑗 The two cars have very similar
characteristics.
charge
charge /
you have to pay 쑗 There is no charge for
delivery 쑗 We make a small charge for
rental 2 a claim by the police that
someone has done something wrong 쑗
He was in prison on a charge of trying
to shoot a neighbour 3 a sudden rush
towards someone or something,
espe-cially as part of an attack 쑗 The police
stood firm against the charge of the
crowd 4 a statement that someone has
done something bad or wrong 쑗 I
com-pletely reject the charge that I had these
facts before I made the decision 쐽 verb
1. to ask someone to pay 쑗 The
restau-rant charged me £10 for two glasses of
wine 쑗 How much did the garage
charge for mending the car? 2 (of the
police) to say that someone has done
something wrong 쑗 She was charged
with stealing the jewels 3 to attack
someone while running 쑗 The police
charged the rioters 쑗 If the bull
charg-es, run as fast as you can for the gate! 4.
to run quickly and without care 쑗 The
children charged into the kitchen 5 to
put electricity into a battery 쑗 You can
charge your phone battery overnight 앳
in charge of something in control of
something 쑗 Who’s in charge here? 쑗
He was put in charge of the sales
de-partment 앳 to take charge of
some-thing to start to be responsible for
something 쑗 She took charge of the
class while the teacher was out of the
room.
charity
charity / tʃrt/ noun an organisation
which collects money to help the poor
or to support some cause 쑗 a medical
charity (NOTE: The plural is charities.)
charm
the charm of the Devon countryside 쑗
She has great personal charm 2 an
ob-ject which is supposed to have magical
powers 쑗 She wears a lucky charm
round her neck 쐽 verb 1 to attract
someone, or to make someone pleased
쑗 He always manages to charm
some-one into helping him 쑗 I was charmed
by the village and surrounding area 2.
to use magic on someone or something
쑗 The fairy charmed the trees to grow golden fruit.
charming
charming / tive
charter
charter / giving rights or privileges to a public or-ganisation, a group of people, or a town
쑗 a shoppers’ charter 쑗 The university received its charter in 1846 쐽 verb to hire an aircraft, bus or boat for a
partic-ular trip 쑗 We chartered a boat for a day trip to the island.
chase
chase /tʃes/ verb 1 to go after someone
in order to try to catch him or her 쑗 The postman was chased by a dog 쑗 They
chased the burglars down the street 2.
to find out how work is progressing in
order to try to speed it up 쑗 We are try-ing to chase the accounts department for your cheque 쑗 I will chase up your order with the production department.
쐽noun an occasion on which you run
after someone to try to catch them 쑗 He was caught after a three-hour chase along the motorway 왍 to give chase to
run after someone in order to try to catch
him or her 쑗 The robbers escaped and the police gave chase.
chase up phrasal verb to find out how work is progressing in order to try to
speed it up 쑗 I’ll chase it up for you on Monday.
chat
chat /tʃt/ noun an informal, friendly
talk 쑗 She likes to drop in for a cup of coffee and a chat 쑗 I’d like to have a chat with you about your work.
cheap
cheap /
of money 쑗 I want to buy a cheap radio.
쑗 Why do you go by bus? – Because it’s cheaper than the train 쑗 Buses are the cheapest way to travel 쐽adverb at a
low price 쑗 I bought them cheap in the local market.
cheaply
cheaply /
spending much money 쑗 cheaply made furniture 쑗 You can live quite cheaply if
you don’t go out to eat in restaurants 2.
at a low price 쑗 They were selling the last few bottles cheaply.
cheat
cheat /
to be successful 쑗 They are sure he
Trang 4check 55 chest
cheated in his exam, but can’t find out
how he did it 쐽 noun a person who acts
unfairly in order to win 쑗 I won’t play
cards with him again, he’s a cheat.
check
check /tʃek/ noun 1 an examination or
test 쑗 The police are carrying out
checks on all cars 쑗 A routine check of
the fire equipment 2 US (in a
restau-rant) a bill 쑗 I’ll ask for the check 쐽
verb 1 to make sure 쑗 I’d better check
with the office if there are any messages
for me 쑗 Did you lock the door? – I’ll
go and check 2 to examine something
to see if it is satisfactory 쑗 You must
have your car checked every 10,000
miles 앳 in check under control
check in phrasal verb 1 (at a hotel ) to
arrive at a hotel and sign for a room 쑗
He checked in at 12.15 쑗 We checked
into our hotel and then went on a tour of
the town 2 (at an airport) to give in
your ticket to show you are ready to take
the flight 쑗 Please check in two hours
before your departure time.
check out phrasal verb 1 (at a hotel )
to leave and pay for a room 쑗 We’d
bet-ter check out before breakfast 2 to see
if something is all right 쑗 I thought I
heard a noise in the kitchen – I’ll just go
and check it out.
check-in
check-in / tʃek n/ noun 1 also
check-in desk a place where passengers give
in their tickets and bags for a flight 쑗
Where’s the check-in? 2 the procedure
of dealing with passengers before a
flight 쑗 Check-in starts at 4.30pm.
checkout
checkout / tʃekaυt/ noun a cash desk in
a supermarket where you pay for the
goods you have bought 쑗 There were
huge queues at the checkouts.
cheek
cheek /
on each side of the nose and below the
eye 쑗 a baby with red cheeks 2
rude-ness 쑗 He had the cheek to ask for more
money 쑗 I didn’t like his cheek (NOTE:
no plural in this sense)
cheekily
cheekily /
cheeky
cheekier – cheekiest)
cheer
cheer /tʃə/ noun a shout of praise or
en-couragement 쑗 When he scored the goal
a great cheer went up.
cheer up phrasal verb to become
hap-pier, or make someone happier 쑗 I’m sure I’ll cheer up once the treatment is over 쑗 She made him a meal to try to cheer him up 왍 cheer up! stop being
unhappy 쑗 Cheer up! It’ll all be over to-morrow.
cheerful
cheerful / tʃəf(ə)l/ adjective 1 happy
2. pleasant 쑗 a cheerful smile 쑗 a bright cheerful room
cheese
cheese /
from milk 쑗 At the end of the meal we’ll have cheese and biscuits.
chef
chef /ʃef/ noun a cook in a restaurant
chemical
chemical / kemk(ə)l/ noun a substance which is formed by reactions between
chemicals 쑗 rows of glass bottles con-taining chemicals 쑗 Chemicals are widely used in farming and medicine 쐽
adjective relating to chemistry 쑗 If you add acid it sets off a chemical reaction.
chemist
chemist / kemst/ noun 1 a person who
prepares and sells medicines 쑗 Ask the chemist to give you something for the
pain 2 a scientist who studies chemical
substances
chemistry
chemistry / kemstri/ noun the science
of chemical substances and their
reac-tions 쑗 She’s studying chemistry at uni-versity 쑗 He passed his chemistry ex-am.
cheque
cheque /tʃek/ noun a form asking a bank to pay money from one account to
another 쑗 I paid for the jacket by cheque 쑗 He made out the cheque to Mr Smith 쑗 He’s forgotten to sign the cheque.
cherry
cherry / tʃeri/ noun a small sweet red or black fruit with a single hard seed in the middle, which grows on a tree
chess
chess /tʃes/ noun a game for two people played on a board with sixteen different-shaped pieces on each side (NOTE: no plural)
chest
chest /tʃest/ noun 1 the top front part of
the body, where the heart and lungs are
쑗 If you have pains in your chest or if you have chest pains, you ought to see a doctor 쑗 The doctor listened to the pa-tient’s chest 쑗 She was rushed to hospi-tal with chest wounds 쑗 He has a
48-inch chest 2 a measurement around the
Trang 5chew 56 choice
top part of the body just under the arms
쑗 What’s his chest size or
measure-ment? 3 a piece of furniture, like a large
box
chew
chew /
make something soft, usually so that
you can swallow it 쑗 You must chew
your meat well, or you will get pains in
your stomach 쑗 The dog was lying in
front of the fire chewing a bone.
chick
chick /tʃk/ noun a baby bird, especially
a baby hen
chicken
chicken / tʃkn/ noun 1 a bird kept for
its eggs and meat 쑗 Chickens were
run-ning everywhere in the farmyard.
(NOTE: The plural is chickens.) 2 meat
from a chicken 쑗 We’re having roast
chicken for lunch 쑗 Would you like
an-other slice of chicken? 쑗 We bought
some chicken sandwiches for lunch.
(NOTE: no plural: some chicken; a
piece of chicken; a slice of chicken)
chief
He’s our chief adviser 쑗 What is the
chief cause of accidents in the home? 쐽
noun 1 the person in control of a group
of people or a business 쑗 He’s been
made the new chief of the finance
de-partment 2 the leader of a specific
group of people who share a culture and
social system
chiefly
town is famous chiefly for its cathedral.
child
child /tʃald/ noun 1 a young boy or girl
쑗 There was no TV when my mother was
a child 쑗 A group of children were
play-ing on the beach 2 a son or daughter 쑗
Whose child is that? 쑗 They have six
children – two boys and four girls 쑗 We
have two adult children (NOTE: The
plural is children.)
childhood
childhood / tʃaldhυd/ noun the time
when someone is a child
childish
childish / tʃaldʃ/ adjective 1 silly or
foolish 2 like a child
children
children / tʃldrən/ plural of child
chill
chill /tʃl/ noun 1 a short illness causing
a feeling of being cold and shivering 쑗
You’ll catch a chill if you don’t wear a
coat in this cold weather 2 coldness 쑗
The sun came up and soon cleared away
the morning chill 3 an atmosphere of
gloom 쑗 The death of the bride’s father cast a chill over the wedding 쐽 verb to
cool 쑗 He asked for a glass of chilled orange juice 왍 chilled to the bone very
cold (informal) 쑗 They were chilled to the bone when they came back from their walk over the moors.
chilly
chilly / tʃli/ adjective quite cold (NOTE:
chillier – chilliest)
chimney
chimney / tʃmni/ noun a tall brick tube for taking smoke away from a fire
chin
chin /tʃn/ noun the front part of the
bot-tom jaw 쑗 She suddenly stood up and hit him on the chin.
china
china / tʃanə/ noun things such as cups and plates made of decorated fine white clay (NOTE: no plural)
chip
chip /tʃp/ noun 1 a long thin piece of
potato fried in oil 쑗 He ordered chicken and chips 왍 fish and chips a traditional
British food, obtained from special shops, where portions of fish fried in
batter are sold with chips 2 US a thin
slice of potato or other food, fried till
crisp and eaten cold as a snack 쑗 a
pack-et of potato or corn chips 3 a small
piece of something hard, such as wood
or stone 쑗 Chips of wood flew all over the studio as he was carving the statue.
4. a small piece of silicon able to store data, used in a computer 쐽 verb to break
a small piece off something hard 쑗 He banged the cup down on the plate and chipped it (NOTE: chips – chipping – chipped)앳 to have a chip on your shoulder to feel constantly annoyed because you feel you have lost an
ad-vantage 쑗 He’s got a chip on his shoul-der because his brother has a better job than he has.
chocolate
chocolate / tʃɒklət/ noun 1 a sweet
brown food made from the crushed
seeds of a tropical tree 쑗 a bar of choc-olate 쑗 Her mother made a chocolate
cake 2 a single sweet made from
choc-olate 쑗 There are only three chocolates
left in the box 3 a drink made from
chocolate powder and milk 쑗 I always have a cup of hot chocolate before I go
to bed (NOTE: no plural except for sense 2)
choice
choice /tʃɔs/ noun 1 something which
is chosen 쑗 Paris was our first choice
Trang 6choir 57 circle
for our holiday 2 the act of choosing
something 쑗 You must give customers
time to make their choice 3 a range of
things to choose from 쑗 The store has a
huge choice of furniture 왍 I hadn’t any
choice, I had no choice there was
noth-ing else I could do 쐽 adjective (of food)
specially selected 쑗 choice meat 쑗
choice peaches
choir
choir /kwaə/ noun a group of people
who sing together 쑗 He sings in the
school choir.
choke
choke /tʃəυk/ verb 1 to stop breathing
properly because something such as a
piece of food is blocking the throat 쑗
Don’t talk with your mouth full or you’ll
choke 쑗 He choked on a piece of bread
or a piece of bread made him choke 2.
to block something such as a pipe 쑗 The
canal was choked with weeds 3 to
squeeze someone’s neck so that they
cannot breathe 쑗 He felt the tight collar
was choking him 왍 to choke someone
to death to squeeze someone’s throat
until they die 4 to find it hard to speak
because of emotion
choose
choose /
you want 쑗 Have you chosen what you
want to eat? 쑗 They chose him as team
leader 쑗 Don’t take too long choosing a
book to read on holiday 쑗 There were
several good candidates to choose from.
쑗 You must give customers plenty of
time to choose 2 to decide to do one
thing when there are several things you
could do 쑗 In the end, they chose to go
to the cinema 쒁 choice (NOTE:
choos-es – choosing – chose / tʃəυz/ – has
chosen / tʃəυz(ə)n/)
chop
chop /tʃɒp/ noun a piece of meat with a
bone attached 쑗 We had lamb chops for
dinner 쐽 verb 1 to cut something
roughly into small pieces with a knife or
other sharp tool 쑗 He spent the
after-noon chopping wood for the fire 2 왍 to
chop and change to do one thing, then
another 쑗 He keeps chopping and
changing and can’t make his mind up.
(NOTE: chops – chopping –
chopped)
chop down phrasal verb to cut down a
tree with an axe
chop off phrasal verb to cut something off, e.g with an axe or knife
chop up phrasal verb to cut something into pieces
chore
chore / work, e.g cleaning in a house, that you
have to do 쑗 household chores
chorus
chorus /
which is repeated later in the song 쑗
Everybody join in the chorus! (NOTE:
The plural is choruses.) 2 a group of
people who sing together 쑗 All the members of the chorus were on the stage.
chose
chose /tʃəυz/ past tense of choose
chosen
chosen / tʃəυz(ə)n/ past participle of
choose
Christian
Christian / krstʃən/ adjective relating
to the religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ 쐽 noun a person who be-lieves in the teachings of Jesus Christ and in Christianity
Christmas
Christmas / krsməs/ noun a Christian festival on December 25th, celebrated
as the birthday of Jesus Christ, when presents are given
church
church / Christians go to pray (NOTE: The plural
is churches.)
cigarette
cigarette /s'ə ret/ noun a roll of very thin paper containing tobacco, which
you can light and smoke 쑗 a packet or pack of cigarettes 쑗 The room was full
of cigarette smoke.
cinema
cinema / snmə/ noun a building where
you go to watch films 쑗 We went to the cinema on Friday night to see a French film.
circle
circle /
round shape 쑗 He drew a circle on the
blackboard 2 anything forming a
round shape 쑗 The children sat in a cir-cle round the teacher 쑗 The soldiers
formed a circle round the prisoner 3 a
group of people or a society 쑗 She went
to live abroad and lost contact with her old circle of friends 쑗 He moves in the
highest government circles 4 a row of
seats above the stalls in a theatre 쑗 We got tickets for the upper circle 쐽 verb to
make circular movements 쑗 Large birds were circling above the dead animals.
Trang 7circuit 58 classic
circuit
circuit /
way of travelling from one place to
an-other for a particular activity 쑗 a
famil-iar speaker on the lecture circuit 2 a
path on which competitions take place
쑗 a race circuit 3 a trip around
some-thing 쑗 His first circuit of the track was
very slow 4 the path that electricity
flows around
circular
circular /
shape 쑗 a circular table 2 sent to a
number of people 쑗 The company sent a
circular letter to all employees (NOTE:
only used before a noun) 쐽 noun a
doc-ument with one or just a few pages sent
to a number of people to inform them
about something
circulate
circulate /
something round to various people 쑗
They circulated a new list of prices to all
their customers 2 to move round 쑗
Blood circulates round the body 쑗
Waiters circulated round the room
car-rying trays of drinks 3 vi to talk to
dif-ferent people at a party 쑗 Let’s talk later
– I’ve got to circulate.
circulation
circulation / leʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.
the act of circulating 쑗 The circulation
of the new price list to all departments
will take several days 2 the movement
of blood around the body 쑗 Rub your
hands together to get the circulation
go-ing 쑗 He has poor circulation.
circumference
circumference /sə kmf(ə)rəns/ noun
the distance round the outside edge of a
circle, an object or an area 쑗 We walked
the dog around the circumference of the
field.
circumstance
circumstance /
the set of conditions that affect a
situa-tion 쑗 The circumstances surrounding
the crash led us to believe it was not an
accident (NOTE: usually plural) 왍 in or
under the circumstances if a particular
set of conditions exist 쑗 It’s hard to do
a good job under these circumstances.
쑗 In different circumstances, I’d have
been willing to stay longer 왍 due to
cir-cumstances beyond someone’s
con-trol because of something which
some-one has no power to change 쑗 The show
had to be cancelled due to
circumstanc-es beyond our control.
citizen
citizen / stz(ə)n/ noun a person who comes from a particular country or has the same right to live there as someone
who was born there 쑗 All Australian cit-izens have a duty to vote 쑗 He was born
in Germany, but is now a British citizen.
city
city / st/ noun a large town 쑗 busy city streets 쑗 Traffic is a problem in big cit-ies 왍 the city centre the central part of
a town 쑗 He has an office in the city cen-tre.
civil
civil / sv(ə)l/ adjective 1 relating to
general public life rather than to the
armed forces 쑗 He left the air force and
became a civil airline pilot 2. polite 쑗
She wasn’t very civil to the policeman.
3. in court, relating to cases brought by one person against another, as opposed
to being brought by the police because it
is criminal
claim
claim /klem/ noun 1 an occasion on
which someone asks for money 쑗 His claim for a pay increase was turned
down 2 a statement of something
which you believe to be true but have no
proof 쑗 His claim that the car belonged
to him was correct 쐽 verb to state, but
without any proof 쑗 He claims he never received the letter 쑗 She claims that the car belongs to her.
clap
clap /klp/ verb to beat your hands
to-gether to show you are pleased 쑗 At the end of her speech the audience stood up and clapped 쑗 He clapped his hands together in delight (NOTE: claps – clapping – clapped)
class
class /
or adults who go to school or college
to-gether 쑗 There are 30 children in my
son’s class 2 a lesson 쑗 What did you
learn in your history class today? 3.
people of a particular group in society 쑗
The college encourages applications
from different social classes 4 a group
of things, animal or people that share
some features 쑗 Different standards ap-ply to the five different classes of service
you can pay for 5 a particular level of
quality 쑗 Always buy the best class of product 쑗 These peaches are Class 1.
classic
classic / klsk/ noun a great book, play
or piece of music 쑗 ‘The Maltese Fal-con’ is a Hollywood classic 쑗 We have
Trang 8classical 59 clerical
to study several classics of English
liter-ature for our course 쐽adjective 1 (of
a style) elegant and traditional 쑗 The
classic little black dress is always in
fashion 쑗 The style of the new hotel
building is classic, simple and elegant.
2. based on Ancient Greek or Roman
ar-chitecture 3 typical 쑗 It was a classic
example of his inability to take
deci-sions.
classical
classical / klsk(ə)l/ adjective 1
ele-gant and based on the Ancient Greek or
Roman style 쑗 a classical eighteenth
century villa 2 referring to Ancient
Greece and Rome 쑗 classical Greek
lit-erature 3 referring to traditional serious
music 쑗 a concert of classical music
classification
classification /klsf keʃ(ə)n/
noun a way of arranging things into
cat-egories
classify
classify / klsfa/ verb to arrange
things into groups 쑗 The hotels are
clas-sified according to a system of stars.
(NOTE: classifies – classifying –
classified)
classroom
classroom /
a school where children are taught 쑗
When the teacher came into the
class-room all the children were shouting.
clause
clause /
gal document 쑗 According to clause six,
payments will not be due until next year.
claw
claw /
animal or bird 쑗 The dog dug a hole
with its claws.
clay
clay /kle/ noun thick heavy soil 쑗 The
soil in our garden has a lot of clay in it.
clean
Wipe your glasses with a clean
handker-chief 쑗 The bedrooms must be
spotless-ly clean 쑗 Tell the waitress these cups
aren’t clean 2 not used 쑗 Take a clean
sheet of paper 쑗 The maid forgot to put
clean towels in the bathroom 쐽 verb to
take away the dirt from something 쑗 She
was cleaning the car when she saw the
damage.
clean up phrasal verb to make
every-thing clean and tidy, e.g after a party 쑗
It took us three hours to clean up after
her birthday party.
cleaner
cleaner /
which removes dirt 쑗 a carpet cleaner
2. a person who cleans a building such
as a house or an office 쑗 The cleaners didn’t empty my wastepaper basket.
cleaning
cleaning /
making something clean 쑗 Cleaning the
house after the party took hours 2.
clothes which are going to be sent for dry-cleaning or which have been
re-turned after dry-cleaning 쑗 Could you collect my cleaning for me after work tonight?
clear
clear /klə/ adjective 1 with nothing in
the way 쑗 You can cross the road – it’s clear now 쑗 From the window, she had
a clear view of the street 2 easily
un-derstood 쑗 She made it clear that she wanted us to go 쑗 The instructions on the computer screen are not very clear.
쑗 Will you give me a clear answer – yes
or no?
clear away phrasal verb to take some-thing away completely
clear off phrasal verb to go away (informal)
clear out phrasal verb 1 to empty
something completely 쑗 Can you clear
out your bedroom cupboard? 2 to leave
somewhere quickly (informal) 쑗 It’s time for me to clear out of here com-pletely 왍 Clear out! used to tell
some-one to leave (impolite)
clear up phrasal verb 1 to tidy and
clean a place completely 쑗 The cleaners refused to clear up the mess after the
of-fice party 2 (of an illness) to get better
쑗 He has been resting, but his cold still hasn’t cleared up.
clearly
clearly / kləli/ adverb 1 in a way which
is easily understood or heard 쑗 He didn’t speak clearly, and I couldn’t
catch the address he gave 2 obviously
쑗 He clearly or Clearly he didn’t like being told he was too fat.
clergy
clergy /
clerical
clerical / klerk(ə)l/ adjective 1
refer-ring to office work 쑗 A clerical error made the invoice £300.00 when it should have been £3000.00 쑗 He’s
looking for part-time clerical work 2.
referring to clergy 쑗 The newspaper
Trang 9sto-clerk 60 closed
ry has been talked about in clerical
cir-cles.
clerk
clerk /
an office
clever
clever / klevə/ adjective able to think
and learn quickly 쑗 Clever children can
usually do this by the time they are eight
years old.
cleverly
cleverly / klevəli/ adverb in a clever
way
click
click /klk/ noun a short sharp sound 쑗
She heard a click and saw the door
han-dle turn 쐽verb to make a short sharp
sound 쑗 The cameras clicked as the film
star came out on to the steps 쑗 He
clicked his fingers to attract the waiter’s
attention.
client
client / klaənt/ noun a person who pays
for a service
cliff
cliff /klf/ noun a high, steep area of rock
usually by the sea
climate
climate / klamət/ noun the general
weather conditions in a particular place
쑗 The climate in the south of the country
is milder than in the north.
climb
climb /klam/ verb 1 to go up or down
something using arms and legs 쑗 The
cat climbed up the apple tree 쑗 The
boys climbed over the wall 쑗 He
es-caped by climbing out of the window 2.
to go higher 쑗 The road climbs to 500 m
above sea level 쑗 House prices have
started to climb again.
clinic
clinic / klnk/ noun 1 a medical centre
for particular treatment or advice 쑗 an
eye clinic 2. a private hospital
clip
clip /klp/ noun a small object that holds
things together 쑗 a paper clip 쐽 verb to
attach things with a clip 쑗 She clipped
the invoice and the cheque together and
put them in an envelope (NOTE: clips –
clipping – clipped)
cloak
cloak /kləυk/ noun a long type of coat
which hangs from the shoulders and has
no sleeves 쑗 She wore a long cloak of
black velvet.
clock /klɒk/ noun an object which
shows the time 쑗 Your clock is 5
min-utes slow 쑗 The office clock is fast 쑗
The clock has stopped.
clockwise
clockwise / klɒkwaz/ adjective, ad-verb moving in a circle from left to right, in the same direction as the hands
of a clock 쑗 Turn the lid clockwise to tighten it 쑗 He was driving clockwise round the ring road when the accident took place.
clone
clone /kləυn/ noun an exact genetic copy
of an animal or plant 쑗 A cutting pro-duces a clone of a plant 쑗 This sheep was the first mammal to survive as a clone 쐽 verb to create an exact genetic
copy of an individual animal or plant 쑗
Biologists have successfully cloned a sheep.
close
close 1 /kləυs/ adjective 1 very near, or
just next to something 쑗 Our office is close to the station 쑗 This is the closest
I’ve ever been to a film star! 2 near in
time 쑗 My birthday is close to Christ-mas 쐽 adverb 1 very near 쑗 Keep close by me if you don’t want to get lost.
쑗 Go further away – you’re getting too close 쑗 They stood so close or so close together that she felt his breath on her cheek 쑗 The sound came closer and closer (NOTE: closer – closest) 2 very
near in time 쑗 The conference is getting very close 쐽noun a short road,
espe-cially of houses 쑗 They live in Briar Close.
close
close 2 /kləυz/ verb 1 to shut 쑗 Would you mind closing the window? 쑗 He
closed his book and turned on the TV 2.
to come to an end 쑗 The meeting closed with a vote of thanks (NOTE: closes – closing – closed) 쐽 noun an end, the
final part 쑗 The century was drawing to
a close.
close down phrasal verb 1 to shut a business permanently 2 (of a business)
to shut permanently
closed
closed /kləυzd/ adjective 1 changed
from being open by being covered or
blocked 쑗 Make sure all the windows and doors are tightly closed 쑗 She sat quietly with closed eyes 쑗 The object
was in a closed box 2 not doing
busi-ness 쑗 The shop is closed on Sundays 쑗
The office will be closed for the Christ-mas holidays 쑗 There was a ‘closed’ sign hanging in the window.
Trang 10closely 61 coach
closely
closely / kləυsli/ adverb with a lot of
at-tention 쑗 She studied the timetable very
closely 쑗 The prisoners were closely
guarded by armed soldiers.
closeness
closeness / kləυsnəs/ noun the fact of
being close to something
close-up
close-up / kləυs p/ noun a photograph
taken very close to the subject 왍 in
close-up taken very close to the subject
쑗 a photo of the leaf in close-up
cloth
cloth /klɒθ/ noun 1 soft material made
from woven fibres 쑗 Her dress is made
of cheap blue cloth 쑗 This cloth is of a
very high quality 2 a piece of material
used for cleaning 쑗 He wiped up the
milk with a damp cloth 3. a piece of
ma-terial which you put on a table to cover
it 쑗 The waiter spread a white cloth
over the table.
clothes
clothes /kləυðz/ plural noun things
which you wear to cover your body and
keep you warm, e.g trousers, socks,
shirts and dresses 쑗 The doctor asked
him to take his clothes off 쑗 The
chil-dren haven’t had any new clothes for
years 왍 with no clothes on naked
clothing
clothing / kləυðŋ/ noun clothes 쑗 a
major clothing manufacturer 쑗 Take
plenty of warm clothing on your trip to
Iceland (NOTE: no plural: some
cloth-ing; a piece of clothing)
cloud
cloud /klaυd/ noun a white or grey mass
of drops of water floating in the air 쑗
Look at those grey clouds – it’s going to
rain 쑗 The plane was flying above the
clouds.
cloudy
cloudy / klaυdi/ adjective 1 with clouds
쑗 The weather was cloudy in the
morn-ing, but cleared up in the afternoon 2.
not clear 쑗 The liquid turned cloudy
when I added the flour (NOTE: cloudier
– cloudiest)
club
club /klb/ noun 1 a group of people
who have the same interest or who form
a team 쑗 a youth club 쑗 I’m joining a
tennis club 쑗 Our town has one of the
top football clubs in the country 2 a
stick for playing golf (NOTE: A golf
club can either mean the place where
you play golf, or the stick used to hit the
ball.) 3 a large heavy stick 쐽 verb 1 to
hit with a club 쑗 She was clubbed to the
ground 2 왍 to club together (of
sever-al people) to contribute money jointly 쑗
They clubbed together and bought a yacht (NOTE: clubs – clubbing – clubbed)
clue
clue /
you solve a mystery or puzzle 쑗 The de-tective had missed a vital clue 쑗 I don’t understand the clues to this crossword.
앳 to not have a clue to not know
something 쑗 The police still haven’t a clue who did it 쑗 I don’t have a clue how to get there.
clumsy
clumsy / klmzi/ adjective tending to break things or knock things over (NOTE: clumsier – clumsiest) 쐽 not
expressed or done in a good way 쑗 a clumsy apology 쑗 a clumsy attempt to hide the situation
cluster
cluster / klstə/ noun a group of objects
or people that are close together 쑗 a brooch with a cluster of pearls 쑗 He photographed a cluster of stars.
clutch
clutch /kltʃ/ verb to grip something
tightly 쑗 She clutched my arm as we stood on the edge of the cliff 쐽 noun a
tight grip 쑗 She felt the clutch of his fin-gers on her sleeve 쐽 plural noun
clutches the power that a person or
group has over someone else 쑗 You can’t escape the clutches of your family
so easily 왍 in the clutches of, in some-one’s clutches under the control of 쑗
We want to avoid spending too much and falling into the clutches of the bank
or the bank’s clutches.
coach
coach /kəυtʃ/ noun 1 a large bus for
travelling long distances 쑗 They went on
a tour of southern Spain by coach 쑗
There’s an coach service to Oxford
eve-ry hour 2 one of the vehicles for
pas-sengers that is part of a train 쑗 The first
four coaches are for London 3 a person
who trains sports players 쑗 The coach told them that they needed to spend more time practising 쑗 He’s a profes-sional football coach (NOTE: The plural
is coaches.) 쐽verb 1 to train sports
people 쑗 She was coached by a former
Olympic gold medallist 2 to give
pri-vate lessons to someone in a particular
sport, subject or activity 쑗 He coaches young footballers.
... 쑗 They are sure he Trang 4< /span>check 55 chest
cheated in his exam, but can’t find... US a thin
slice of potato or other food, fried till
crisp and eaten cold as a snack 쑗 a
pack-et of potato or corn chips a small... complete the course.
challenged
challenged / tʃlnd&# 34; d/ adjective 1.
unable to a particular activity easily, especially because of physical