Chapter 085. Neoplasms of the Lung (Part 8) ppsx

Neoplasms of the Lung Part 8 Small Cell Lung Cancer A simple two-stage system is used.. In this system, limited-stage disease seen in about 30% of all patients with SCLC is defined a

Chapter 085 Neoplasms of the Lung

(Part 8)

Small Cell Lung Cancer

A simple two-stage system is used In this system, limited-stage disease

(seen in about 30% of all patients with SCLC) is defined as disease confined to one hemithorax and regional lymph nodes (including mediastinal, contralateral

hilar, and usually ipsilateral supraclavicular nodes), while extensive-stage disease

(seen in about 70% of patients) is defined as disease exceeding those boundaries Clinical studies such as physical examination, x-rays, CT and bone scans, and bone marrow examination are used in staging In part, the definition of limited-stage disease relates to whether the known tumor can be encompassed within a tolerable radiation therapy port Thus, contralateral supraclavicular nodes, recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement, and superior vena caval obstruction can all

be part of limited-stage disease However, cardiac tamponade, malignant pleural effusion, and bilateral pulmonary parenchymal involvement generally qualify

disease as extensive-stage because the organs within a curative radiation therapy port cannot safely tolerate curative radiation doses

Lung Cancer Staging Procedures

(Table 85-3) All patients with lung cancer should have a complete history and physical examination, with evaluation of all other medical problems, determination of performance status and history of weight loss, and a CT scan of the chest and abdomen with contrast Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are sensitive in detecting both intrathoracic and metastatic disease PET is useful

in assessing the mediastinum and solitary pulmonary nodules A standardized uptake value (SUV) of >2.5 is highly suspicious for malignancy False negatives can be seen in diabetes, in slow-growing tumors such as BAC, in concurrent infection such as tuberculosis, and in lesions <8 mm False positives can also be seen in infections and granulomatous disease Thus, PET should never be used alone to diagnose lung cancer, mediastinal involvement, or metastases Instead, its primary function is to help guide a mediastinal biopsy for staging purposes and to help identify sites of metastatic disease Fiberoptic bronchoscopy obtains material for pathologic examination and information on tumor size, location, degree of bronchial obstruction (i.e., assesses resectability), and recurrence

Table 85-3 Pretreatment Staging Procedures for Patients with Lung

Cancer

All Patients

Complete history and physical examination

Determination of performance status and weight loss

Complete blood count with platelet determination

Measurement of serum electrolytes, glucose, and calcium; renal and liver function tests

Electrocardiogram

Skin test for tuberculosis

Chest x-ray

CT scan of chest and abdomen

CT or MRI scan of brain and radionuclide scan of bone if any finding suggests the presence of tumor metastasis in these organs

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with washings, brushings, and biopsy of suspicious lesions unless medically contraindicated or if it would not alter therapy

(e.g., very late stage patient)

X-rays of suspicious bony lesions detected by scan or symptom

Barium swallow radiographic examination if esophageal symptoms exist

Pulmonary function studies and arterial blood gas measurements if signs or symptoms of respiratory insufficiency are present

Biopsy of accessible lesions suspicious for cancer if a histologic diagnosis

is not yet made or if treatment or staging decisions would be based on whether or not a lesion contained cancer

Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Who Have No Contraindicationa to Curative Surgery or Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy

All the above procedures, plus the following:

PET scan to evaluate mediastinum and detect metastatic disease

Pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas measurements

Coagulation tests

CT or MRI scan of brain if symptoms suggestive

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing if performance status or pulmonary function tests are borderline

If surgical resection is planned: surgical evaluation of the mediastinum at mediastinoscopy or at thoracotomy

If the patient is a poor surgical risk or a candidate for curative radiotherapy: transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy or transbronchial forceps biopsy of peripheral lesions if material from routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy is negative

Patients Presenting with Small Cell or Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

For proven small cell lung cancer, all the procedures under "All Patients," plus the following:

CT or MRI scan of brain

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (if peripheral blood counts abnormal)

For non-small cell lung cancer or cancer of unknown histology, all the

procedures under "All Patients," plus the following:

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy if indicated by hemoptysis, obstruction, pneumonitis, or no histologic diagnosis of cancer

Biopsy of accessible lesions suspicious for tumor to obtain a histologic diagnosis or if therapy would be altered by finding of tumor

Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy or transbronchial forceps biopsy of peripheral lesions if fiberoptic bronchoscopy is negative and no other material exists for a histologic diagnosis

Diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis if a pleural effusion is present

a

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer and extrathoracic metastatic disease, malignant pleural effusion, or intrathoracic disease beyond the bounds of

a tolerable radiotherapy port

Note: CT, computed tomography; PET, positron emission tomography