The need to foster allegiances between all the states was recognized by Madison and Hamilton, among others, during its burgeoning inde-pendence from England by the United States.. A The
Trang 119 Beautiful beaches attract people, no
doubt about it Just look at this city’s
beautiful beaches, which are among
the most overcrowded beaches in
the state
Which of the following exhibits a
pat-tern of reasoning most similar to the
one exhibited in the argument above?
(A) Moose and bear usually appear
at the same drinking hole at
the same time of day Therefore,
moose and bear must grow
thirsty at about the same time
(B) Children who are scolded
severely tend to misbehave
more often than other children
Hence, if a child is not scolded
severely that child is less likely
to misbehave
(C) This software program helps
increase the work efficiency of
its users As a result, these
users have more free time for
other activities
(D) During warm weather, my dog
suffers from fleas more so than
during cooler weather
There-fore, fleas must thrive in a
warm environment
(E) Pesticides are known to cause
anemia in some people
How-ever, most anemic people live in
regions where pesticides are not
commonly used
20 With laser technology, vision
prob-lems, skin disorders, and even many
forms of cancer can now be treated
by means of using a quick and
painless surgical procedure
(A) by means of using
(B) by means of the use of
(C) with using
(D) by means of
(E) through means of
21 The need to foster allegiances
between all the states was recognized
by Madison and Hamilton, among others, during its burgeoning inde-pendence from England by the United States
(A) The need to foster allegiances between all the states was recognized by Madison and Hamilton, among others, during its burgeoning independence from England by the United States
(B) The need to foster allegiances was recognized by Madison and Hamilton, among others, between all the states during their burgeoning independence from England
(C) During the United States’
burgeoning independence from England, Madison and Hamil-ton, among others, recognized the need to foster allegiances among all the states
(D) During the United States’
burgeoning independence from England, among others, Madi-son and Hamilton recognized the need to foster allegiances among all the states
(E) The need recognized by Madi-son and Hamilton, among others, was to foster allegiances among all the states during their burgeoning independence from England
Trang 222 Justin: Under current state law,
employers must provide worker’s compensation insurance, which provides income to employees who cannot work due to injuries sustained
at the workplace, to all full-time employees This form of insurance is vital in protecting workers from financial ruin in the event they are suddenly unable to work
Bharti: I disagree with your
assess-ment The high premiums employers are forced to pay for worker’s com-pensation insurance force many of them out of business, thereby serving
to increase the state’s unemployment rate Since unemployed people are statistically unlikely to carry health insurance, the state-mandated worker’s compensation scheme actually renders workers more vulnerable to financial devastation in the event of bodily injury
Which of the following, if true, should Justin cite in order to respond most effectively to Bharti’s counter-argument?
(A) In addition to carrying worker’s compensation insurance, most employers in the state also provide health insurance for full-time employees
(B) Patients without health insur-ance and who have no money typically receive inferior treatment at hospital emer-gency rooms
(C) People are statistically more likely to sustain debilitating injuries at the workplace than elsewhere
(D) The state agency that
compen-sates injured workers under the current insurance scheme is financially able to pay all foreseeable claims
(E) Many workers file fraudulent worker’s compensation claims, and state regulators often fail to detect such fraud
23 Casino X advertises that it has the
“loosest” one-dollar slot machines in town, which means that the statisti-cal odds of winning money playing a one-dollar slot machine are greater
at Casino X than at any other casino Meanwhile, Casino Y claims to have the loosest five-dollar slot machines
in town In any event, the statistical odds are always against any slot-machine player Elaine has five dollars to spend on gambling and has decided to play a five-dollar slot machine at Casino Y
Assuming Elaine hopes to win money, which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that she made a good decision as to how
to gamble her money?
(A) Casino Y’s total gambling revenues far exceed those of Casino X
(B) At Casino Y, more gamblers win money playing slot machines than at any other casino game
(C) One of the two casinos is providing accurate information about its slot machines, but the other casino is not
(D) Each of the two casinos has
both types of slot machines: one-dollar and five-dollar
(E) Casino X and Casino Y are the only two casinos in town that claim to have the loosest slot machines of any type
Trang 324 There is the gene that causes
hemophilia which, if paired with a
healthy gene, the individual will not
develop the disease’s symptoms
(A) There is the gene that causes
hemophilia which, if paired
with a healthy gene, the
individual will not develop
(B) The gene that causes
hemo-philia which, if paired with a
healthy gene, then the
indi-vidual will not develop
(C) There is the gene that causes
hemophilia, and if paired with a
healthy gene, the individual
will not develop
(D) If paired with a healthy gene,
the gene that causes hemophilia
will not result in the
individu-al’s developing
(E) Hemophilia is caused by a gene
that, if paired with a healthy
gene, will not develop in the
individual
25 In the future, any justification for
our government’s military
interven-tion in the internal political affairs of
other nations in the interest of
suppressing their civil wars must be
weighed against the costs of
inter-vening
(A) must be weighed against the
costs of intervening
(B) will need to weigh against
intervening costs
(C) are weighed against the costs of
intervening
(D) must also include the costs of
such intervention
(E) must weigh the costs of
inter-vening
QUESTIONS 26–29 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line Matthew Arnold, through his Culture
and Anarchy (1869), placed the word
“culture” at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and
humanistic society Arnold’s definition
of culture as “the pursuit of perfection
by getting to know the best which has been thought and said” helped define the Western world’s liberal arts curriculum over the next century
Although three forms of dissent from his views have had considerable impact
of their own, each one misunderstands Arnold
The first protested Arnold’s designa-tion of “anarchy” as culture’s enemy, viewing this dichotomy simply as a struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to it
Yet, Arnold himself was plagued in his soul by the blind arrogance of the world’s reactionary powers Another form of opposition saw Arnold’s culture
as a perverse perpetuation of literary learning in a world where science had become the new arch from which any new order of thinking must develop At the center of the “two cultures” debate were the goals of the formal educa-tional curriculum, the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates But Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions Today, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by a third form
of dissent, multiculturalism, which seeks to deflate the imperious author-ity that “high culture” exercises over curriculum while promoting the idea that we must learn what is representa-tive because we have overemphasized what is exceptional Yet, multicultural-ism actually affirms Arnold by return-ing us to a tension inherent in the idea
of culture
The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists wrongly insist that Arnold’s culture is simply a device for ordering us about Instead, it
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Trang 4is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon
Perfection mattered to Arnold only as the background against which we could form a just image of our actual circum-stances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies
26 The author of the passage is
prima-rily concerned with
(A) arguing against those who have opposed Arnold’s ideas
(B) describing Arnold’s conception
of culture
(C) explaining why Arnold consid-ered the pursuit of perfection to
be the essence of culture
(D) tracing Arnold’s influence on
the liberal arts educational curriculum
(E) examining the different views of culture that have emerged since the mid-eighteenth century
27 It can be inferred from the passage
that the two-cultures debate
(A) emerged as a reaction to the multiculturalist movement
(B) developed after 1869
(C) influenced Arnold’s thinking about culture
(D) was carried on by American as
well as European scientists
(E) led to two competing educa-tional systems
28 In criticizing Arnold’s dissenters, the
author employs all of the following methods EXCEPT:
(A) Pointing out the paradoxical nature of an argument against Arnoldian culture
(B) Presenting evidence that conflicts with a claim made by Arnold’s dissenters
(C) Asserting that a claim made by the dissenters is an oversimpli-fication
(D) Drawing an analogy between one
of the dissenters’ claims and an-other insupportable theory
(E) Suggesting that the focus of one
of the dissenters’ arguments is too narrow
29 It can be inferred from the
informa-tion in the passage that Arnoldian culture is perpetuated today by
(A) the two-cultures debate
(B) postmodernists
(C) imperious elitists
(D) existentialists.
(E) social critics
30 Our school district should not spend
its money on a new reading program After all, our students get all the reading practice they need by studying history and science
The argument above depends on which the following assumptions?
(A) The reading program involves only reading practice
(B) Other reading programs are just
as effective but less expensive than the new program
(C) The new program would not help the students learn history and science
(D) Teaching students history and
science is more important than teaching them reading skills
(E) The students can already read well enough to study history and science
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Trang 531 City Official: I cannot deny that
sodium monofluoride, which is used
in all major brands of toothpaste to
help prevent tooth decay, has been
shown to be more toxic than lead
Those who oppose our plan to treat
the public water supply with sodium
monofluoride cite warnings on the
back of toothpaste tubes advising the
user to contact a poison control
center if the user swallows more
toothpaste than needed for brushing
But these same opponents ignore the
fact that even though nobody reads
these warnings virtually no cases of
toothpaste poisoning have ever
been reported
The passage is structured to lead to
which of the following conclusions?
(A) Sodium monofluoride warnings
on toothpaste tubes should be
more conspicuous to toothpaste
users
(B) Fluoride in toothpaste is not as
toxic as warnings on toothpaste
tubes would lead users to believe
(C) Neither fluoridated water nor
fluoridated toothpaste
con-tains lead
(D) Suppliers of public water
treated with sodium
monofluo-ride should not be required to
warn their customers about
its toxicity
(E) Fluoridated water is not as
toxic as those who oppose
treating water with sodium
monofluoride might claim
32 Contrary to popular myth
promul-gated partly by Greek classics and
partly by the Hollywood movie
industry, war heroes rarely earn
their status by acting as if they
themselves are invincible
(A) if they themselves are invincible
(B) though they are invincible
(C) being invincible
(D) if they themself are invincible
(E) if they were invincible
33 Upon appearing first as a tiny speck
in the night sky, some comets eventually grow quite large in appearance, although their total mass is miniscule in comparison to the celestial objects we see ev-ery night
(A) Upon appearing first
(B) Appearing initially
(C) Their initial appearance
(D) When first appearing (E) At first, comets appear
34 Improved sonar technology, together
with less stringent quotas, account for the recent increase in the amount
of fish caught by commercial vessels
(A) account for the recent increase
in the amount of
(B) would account for a recent increase in
(C) accounts for the recent increase
in the number of
(D) is accounted for by the recent
increase in
(E) account for recent increases in amounts of
Trang 635 Some of our federal legislators are
opposed to government endowments
or other financial support for photog-raphy as an art form on the basis that much of modern photography portrays nudity and is thus obscene
These legislators are mistaken, however, since even they would agree that Michelangelo’s works of art, most of which depict nudity, are not obscene
Which of the following statements, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Due to their relatively high artistic value, the works of Michelangelo that portray nudity are not considered obscene
(B) Many modern photographic works of art have been dis-played in museums alongside Michelangelo’s works
(C) The majority of Michelangelo’s work was not funded or otherwise supported by the government
(D) What these legislators consider
to be obscene does not coincide with what the general citizenry views as obscene
(E) The artistic level of the works of the vast majority of modern photographers does not ap-proach that of Michelangelo’s works
QUESTIONS 36–38 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line In nearly all human populations, a majority of individuals can taste the artificially synthesized chemical phenylthiocarbonide (PTC) However, the percentage varies dramatically— from as low as 60 percent in India to
as high as 95 percent in Africa That this polymorphism is observed in nonhuman primates as well indicates a long evolutionary history which, although obviously not acting on PTC, might reflect evolutionary selection for taste discrimination of other, more significant, bitter substances, such as certain toxic plants
A somewhat more puzzling human polymorphism is the genetic variability
in earwax, or cerumen, which is
observed in two varieties Among European populations, 90 percent of individuals have a sticky yellow variety rather than a dry, gray one, whereas in northern China these numbers are approximately the reverse Perhaps like PTC variability, cerumen variabil-ity is an incidental expression of something more adaptively significant Indeed, the observed relationship between cerumen and odorous bodily secretions, to which nonhuman pri-mates—and to a lesser extent hu-mans—pay attention suggests that during the course of human evolution genes affecting body secretions, including cerumen, came under selective influence
36 It can be inferred from the passage
that human populations vary consid-erably in their
(A) sensitivity to certain bodily odors
(B) capacity for hearing
(C) ability to assimilate artificial chemicals
(D) vulnerability to certain toxins
found in plants
(E) ability to discern bitterness
in taste
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Trang 737 Which of the following provides the
most reasonable explanation for the
assertion in the first paragraph that
evolutionary history “obviously” did
not act on PTC?
(A) PTC is not a naturally
occur-ring chemical but rather has
been produced only recently by
scientists
(B) Most humans lack sufficient
taste sensitivity to discriminate
between PTC and bitter
chemi-cals occurring naturally
(C) Variability among humans
respecting PTC discrimination,
like variability respecting
earwax, cannot be explained in
terms of evolutionary adaptivity
(D) The sense of taste in humans is
not as discriminating as that in
nonhuman primates
(E) Unlike nonhuman primates,
humans can discriminate
intellectually between toxic and
nontoxic bitter substances
38 Which of the following best expresses
the main idea of the passage?
(A) Artificially synthesized
chemi-cals might eventually serve to
alter the course of evolution by
desensitizing humans to certain
tastes and odors
(B) Some human polymorphisms
might be explained as vestigial
evidence of evolutionary
adaptations that still serve vital
purposes in other primates
(C) Sensitivity to taste and to odors
have been subject to far greater
natural selectivity during the
evolution of primates than
previously thought
(D) Polymorphism among human
populations varies considerably
from region to region
through-out the world
(E) The human senses of taste and
smell have evolved considerably
over the course of evolutionary
history
39 The city of Exitur recently began
providing recycling bins to every household in the city, along with a brochure explaining what types of trash residents should put in the bins for pickup by city workers
Previously, the city’s residents had no means of recycling any of their trash
Exitur’s residents, who generate a significant amount of recyclables, have all cooperated conscientiously with the new program Nevertheless, the total amount of trash they have been putting in their garbage cans for disposal—and not for recycling—
remains about the same as before
If the information provided is true, which of the following must on the basis of it also be true about Exitur since the program’s implementation?
(A) The city’s trash collection workers are not performing their jobs properly
(B) The average number of trash cans used by each household has increased
(C) The amount of trash generated
by the city’s residents has increased
(D) Some items put in recycling
bins are being disposed of rather than recycled
(E) The city’s residents have not been generating any trash that can be recycled
Trang 840 With crude-oil production peaking,
the corporate suppliers of energy are aggressively pursuing other energy sources; nevertheless, because oil prices are currently in decline, demand for alternative energy products is lessening
(A) because oil prices are currently
in decline, demand for alterna-tive energy products is lessening
(B) because of currently declining oil prices, alternative energy products are lower in demand
(C) in view of the current decline of oil prices, demand for alterna-tive energy products is also declining
(D) being that oil prices are
cur-rently lessening in amount, so too is the demand for alterna-tive energy products
(E) considering the fact that current oil prices are declining, demand for alternative energy products is lessening
41 In 2005, more citizens from the
country of Monrovia migrated from Monrovia to neighboring Abstania than during any prior year In 2005, the number of reported violent crimes in Abstania increased dra-matically over 2004 The unavoidable conclusion is that Monrovians who migrated from Monrovia to Abstania were responsible for this increase Which of the following statements, if true, would most seriously weaken the claim that Monrovians were responsible for the increase in violent crime in Abstania during 2005?
(A) Each year more violent crimi-nals are apprehended in Abstania than in Monrovia
(B) During 2005, more violent crimes were reported in Absta-nia than in Monrovia
(C) In 2005, no Monrovians mi-grated from either Monrovia or Abstania to any country other than Monrovia or Abstania
(D) In 2005, the number of
unre-ported violent crimes in Absta-nia increased as well
(E) In 2005, fewer Monrovians migrated from Monrovia to Abstania than from Abstania to Monrovia
Trang 9ANSWER KEYS AND EXPLANATIONS
See Appendix B for score conversion tables to determine your score Be sure to keep a tally of
correct and incorrect answers for each test section
Analysis of an Issue—Evaluation and Scoring
Evaluate your Issue-Analysis essay on a scale of 1 to 6 (6 being the highest score) according to
the following five criteria:
Does your essay develop a position on the issue through the use of incisive reasons
and persuasive examples?
Are your essay’s ideas conveyed clearly and articulately?
Does your essay maintain proper focus on the issue and is it well organized?
Does your essay demonstrate proficiency, fluency, and maturity in its use of
sen-tence structure, vocabulary, and idiom?
Does your essay demonstrate command of the elements of Standard Written
English, including grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation?
Trang 10Analysis of an Argument—Evaluation and Scoring
Evaluate your Argument-Analysis essay on a scale of 1 to 6 (6 being the highest score) according to the following five criteria:
Does your essay identify the key features of the argument and analyze each one in
a thoughtful manner?
Does your essay support each point of its critique with insightful reasons and examples?
Does your essay develop its ideas in a clear, organized manner, with appropriate transitions to help connect ideas?
Does your essay demonstrate proficiency, fluency, and maturity in its use of sen-tence structure, vocabulary, and idiom?
Does your essay demonstrate command of the elements of Standard Written En-glish, including grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation?
To help you evaluate your essay in terms of criteria 1 and 2, the following series of questions
serve to identify the Argument’s five distinct problems To earn a score of 4 or higher, your
essay should identify at least three of these problems and, for each one, provide at least one example or counterexample that supports your critique (Your examples need not be the same
as the ones below.) Identifying and discussing at least four of the problems would help earn you an even higher score
• Does the argument confuse cause-and-effect with mere correlation between Stribling and the success of the bands he manages? (Perhaps the actual reason for the success of these bands has nothing to do with Stribling, and Excess’s current manager is just as effective as Stribling would be.)
• Is it fair to assume that hiring Stribling would be sufficient for the band to regain its popularity? (Perhaps Stribling’s specialty is managing hip-hop groups, and he would
be far less effective in promoting a rock band like Excess Also, the band’s style of music might be outdated, making it too late for a comeback, regardless of Stribling’s talent or efforts.)
• Would increasing popularity as a touring band be sufficient to increase sales of the band’s CDs? (Instead of buying new CDs, the band’s old fans might just replay old Excess albums, while new, younger fans might borrow those albums or find another way to listen to the band’s songs for free.)
• Does the argument unfairly limit the band to an either/or choice between two courses of action that are not necessarily mutually exclusive? (Why not hire Stribling and record new songs? If Stribling is successful, the band could promote their new songs at more concerts, sparking more CD sales.)
• Are either of the two plans necessary to achieve sales goals for the band’s CDs? (The argument ignores other possible strategies—for example, publicity stunts, image makeovers, or increased television exposure—that might be equally or more effective in boosting CD sales.)