Sustainable economic develop-ment requires the existence of clean renewable energy sources and efficient energy storage media.. Wind, solar, and tidal powers are examples of renewable bu
Trang 1Adaptive State-of-Charge Determination
HJ Bergveld,NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
D Danilov and PHL Notten,Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
V Pop,Holst Centre/IMEC-NL, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
PPL Regtien,University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
PHL Notten,Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
& 2009 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
Introduction
One of the challenges that face modern society is the
search for sustainability Sustainable economic
develop-ment requires the existence of clean renewable energy
sources and efficient energy storage media Wind, solar,
and tidal powers are examples of renewable but irregular
energy sources that require storage media to harvest
energy at the peak and to consume it when necessary
Figure 1illustrates the need for energy storage in various
applications Until recently, energy storage devices such
as rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors
were mostly used in portable electronic appliances
(notebooks, cell phones) and stand-alone equipment
(reserve power supplies, construction-site tools)
Now-adays there is a strong tendency to extend the area of
application of energy storage devices in two directions: to
higher energy-storage levels for automotive and
indus-trial-scale facilities, on the one hand; and to lower
energy-storage levels in micro-size electronic devices, on the other hand The automotive sector will be one of the largest consumers of energy storage devices in the coming decades The overwhelming success of hybrid vehicles illustrates such successful large-scale appli-cation The industrial-scale energy production will un-avoidably suffer a shift toward sustainability when natural fossil resources will be exhausted The top right-hand side in Figure 1 corresponds to automotive and indus-trial-scale applications On the other hand, micro-size energy sources are going to be the key elements of nu-merous wireless autonomous devices and medical im-plants These devices will change the face of our homes and offices, reorganize logistics, and introduce new op-portunities to modern medicine A first generation of such devices is already in the state of mass production This is a prospective and challenging area of great eco-nomic importance The micro-size energy sources are shown at bottom left inFigure 1
Automotive
Micro heat power
Portable
Autonomous
devices
Energy storage needs
Hydrogen Membrane Electrodes Bipolar plate Electrical consumer
bipolar plate
Air (oxygen) Air (oxygen)
Figure 1 Various battery applications and necessary energy storage capabilities.
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