A remains being B is still remaining C is being D remains E remains still QUESTIONS 15–17 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE: Line For absolute dating of archeological artifacts, the rad
Trang 110 Babies who are breast fed instead of
bottle fed until at least their first
birthday are 70 percent less likely to
become obese children than babies
who are bottle fed but not breast fed
A child is obese if the ratio of the
child’s weight to height is among the
highest 3 percent of all children But
breast feeding instead of bottle
feeding during the first three months
of a baby’s life also reduces the
likelihood that the baby will become
an obese child
Which of the following can be most
properly inferred from the
informa-tion in the passage?
(A) Genetic propensity for obesity is
not significant in determining
whether a baby will become an
obese child
(B) Bottle feeding is more likely
than breast feeding to result in
obesity in children
(C) Unless a baby is breast fed
in-stead of bottle fed until at least
its first birthday, the baby is
likely to become an obese child
(D) If a child is obese, there is a 70
percent likelihood that, as a
baby, the child was bottle fed
but not breast fed
(E) Breast feeding is ineffective to
prevent obesity unless it is
continued until at least the
baby’s first birthday
11 When people are worried about
general economic conditions, they tend to spend less on consumer goods Official government figures show that retail inventory levels throughout the economy have been increasing in recent months How-ever, consumer-confidence levels are currently the highest they’ve been in several years
Any of the following, if true, would help to explain the apparent discrep-ancy described above EXCEPT:
(A) High interest rates tend to discourage consumers from buying products on credit that they otherwise could not afford
(B) Businesses often increase production of consumer goods in anticipation of improving economic conditions
(C) Consumer-spending levels tend
to follow seasonal patterns
(D) When the domestic currency’s
value increases compared to that
of foreign currencies, foreign products become less expensive for domestic consumers
(E) Increased business spending generally precedes a decline in consumer-confidence levels
12 Ignorance of the law does not
preclude one being arrested for violating it
(A) one being arrested for violating it
(B) arrest for one’s violation of it
(C) one’s violation and arrest for it
(D) one from being arrested for
violating that law
(E) one from an arrest for having violated the law
Trang 213 Rationalizing the protracted and
bloody war with the Philippines, President McKinley described the process of subjugating the Filipinos
as “benign assimilation.”
(A) Rationalizing the protracted and bloody war
(B) To rationalize the protracted war and bloody war
(C) The protracted and bloody war was rationalized
(D) Rationalizing the war, which
was protracted as well as bloody
(E) To rationalize the war, a protracted and bloody one
14 Cambodia remains being a largely
underdeveloped country because virtually all educated citizens were slaughtered during the regime of Pol Pot
(A) remains being
(B) is still remaining
(C) is being
(D) remains (E) remains still
QUESTIONS 15–17 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line For absolute dating of archeological artifacts, the radiocarbon method emerged during the latter half of the twentieth century as the most reliable and precise method The results of obsidian (volcanic glass) dating, a method based on the belief that newly exposed obsidian surfaces absorb moisture from the surrounding atmo-sphere at a constant rate, proved uneven It was initially thought that the thickness of the hydration layer would provide a means of calculating the time elapsed since the fresh surface was made But this method failed to account for the chemical variability in the physical and chemical
helped archeologists identify the sources of many obsidian artifacts and
to identify in turn ancient exchange networks for the flow of goods Nor were ceramic studies and fluoride analysis supplanted entirely by the radiocarbon method, which in use allows for field labeling and laboratory errors, as well as sample contamina-tion In addition, in the 1970s dendro-chronological (tree-ring) studies on the bristlecone pine showed that deviation from radiocarbon values increases as one moves back in time Eventually calibration curves were developed to account for this phenomenon; but in the archeological literature we still find dual references to radiocarbon and sidereal, or calendar, time
15 Based on the information in the
passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to have been a means
of dating archeological artifacts?
(A) Ceramics studies
(B) Radiocarbon dating
(C) Dendrochronological studies
(D) Fluoride analysis (E) Obsidian hydration-layer analysis
16 In the passage, the author mentions
all of the following as problems with radiocarbon dating EXCEPT:
(A) disparities with the calendar dating system
(B) deterioration of samples
(C) identification errors by archeo-logical field workers
(D) contamination of artifacts (E) mistakes by laboratory workers
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Trang 317 With which of the following
state-ments would the passage’s author
most likely agree?
(A) The greater the time that has
elapsed since exposure of
obsidian surface to moisture the
less reliable the results of
obsidian dating
(B) The hydration layer
accumulat-ing through obsidian moisture
absorption varies in thickness
depending on the amount of
sur-face area exposed to moisture
(C) The unpredictability of the
ob-sidian hydration process renders
the obsidian dating method
problematic as a means of
deter-mining historical trade routes
(D) The results of obsidian dating
are as reliable and precise as
those of fluoride analysis only if
trace element analysis is
performed for the geographic
source of the obsidian
(E) An obsidian artifact can be
reliably dated using the
obsid-ian method only if certain
environmental conditions where
the artifact was found are
considered
18 When inhaled, asbestos fibers are
known to significantly increase the likelihood of lung cancer and other respiratory ailments Thousands of buildings in this state, especially apartment houses, are insulated with asbestos Some local governments in the state have initiated massive and costly efforts to remove this asbestos
Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the health of those who occupy the buildings would be better preserved
by leaving the asbestos in place than
by removing it?
(A) In removing the asbestos, millions of fibers are likely to be dislodged and sent into circula-tion in the air
(B) Asbestos removal is a hazard-ous procedure, posing signifi-cant health dangers to those who perform it
(C) Fewer than one person in a hundred who breathes asbestos-contaminated air is likely to contract a respiratory ailment
as a result
(D) Apartment dwellers typically
move from one residence to another more frequently than people who live in single family homes
(E) Most people who live in apart-ment buildings insulated with asbestos are aware of that fact
Trang 419 Over the last year, the price that toy
manufacturer FunTime charges for each toy it produces and sells directly
to consumers has, on average, nearly doubled, prompting complaints to the company by many consumers To combat this problem, FunTime’s management must make every effort
to improve relations with its union workers in order to help prevent them from striking, as these workers did for several weeks during the past year
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the effective-ness of the proposal suggested above?
(A) Despite the complaints from consumers, sales of FunTime toys directly to consumers have increased steadily over the last year
(B) FunTime’s union workers are likely to be skeptical of any attempt by management to improve its relations with them
(C) Some consumers who buy FunTime toys don’t mind paying more for them because they are the highest quality toys available
(D) FunTime’s union workers are
likely to strike again in the near future, regardless of management’s efforts to im-prove relations with them
(E) Most of the increase in the prices of FunTime toys is attributable to an increase in the cost of the raw materials the company uses to manufac-ture its toys
20 The emission of fluorocarbons into the
earth’s atmosphere has been shown to deplete the ozone layer in the atmo-sphere Therefore, if we were to elimi-nate all sources of fluorocarbon emis-sion, we could successfully halt ozone layer depletion
Which of the following demonstrates
a pattern of reasoning that is most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?
(A) When challenged to prove their psychic abilities, several of the world’s most celebrated so-called psychics were unable to
do so, clearly proving that the psychic phenomenon is fiction rather than fact
(B) The theory that the earth’s temperature would be shown to
be cyclical if measured over millions of years is convincing,
in light of the fact that the extinction of the dinosaurs occurred due to changes in the earth’s temperature
(C) Flag burning is ultimately in the state’s interest as well as the individual’s interest, because the First Amendment right to free expression was created for the purpose of preserving our democratic way of life
(D) Any person suffering from
phlebitis must take the drug Anatol in order to prevent the condition from worsening, as evidenced by the fact that doctors have used Anatol successfully for many years to treat and control phlebitis
(E) Autopsies of the residents of Huiki Island killed by a recent volcanic eruption have shown excessive bone deterioration,
Trang 521 Advertising executive: Those who
oppose the use of humor in
advertis-ing, whether print or television,
either lack a sense of humor or fail to
understand the advantage of using
humor to advertise a product or
service After all, numerous surveys
show that ordinary consumers are
almost twice as likely to recall a
humorous commercial as they are to
recall a serious commercial
Which of the following, if true, would
cast the most serious doubt on the
accuracy of the advertising
execu-tive’s contention?
(A) Although most consumers
surveyed were able to recall
viewing humorous commercials,
many said they enjoyed the
serious commercials more
(B) For certain types of products,
humorous advertising would be
inappropriate and potentially
offensive
(C) Although most consumers
surveyed were able to recall
viewing humorous commercials,
most failed to recall the name of
the product advertised
(D) The consumers surveyed about
humorous commercials included
people considered unlikely to
buy the particular product
advertised
(E) The use of humorous television
commercials by advertisers has
been declining over the last
few years
22 Upon man-made toxins’ invading the
human body, special enzymes are deployed, rebuilding any damaged DNA strands that result
(A) Upon man-made toxins’ invad-ing the human body, special enzymes are deployed, rebuild-ing any damaged DNA strands that result
(B) Upon man-made toxins, inva-sion of the human body, special enzymes are deployed that rebuild any damaged DNA strands resulting from the invasion
(C) When man-made toxins invade the human body, special enzymes are deployed to rebuild any DNA strands damaged as
a result
(D) Special enzymes are deployed
whenever man-made toxins invade the human body; they rebuild any damage that results
to DNA strands
(E) Damage to DNA strands that results when man-made toxins invade the human body are repaired by deployed special enzymes
23 The fact that the tie between the
Manchus and the Chinese was cultural rather than racial helps to account for the homogeneity of the Chinese people
(A) cultural rather than racial helps to account for
(B) not racial but cultural in nature helps explain
(C) a cultural tie but not racial helps explain
(D) cultural rather than a racial
one helps to explain
(E) cultural rather than a racial tie helps to account for
Trang 624 The atmospheric study reported last
month in the “Journal of the Envi-ronment” would not have been taken seriously by the scientific community
if they were cognizant of the ques-tionable methodology employed
(A) have been taken seriously by the scientific community if they were
(B) be taken seriously by the scientific community in the event that it had become
(C) have been taken seriously by the scientific community were they
(D) have been taken seriously by
the scientific community when the scientific community became
(E) have been taken seriously by the scientific community had scientists been
25 Although the use of fertilizers tends
to diminish the flavor of fruits, the use of pesticides makes virtually no difference in flavor, assuming the fruit is washed thoroughly Moreover, the use of pesticides repels insects that would otherwise leave unsightly blemishes on the fruit Therefore, in the interest of appealing to consumer tastes, fruit growers would be well advised to use pesticides but not artificial fertilizers
Which of the following, if true, could proponents of the argument most appropriately cite as evidence for the soundness of the advice to fruit growers given in the last sentence?
(A) The use of natural fertilizer results in larger, more colorful fruit than the use of artificial fertilizer
(B) The use of pesticides and fertilizers increases fruit growers’ costs, which the growers generally pass on to consumers in the form of higher fruit prices
(C) Consumers generally consider a fruit’s flavor to be important but consider a fruit’s appear-ance to be less important
(D) Chemicals in artificial
fertiliz-ers pose a health threat to consumers who eat fruits produced using artificial fertilizers
(E) The use of artificial fertilizers
in growing fruit has no effect on the appearance of the fruit
Trang 726 A recent research study of a
particu-lar state’s prison systems indicates
that prisoners participating in the
weekend furlough program are less
likely to become repeat offenders
after they are released than
prison-ers who do not participate in the
program The study confirms the
researchers’ hypothesis that weekend
furlough programs at the state’s
prisons are an effective means of
reducing crime
Which of the following, if true, would
cast the most serious doubt on the
hypothesis to which the last sentence
above refers?
(A) The furlough program was
available only to prisoners who
had demonstrated good
behav-ior while in prison
(B) The crime rate in other states
with similar furlough programs
is lower overall than the crime
rate in states without furlough
programs
(C) Whether the weekend furlough
program is effective depends on
how greatly one values the
reform of any one prisoner
(D) Less than half of the prisoners
not involved in the furlough
program become repeat
offend-ers after they are released
(E) Less than half of all the
prisoners studied participated
in the furlough program
27 Too many naive consumers hasty and
happily provide credit information to
unscrupulous merchants, who
provide nothing in exchange but a
credit fraud nightmare
(A) hasty and happily provide
(B) hastily and happily provide
(C) hasty and happy providing
(D) hastily and happily providing
(E) providing hastily and happily
QUESTIONS 28–30 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line The 35-millimeter (mm) format for movie production became a de facto standard around 1913 The mid-1920s through the mid-1930s, however, saw a resurgence of wide-film formats
During this time period, formats used
by studios ranged in gauge from 55mm
to 70mm Research and development then slackened until the 1950s, when wide-screen film-making came back in direct response to the erosion of box-office receipts because of the rising popularity of television This Cinerama (1952) is generally considered to mark the beginning of the modern era of wide-screen film-making, which saw another flurry of specialized formats, such as CinemaScope In 1956, Panavi-sion developed Camera 65 for MGM Studios; it was first used during the
filming of Raintree County Panavision
soon contributed another key technical advance by developing spherical 65mm lenses, which eliminated the “fat faces”
syndrome that had plagued earlier CinemaScope films
Some forty “roadshow” films were filmed in wide-screen formats during this period But wide-screen formats foundered due to expense, unwieldy cameras, and slow film stocks and lenses After the invention of a set of 35mm anamorphic lenses, which could
be used in conjunction with much more mobile cameras to squeeze a wide-screen image onto theatrical wide-screens, film technology improved to the point where quality 70mm prints could be blown up from 35mm negatives
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Trang 828 It can be inferred from the
informa-tion in the passage that wide-film formats were
(A) in use before 1913
(B) not used during the 1940s
(C) more widely used during the 1920s than during the 1930s
(D) not used after 1956.
(E) more widely used for some types of movies than for others
29 The passage mentions all the
follow-ing as factors contributfollow-ing to the increased use of wide-film formats for moviemaking EXCEPT:
(A) spherical camera lenses
(B) Panavision’s Camera 65
(C) television
(D) anamorphic camera lenses.
(E) movie theater revenues
30 Which of the following statements is
most strongly supported by the passage’s information?
(A) If a movie does not suffer from the “fat faces” syndrome, then it was not produced in a wide-film format
(B) Prior to the invention of the 35mm anamorphic lens, quality larger prints could not be made from smaller negatives
(C) The same factors that contrib-uted to the resurgence of wide-film formats in the 1950s also led to the subsequent decline in their use
(D) The most significant
develop-ments in 35mm technology occurred after the release of
Raintree County.
(E) Movie-theater revenues are not significantly affected by
whether the movies shown are
in wide-screen format
31 Many individuals take antihistamine
medications to alleviate the symp-toms of allergies Although all antihistamines are essentially similar, there is sufficient variation among the available formulas to make some more effective than others for any particular individual Therefore, by trying different antihis-tamine formulations, any allergy sufferer can eventually find one that
is effective
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the argument above?
(A) Antihistamines are the only types of medications proven effective in treating allergy symptoms
(B) At least one antihistamine will relieve any individual’s allergy symptoms
(C) The effectiveness of an antihista-mine is partially deterantihista-mined by the drug’s specific formulation
(D) The specific formulation used
most often by allergy sufferers
is not the one that would be most effective for the greatest number of allergy sufferers
(E) Most allergy sufferers experi-ence allergy symptoms that are typical of many different types
of allergies
Trang 932 All college students read either
literary classics or current
best-selling books as a habit, but some
avid readers of current best-selling
books do not read literary classics as
a habit because they do not
appreci-ate these books People who enjoy
classical music do not find current
best-selling books interesting, and
therefore do not read them as a
habit Since Javier is a college
student who enjoys classical music,
he must appreciate literary classics
Which of the following must be true
for the conclusion drawn above to be
logically correct?
(A) Literary classics are more
interesting than current
best-selling books
(B) All college students who
appreciate literary classics read
them as a habit
(C) Literary classics are more
interesting than classical music
(D) All avid readers of literary
classics appreciate this type
of book
(E) All college students who find
classical music enjoyable also
read current best-selling books
as a habit
33 Due to racial discrimination, some of
the most gifted and influential jazz
musicians were prohibited from
dining at the venues they have
performed in
(A) at the venues they have
performed in
(B) at the very same venues they
have performed in
(C) where they have performed
(D) at the same venues at which
they performed
(E) in venues, which were where
they performed
34 In asserting that a thing is
honor-able, a favorable distinction is bestowed upon it
(A) a favorable distinction is bestowed upon it
(B) we bestow a distinction upon it favorably
(C) we bestow upon it a favorable distinction
(D) a favorable distinction upon it
is bestowed
(E) bestowing a favorable distinc-tion upon it
35 A proposed law would prohibit any
individual who has been employed as
a lobbyist on behalf of a particular industry from serving as the director
of a government agency charged with regulating that same industry The purpose of the proposed law is to prevent conflicts of interest How-ever, if passed, the law would prove counterproductive because it would prevent individuals who are knowl-edgeable about industries from serving as government regulators
The argument above depends most directly on which of the following assumptions?
(A) The individuals in government that hold the power to enact the proposed law are susceptible to influence on the part of indus-try lobbyists
(B) Government has a legitimate role to play in the regulation of most industries
(C) Only individuals who have served as lobbyists on behalf of
an industry are knowledgeable about that industry
(D) Those who have served as
lobbyists on behalf of an industry are capable of objec-tive, unbiased decisions as regulators
(E) The primary objective of govern-ment regulation of industry should be to strengthen and sup-port that industry
Trang 10QUESTIONS 36–39 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line In 1930, a century after the birth of Victorian poetess Christina Rossetti, writer and scholar Virginia Woolf identified her as “one of Shakespeare’s more recent sisters” whose life had been reclusively Victorian but whose artistic achievement was enduring
Woolf remembered Rossetti for the explosive originality, vivid imagery, and emotional energy of her poems “A Birthday,” for instance, is no typical Victorian poem and is certainly unlike predictable works of the era’s best-known women poets Rossetti’s most famous poem, “Goblin Market,” is at once Christian, psychological, and pro-feminist Like many of Rossetti’s works, it is extraordinarily original, risky in subject matter, and unorthodox
in form Its Christian allusions are obvious but grounded in opulent images whose lushness borders on the erotic
From Rossetti’s work emerge not only emotional force, frequently-ironic playfulness, and intellectual vigor, but also an intriguing, enigmatic quality
“Winter: My Secret,” for example, combines these traits along with a very high (and un-Victorian) level of poetic self-consciousness “How does one reconcile the aesthetic sensuality of Rossetti’s poetry with her repressed, ascetic lifestyle?” Woolf wondered That Rossetti did indeed withhold a “secret”
both from those intimate with her and from posterity is Lorna Packer’s thesis
in her 1963 biography of Rossetti
Packer’s claim that Rossetti’s was a secret of the heart has since been disproved through the discovery of hundreds of letters by Rossetti, which reinforce the conventional image of her
as pious, scrupulously abstinent, and semi-reclusive
Christian version of transcendent fulfillment in heaven The world, for Rossetti, is a fallen place, and her work
is pervasively designed to convey this inescapable truth The beauty of her poetry must be seen, therefore, as an artistic strategy, a means toward a moral end
36 All of the following are mentioned in
the passage as qualities that emerge from Rossetti’s work EXCEPT:
(A) lush imagery
(B) ironic playfulness
(C) stark realism
(D) unorthodox form (E) intellectual vigor
37 Which of the following statements is
most reasonably inferable from the passage?
(A) “Winter: My Secret” is Rossetti’s best-known poem
(B) Rossetti was not among the best-known poets during her era
(C) The accounts of Rossetti’s life contained in Packer’s biography
of Rossetti differ from those included in Woolf’s biography of Rossetti
(D) Rossetti’s display of poetic
self-consciousness drew criti-cism from her contemporaries
(E) “Goblin Market” was published later than “A Birthday.”
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