Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Index ppsx

Index Aedes Continued excretory products, 543hearing in males, 380hemolymph osmotic pressure, 548hormonal control of larval salt and water balance,555 as disease vector, 738egg diapause,

Acrida, egg pod, 591

Acrididae, 186, 193hearing, 380, 381Acridoidea, 185, 186, 191, 193–194Acridomorpha, 187

Acroceridae, 255Acron, 60

Acronycta rumicis, diapause induction, 673, 673

Acrosternite, 59Acrotergite, 59, 74, 83Activating factor, 360, 362

Adiheterothripidae, 236Adipohemocytes, 525–526Adipokinetic hormone, 418, 419, 464Admirals, 291

Aedeagus, 87, 87

Aedes, 93

A aegypti

anal papillae in larva, 551, 555

diurnal rhythms of egg laying, 665

endocrine control of egg development, 577, 578

783

Index

Aedes (Continued)

excretory products, 543hearing in males, 380hemolymph osmotic pressure, 548hormonal control of larval salt and water balance,555

as disease vector, 738egg diapause, 618glycogen, 503midgut regional differentiation, 495–496

Aegiale hesperiaris, as human food, 733

Aeolothripidae, 235–236Aeropyles, 572

Aeshna

A cyanea

hemolymph composition, 522–523larval excretory products, 542diffusion of oxygen to flight muscles, 475

distance perception, 395

Aeshnidae, 143Aeshnoidea, 143Agaonidae, 340

Agasicles hygrophila, as control agent, 324 Agathiphaga, 280

Agathiphagidae, 280Agathiphagoidea, 280

Agglutinins: see Lectins

Aggregation pheromones, 424, 425–426Aggression songs, 582

Aglossata, 279, 280

Agriotes mancus, 316

Agrius, 294 Agromyza frontella, biocontrol, 759

Agromyzidae, 258Agromyzoidea, 258

Alary muscles, 517, 520embryonic origin, 612

Alderflies, 297, 298, 299

Aldrin, 508, 747

Alena, 300 Aleurocanthus woglumi, 746

biocontrol, 758Aleurodidae, 213, 215Aleurodoidea, 213, 215

Aleurothrixus floccosus, biocontrol, 759

Aleyrodidae, 215

Alfalfa weevil: see Hypera postica

Alienicolae, 667Alimentary canalphysiology, 496–503

structure, 489–496, 490 Alinotum, 73, 74, 453

Alkaloids, 295

as feeding deterrents, 488, 695Allantoic acid, 541, 543Allantoin, 541, 543, 545Allatostatic hormone, 418, 578, 640Allatotropic hormone, 418, 430, 578, 640, 643Allelochemicals, 421

Allomones, 421, 427, 429–430

Alsophila pometaria, 289, 729

Alticinae, 324Alucitidae, 287Alucitoidea, 287Alydidae, 230Amblycera, 203, 204, 205, 206–207

Ambrosia beetles: see Scolytinae American cockroach: see Periplaneta americana

Ametabola, 13, 98, 113Amino acids

absorption, 502

as excretory products, 541

in hemolymph, 523metabolism, 506

Amniotic cavity, 605–606Amniotic fluid, 619Amniotic folds, 605, 606Amorphoscelidae, 159, 162Amphibicorisae, 213

Amphicerus hamatus, 319

Amphientomidae, 201, 202Amphiesmenoptera, 43, 239, 279Amphipneustic condition, 470Amphipsocidae, 202

Amphipterygidae, 138

Anabrus simplex: see Mormon cricket

Anormenis septentrionalis, 220

Ant crickets, 190Antarctoperlaria, 149Anteclypeus, 63Antecostae, 59, 73, 83Antecostal sulcus, 59

Antennae, 60, 63, 64, 64, 65

Antennal lobes, 410Antennal sclerite, 64Antennal segment, 60Antennal sulcus, 62Anterior cervical sclerites, 63Anterior media vein, 81Anterior notal process, 73, 453, 458Anterior tentorial arms, 63Anterior tentorial pits, 62

Anthonomus, 324

A grandis, 324

adult diapause, 669genetic control, 766male sex attractant, 424Anthophorinae, 349

Anthrenus, 318

A scrophulariae, 318

Anthribiidae, 324–325Antibacterial peptides, 527, 531, 532, 533, 565,637

Antibiosis, 767

Anticarsia gemmatalis, viral control, 761

Antidiuretic hormones, 554, 555Antifreeze proteins, 659, 660, 661Antigonadotropic hormone, 421, 569, 575, 579Antixenosis, 767

Antlike stone beetles, 313 Antlions, 301, 304, 305

as control agents, 758, 759

Aphelinus mali, 341 Aphelocheirus, plastron, 482, 483

Aphididae, 217–218

Aphidius smithi, as control agent, 773

Aphidoidea, 211, 213, 216–219Aphids, 211, 217

avoidance of toxins in food plants, 696paedogenesis, 617

as plant-disease vectors, 212, 741, 742pseudoplacental viviparity, 615saliva, 491

symbiotic bacteria, 211, 505wing polymorphism, 645–647

Aphis

A craccivora

as disease vector, 741host-plant resistance, 767

A fabae

as disease vector, 741polymorphism, 646

706 , 707

spatial segregation, 706Apical angle, 82Apical cell, 567Apical margin, 82

Apicotermes, l71

Apicotermitinae, 171Apidae, 347–349Apinae, 349Apini, 349Apionidae, 325

Apis, 349

A mellifera: see Honey bee

Aplomyiopsis epilachnae, 262

Apneustic condition, 470Apocrita, 44, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337–349Apodemes, 59

Apoidea, 332, 334, 342, 347–349Apolysial membrane, 363Apolysis, 362, 365

of embryonic cuticle at hatching, 619

in pupa, 632

Apomorphy, 96Apophyses, 59Apoptosis, 641Aposematic coloration, 295, 697, 709Appendages

abdomen, 84–89embryonic development, 635–637head, 64–72

postembryonic development, 635–637thorax, 75–83

Apple maggot fly: see Rhagoletis pomonella

Apple sucker, 215 Apple twig borer, 319

Apposition image, 393Aptera, 97

Apteropanorpa tasmanica, 243

Apteropanorpidae, 240, 243Apterygogenea, 98, 99Apterygota, 13, 98, 113Aquatic insectsfactors affecting distribution, 677–678

osmoregulation, 550–554, 532, 677Arachnida, 6, 7–8, 16, 18, 97Arachnomorpha, 19Aradidae, 229Aradoidea, 229

Aradus acutus, 229

Araecerus fasciculatus, 325 Araschnia levana, seasonal dimorphism,

Archips argyrospilus, control, 772

Archipsocidae, 202Archizygoptera, 36, 140Archodonata, 35Archostemata, 308–309Arctic insects, activity, 657Arctiidae, 295

Arolium, 76, 77

Arrestant pheromones, 583Artematopidae, 316Artematopoidea, 316Arthropleona, 114, 115, 116

Asobara tabida, anti-immune response, 532

Assassin bugs: see Reduviidae

Australian field cricket, 190

Australian plague grasshopper: see Austroicetes

Aysheaia pedunculata, 16, 16

Azadirachtins, 748, 749

Bacillus

B cereus, as insect pathogen, 714

B larvae, as insect pathogen, 714

as insect pathogen, 712, 714resistance, 761

Back swimmers, 225–226, 226

Bacteria

as cellulose-digesting agents, 501

as control agents, 757, 761crystalliferous, 714

in gut, 495, 501

as insect pathogens, 712, 713–715Bacteriocytes, 504

Bacteriomes, 505Baculoviruses, 715, 716

as microbial control agents, 763Baetidae, 132

Bagworm moth and larva, 282, 283

Balloon flies, 255

Bark beetles: see Scolytinae

Barklice, 199Barnacles, 9Basal bulb, 87Basal lamina, 355, 356, 390, 435, 472, 518Basalar, 74, 453

Basalar muscle, 453, 459, 460Basicosta, 76

Basicostal sulcus, 76Basisternum, 74Basket, 79

Bat flies, 263, 263 Bean weevils, 323, 323, 324 Bean beetle tachinid, 262

Bees: see Apoidea Beet armyworm: see Spodoptera exigua

Beet leafhopper, 222, 222

Beetles: see Coleoptera

Behningiidae, 133Behningoidea, 133

Bellicositermes natalensis, nest, 167, 167

value as pollinators, 725, 728Berothidae, 301, 303

Berytidae, 230Bethylidae, 342Bethyloidea, 341

γ-BHC: see Lindane

Bibio albipennis, 253

Bibionidae, 252Bibionomorpha, 246, 252–253Big-headed flies, 256Binocular vision, 395, 488Binomial system, 92Biological clocks, 662Biological control, 753–766, 772advantages, 755–756augmentative, 753, 754–755classical, 753, 755, 757conservation, 753–754disadvantages, 756examples, 729–731, 754, 755, 756, 757,758–759

importance of sibling species, 93insect agents, 728–731

naturally occurring, 753, 754neoclassical, 753, 755

“new association” approach, 753, 755strategies, 753–755

success, 754, 756–757

of weeds, 324, 757Biological species, 93Bird lice, 203

Biroella, 192

Biscuit weevil, 318

Biston betularia, transient polymorphism, 645

Biting midges, 251Bittacidae, 239, 240, 242

Black swallowtail, 292

Blackfly, 217Bladder grasshopper, 192Blastoderm

differentiation, 598–599, 600 formation, 598, 599

syncitial stage, 598uniform stage, 598Blastokinesis, 602, 608

Blattella

B germanica, 160, 161

insecticide resistance, 750larval heartbeat rate, 521oenocytes, 363

oocyte hydrocarbons, 570uric acid as excretory product, 541

ootheca, 591

Blattellidae, 158, 159, 160–161Blattida, 100

Blattidae, 159, 160Blattiformia, 156Blattodea, 156classification, 160–161life history and habits, 157–158

phylogeny, 159, 159

structure, 157Blattoid orders, 40, 156–173Blattoidea, 159, 160–161Blattopteriformia, 156Blephariceridae, 248Blephariceromorpha, 248

Blissus leucopterus, 230, 231

microbial control, 716

regional differentiation in midgut, 494, 494

Blister beetles, 322Blood-brain barrier, 407

Bloodsucking conenose, 229

Blow flies, 261collagenase in larva, 498Bluebottles, 261

Blues, 291

Bogong moth: see Agrotis infusa

Bohartillidae, 330

Bojophlebia prokopi, 35

Brown-tail moth: see Euproctis chrysorrhoea

Bruchidae, 323–324

Bruchidius, germ band, 603

Bruchus pisorum, 324 Brunneria borealis, 158 Bt: see Bacillus thuringiensis Bubas bison, as control agent, 735

Bubonic plague, 265, 737Buccal cavity, 489Budworm moths, 285

Buffalo treehopper, 222, 222

Buffalo fly: see Haematobia irritans

Buffalo gnats, 251Bumble bees, 349Buprestidae, 315–316infrared sensitivity, 389Buprestoidea, 315–316Burnets, 286

Burrowing, 448–449Burrowing mayflies, 480Bursa copulatrix, 564Bursicon, 366, 418, 419role in eclosion, 643Bush crickets, 189

Bush fly: see Musca vetustissima

Bush katydid, 189

Butterflies, 276, 279, 282, 290mimetic color polymorphism, 645spectral sensitivity, 396

See also Lepidoptera

Byrrhidae, 315Byrrhoidea, 315

Byrsotria fumigata, courtship, 583 Cabbage aphid: see Brevicoryne brassicae Cabbage looper: see Trichoplusia ni

Cabbage root fly, 260Cabbage worms, braconid parasite, 339

Cactoblastis, 93

C cactorum, 288

as control agent, 729, 730, 756, 758

Caddisflies, 268ion uptake by larval gills, 551

See also Trichoptera

Caenis simulans, 135

Caenoidea, 133, 134–135Calamoceratidae, 276

Calandra, 324 Cales noacki, as control agent, 759

Index

Callidulidae, 290Calliduloidea, 290Calling in moths, 422, 665Callipharixenidae, 330

Calliphora, 261

action of diuretic hormone, 555

C erythrocephala, salivary glands, 490

C stygia, calliphorin level during growth, 626–627

C vomitaria, taste sensitivity, 386

dietary requirements, 694osmoregulation in rectum, 549pupal fat content, 627spectral sensitivity, 396Calliphoridae, 261Calliphorin, 626–627Callirhipidae, 316

Calopteryx, blastokinesis, 604 Calosoma sycophanta, 310, 311

as control agent, 310

Calotermes, 93 Calpodes ethlius, 362

control of wax synthesis, 366

tracheal tufts, 471–472, 473

Calypter, 256Calyptratae, 247, 256, 260–263Calyx, 533, 564

Camponotus

C carolinensis, 189

C clarithorax, locomotor activity, 663, 664

Cantharidae, 317Cantharidin, 322Cantharoidea, 317

Capnia nana, 152

Capniidae, 150, 152

Caproic acid, 423

Capsidae, 227Carabidae, 310Carabinae, 310Caraboidea, 309–310Carapacea, 131

Carbamates, 509, 748Carboxylic acids, in hemolymph, 523Carcinophoridae, 178

Carcinoscorpius, 6

Cardenolides, 295, 430, 686, 695, 696Cardiac glycosides, 695

as antimicrobial agents, 697Cardioblasts, 612

Cardo, 65, 66Carides, 16Carnoidea, 259

Carolina grasshopper, 193 Carolina mantid, 162

Carotenoids, 369Carpenter bees, 349Carpenter moths and worms, 284–285

Carpet beetles, 318, 318

Carpet moth, 283Carposinidae, 287Carrot rust fly, 258

Case-making clothes moth and larva, 283

Caste-recognition pheromones, 370Caste-regulating pheromones, 425Castes

Cataglyphis bicolor, ocelli, 398–400

Catalepsis, 181Catantopinae, 194

Cattle warble fly, 262

Caudal filament, 89Caudal lamellae, 88, 137, 480Caudal sympathetic system, 411Cave crickets, 188

Cecidomyiidae, 253Cecropins, 523, 531, 533

Celerio, energy requirements at metamorphosis,

627Cellulase

in gut, 499

in saliva, 490Cement layer, 359, 363, 368

Cenocorixa blaisdelli, endocrine control of

osmoregulation, 555

Centipedes, 11, 11

Central American locust: see Schistocerca paranensis

Central pattern generator, 414, 479

Centroptilum, adaptations to rheophilic life, 677

Chemotaxis, 528Chermidae, 219Chewing lice, 203, 204, 205, 206Chicken body louse, 204, 206Chicken eyeworm, 161Chicken head louse, 208

Chigoe flea, 267

Chigoes, 266Chill intolerance, 659Chill tolerance, 659

C plumosus, pupal swimming, 451

C tentans, larva and pupa, 251

larval gas exchange, 479Chitin

production from glycogen in egg, 506production from trehalose, 505

structure, 358–359, 358

Chitin synthetase, 362Chitinase, 365, 499Chlordane, 508, 747Chloride transport-stimulating peptide, 555Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 508, 747, 751Chlorocyphidae, 142

Chloroperlidae, 150, 151Chloropidae, 259Chloropoidea, 259Choline, 506Cholinesterase, binding of insecticides, 509

Chordotonal organs, 375, 376–377, 377 Chordotonal sensilla, 376–377, 377, 380, 381

Choreutidae, 285

Chorion, 571–572, 571

disappearance in polyembryony, 614rupture at hatching, 619

Choristidae, 243

Choristoneura, 285

C fumiferana

phagostimulants, 488influence of weather, 679

Choristotanyderus, 43, 246 Chortoicetes terminifera, 194

Christmas beetles, 314Chrysididae, 342Chrysidoidea, 334, 341, 342

Chrysobothris

C femorata, 316

larva, 316

Cicadas, 221Cicadellidae, 222Cicadelloidea, 212, 222Cicadidae, 221Cicadoidea, 212, 219, 221Cicadomorpha, 213, 220–222

Cimicoidea, 228hemocoelic insemination, 212, 228, 586Cimicomorpha, 214, 227–229

Circadian rhythms, 416, 663–666, 664

clocks, 666, 672sperm release, 568Circulatory system, 515–536differentiation at metamorphosis, 638embryonic origin, 611

physiology, 519–521

structure, 515–519, 516

Circulifer tenellus, 222, 222

Citral, 427Citronellal, 427

Citrus rust mite: see Phyllocoptruta oleivora

Clausenia purpurea, as control agent, 758

Claval furrow, 81Clavus, 82Clavicornia, 320

Clear lake gnat, 251

Clearwings, 285

Cleavage, 597–598, 599 Cleavage center, 597, 598

Cleavage energids, 598, 599Clegs, 253

Cleptoparasitism, 342, 347Cleridae, 319

Cleroidea, 319–320Click beetles, 316Clistogastra, 334

Cloeon, compound eye, 390 Clothes moth: see Tinea pellionella

Clothodidae, 155

Clotting: see Hemolymph coagulation

Clusiidae, 258Clypeolabral segment, 60Clypeolabrum, 60Clypeus, 60, 63, 65Coagulocytes, 526, 528, 529Coagulogens, 507, 528, 529Coccidae, 216

Coccinella

C septempunctata

as control agent, 756prey location, 429color, 369

Coccinellidae, 307, 321Coccoidea, 211, 215–216metamorphosis, 213

Coccophagus, 731 Cochliomyia, 261, 740

C hominivorax, 262

genetic control, 766Cockchafers, 314Cockroaches, 156, 157, 158, 159escape response, 416salivary glands, 490ventral diaphragm, 518

See also Blattodea, Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana

Cocoon, 631, 632, 633, 639Cocoon cutters, 639

Codling moth: see Cydia pomonella

Coelom, 611formation, 604–605

Coelomomycesspp

as control agents, 717

as insect pathogens, 717Coelopulses, 519

Coenagrion, 141

C angulatum

temperature-synchronized development,658

Common cattle grub: see Hypoderma lineatum

Common chemical sense, 384

Convergent ladybug: see Hippodamia convergens

Cootie, 209Copeognatha, 199Coppers, 291Coprinae, 314Copromorphidae, 287Copromorphoidea, 287

Coptotermes, 166

Copulation, 583–584female receptivity, 583–584

See also Mating

Cordilura criddlei, 260

Cordulegastridae, 143Cordulegastroidea, 143Corduliidae, 143Coreidae, 230Coreoidea, 230Corioxenidae, 330Corium, 76Corixidae, 226–227Corixoidea, 226–227

Corn earworm: see Helicoverpa zea

Corpus cardiacum, 410, 417–418

embryonic origin, 418, 611secretions, 418–419Corrodentia, 98, 99, 199Corydalida, 297Corydalidae, 297, 298, 299

Corydalus cornutus, 298 Corythuca ciliata, 227

Cosmopterigidae, 284Cossidae, 284–285Cossoidea, 284–285

Cossus, larval oxygen requirement, 475

Costa, 81Costal area, 32Costal margin, 82

Costelytra zealandica, microbial control, 761 Cotesia, as control agent, 339

Cotton stainers, 230, 231

Cottony-cushion scale: see Icerya purchasi

Cottony maple scale, 216Courtship, 582–583

Crane flies, 248, 248 Crawling, 448–449, 449 Crayfish, 9, 10

Crickets, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190wing polymorphism, 645Crochets, 89

Crop, 491, 492, 493

Cross resistance, 750, 752Crustacea, 9, 16, 17, 18, 97success, 9, 48

Crustacean cardioactive peptide, 643–644Cryoprotectants, 659–660, 661, 662, 669, 670, 675Cryptocerata, 214

Cuclutogaster heterographus, 208

Cucujidae, 322Cucujiformia, 307, 311, 319–325Cucujoidea, 319, 320–322Cucumber beetles, as disease vectors, 742Cucurbitacins, 695, 696, 697

Culex

C pipiens, 250

pupal swimming, 451uptake of ions by larva, 551

Culicoides dovei, 252

Culicomorpha, 249–252

Culiseta inornata, osmoregulation, 552

Cultural control, 769, 773Cupedidae, 308

Cupedoidea, 308–309Curculionidae, 324Curculionoidea, 49, 306, 319, 324–325Cuterebrinae, 261

Cuticle, 50, 57, 355, 357, 373embryonic, 608

formation, 360–363, 361

role in resistance to disease, 530

structure, 357–360, 357 tanning, 363–365, 364

Cuticulin envelope, 357, 360, 362, 363, 439, 472, 473Cutworms, 294–295

microbial control, 765

Cyclopedia greefi, 263

Cyclorrhapha 246, 253juvenile hormone, 420

Cydia pomonella, 285, 286

control, 731, 772

as K pest type, 744, 745

Cydnidae, 232Cylindrachetidae, 191Cynipidae, 332, 339–340Cynipinae, 339–340Cynipoidea, 333, 339–340Cypermethrin, 747Cypoviruses, 715, 716

as control agents, 763Cyrtacanthacridinae, 193

Cyrtobagous singularis, as weed control agent, 757

D cucurbitae, genetic control, 766

D dorsalis, biocontrol, 758

D tryoni, cleavage and blastoderm formation, 599

excretory system, 539mating, 584

Deladenus siridicola, as control agent, 760, 765

Delayed (dynamic) stall, 456, 458, 458

D virginifera, host-plant resistance, 767

Diacrisia virginica, larval diapause, 675

Diamondback moth: see Plutella xylostella

Diamphipnoidae, 149

Diamphipnopsis samali, 30

Diaparsis temporalis, as control agent, 759

Diapause, 574, 618, 659, 661, 667, 668–674adult (reproductive), 574, 669

embryonic, 618, 668–669endocrine activity, 575facultative, 671

induction, 643–644, 671–674, 672, 673

larval, 669nature, 669–671obligate, 671occurrence, 668–669

phases, 669–671, 670

photoperiodic clocks, 672pupal, 669

syndrome, 670termination, 674Diapause hormone, 419, 669

Diaphania, 288

Diaphanopterodea, 30, 32, 34, 35Diapriidae, 339

Diaspididae, 216

Diatraea saccharalis, 288, 288

Diazinon, 509, 748Dicellura, 120Dichlorvos, 748

Dichropus, 194

Dictuoptera, 156Dictyopharidae, 219Dictyoptera, 39, 40, 147, 156–163classification, 159–162life history and habits, 157–158phylogeny, 159

structure, 157Dieldrin, 502, 508, 747

Differential grasshopper, 193 Differentiation center, 598, 600

Diffusion of gases, 469, 475Digestion, 498–502

by microorganisms, 501–502Digestive enzymes, 498–499Digger bees, 349

Digger wasps, 347

Digging wasps, 342, 343

Dilaridae, 303Dimethoate, 509

Dineutes americanus, 311

Diopsidae, 258Diopsoidea, 258Diploglossata, 99, 100

Diplolepis rosae, 340

Diplopoda, 9, 11, 20

Diploptera punctata, 158

Diplura, 13, 113, 120–121classification, 99, 100, 121life history and habits, 121phylogeny, 121

structure, 120–121

Diprion, 335

Index

Diprionidae, 335Dipsocoroidea, 223Dipsocoromorpha, 223Diptera, 41, 43, 48, 49, 239, 243–264classification, 97, 98, 100, 246–263daily emergence patterns, 665

structure, 244–245viviparity in pupiparous forms, 616Diptericins, 531

Dipylidium caninum, 208

Diseases, 711–718infectious, 711, 712insects as vectors, 736, 737–743non-infectious, 711–712resistance, 530–533

Dissosteira carolina, 193

Distance perception, 395–396Ditrysia, 277, 281, 282–295

phylogeny, 280 reproductive system, 565

Diuraphis noxia, 746

Diuretic hormone, 418, 419, 554–555Diurnal segregation, 708

Dormancy: see Diapause, Quiescence

Dorsal closure, 606, 607, 608, 611 Dorsal diaphragm, 517, 517

differentiation at metamorphosis, 638Dorsal longitudinal muscle, 73, 83, 453, 458

Dorsal vessel, 515, 516, 516, 517

reverse peristalsis, 520Dorsoventral muscle, 453Dorylinae, 343, 344Dragonflies, 136, 138ion uptake by larvae, 551larval jet propulsion, 452

See also Anisoptera

Drepanidae, 289Drepanoidea, 289

D obscura, sperm, 567–568

D robusta, flight activity, 663, 664

eclosion rhythm, 665excretory system, 539flight maintenance, 462humidity perception, 387–388

imaginal discs, 612, 635

male accessory glands, 574oocyte volume, 564polytrophic ovariole, 570population density effects, 573sound reception, 379

wing development, 637

Drosophilidae, 260Drosophiloidea, 259–260

Drugstore beetle, 318, 319

Drumming, 148Dryinidae, 342Dryopoidea, 307, 315Dry-wood termites, 171Dufour’s gland, 331, 332, 427

D suturellus, 231

diuretic hormone, 554storage excretion of uric acid, 545Dytiscidae, 310, 312

swimming, 451

Earwigs: see Dermaptera Eastern tent caterpillar: see Malacosoma americanum

Ecdysial membrane, 363

Egg development neurosecretory hormone: see

Ovarian ecdysiotropic hormone

Egg laying: see Oviposition

Elm sawfly, 336

Elmidae, 315

Elmis, plastron, 483

Elytra, 83, 306, 322Elytroptera, 305

Embia major, 154

Embiida, 153Embiidae, 155Embiidina, 153Embiodea, 153Embioptera, 39, 40, 147, 153–156classification, 98, 100, 101, 155–156life history and habits, 155

phylogeny, 155structure, 154Embonychidae, 156Embryogenesis, 597–622fats as energy source, 506Embryonic area, 597Embryonic cuticle, 608, 619Embryonic ectoderm, 603, 606, 607, 608

Embryonic primordium, 598, 600, 601, 601, 602, 602,

606Empididae, 255courtship dance, 583Empidoidea, 254, 255

as control agents, 758, 759Enderleinellidae, 208Endites, 59, 76

Endocrine system, 405, 410, 417–421

Endocuticle, 357, 358–359Endocytosis, 526

Endomychidae, 321Endopeptidase, 499Endoperitrophic space, 492, 499Endophallus, 87

Endopterygota, 98Endopterygote orders, 36, 41δ-Endotoxin, 714, 762, 768Endrin, 508, 747

Enicocephalidae, 223Enicocephaloidea, 223Enicocephalomorpha, 223

Enoclerus nigripes, 320

Index

Ensifera, 39, 185, 186, 187–191Entognatha, 13, 113, 120

Entomobrya nivalis, 114

Entomobryidae, 116, 117Entomobryoidea, 117

Entomophthora

E grylli, 675

as insect pathogen, 717Entotrophi, 120

Enzootics, 712

Eolepidopterix jurassica, 279

Eosentomidae, 119Eosentomoidea, 119Epermeniidae, 287Epermenioidea, 287Ephemerellidae, 134Ephemerelloidea, 133, 134Ephemerida, 98, 127Ephemeridae, 134Ephemeroidea, 133, 134Ephemeroptera, 34, 35, 50, 127–136classification, 97, 98, 100, 101, 130–135daily emergence patterns, 665

homology of larval gill plates, 28, 29larval swimming, 451

life history and habits, 129–130paired gonopores, 83

phylogeny, 130, 130

structure, 128subimago, 45, 129–130surface skimming, 30

Ephestia, 288 See also Anagasta Ephippiger ephippiger, sexual selection, 583 Ephydra

E cinerea

osmoregulation, 552

E riparia, 260

osmoregulation, 552Ephydridae, 259–260Ephydroidea, 259–260

Epicauta

E vittata, 321

heteromorphosis, 632

Epicranial suture, 61–62, 63Epicuticle, 357, 359, 362, 363, 367, 472Epideictic pheromones, 428

Epidermis, 355, 356, 359, 360, 362, 369, 472embryonic differentiation, 608

Epidinocarsis lopezi, as control agent, 759 Epilachna, 321

Epimeron, 74

Epiophlebia, 140

Epiophlebioidea, 140, 141Epipharynx, 65

Epiprocts, 84, 88Epipsocidae, 202

Episternum, 74Epistomal sulcus, 62, 63

Eretmocerus serius, as control agent, 758 Ericerus pela, China wax production, 727, 728

Eriococcidae, 216Eriocraniidae, 281Eriocranioidea, 281

Eriosoma lanigerum, parasitoid, 341

Estigmene acraea, 772

Estivation, 574, 668Eucinetiformia, 311, 313Eucinetoidea, 313Eucnemidae, 317Eucoilidae, 340

Euconnus clavipes, 313

Eugereon, 33

Euglossini, 349Euholognatha, 149, 150Eulophidae, 340

as control agents, 758, 759Eumastacidae, 186, 192Eumastacoidea, 191, 192

Eumenes fraterna, 346

Eumeninae, 346Eupelmidae, 341

Eupeodes volucris, 256

Euplecoptera, 175Euplexoptera, 175

Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 295

biocontrol, 310, 756Eupsocida, 201Eupterotidae, 293

European corn borer: see Ostrinia nubilalis European earwig: see Forficula auricularia

European elm bark beetle, 324

European frit fly, 259, 259

European pine sawfly: see Neodiprion sertifer European pine shoot moth: see Rhyacionia buoliana

European rabbit flea, 265

European red mite: see Panonychus ulmi European spruce sawfly: see Gilpinia hercyniae European wood wasp: see Sirex noctilio Eurosta solidaginis, freezing tolerance, 661

Eurypterida, 6, 7, 16

Flavones, 369Flea beetles, 77, 324

as control agents, 324

as disease vectors, 741Fleas, 264

as disease vectors, 265, 737, 739jumping, 447

microbial control, 765prepupal water uptake, 367–368

tracheal valve, 474

See also Siphonaptera

Flesh flies, 261Flicker effect, 394Flight

aerodynamics, 453–458control, 460–462evolution and significance, 48, 50mechanics, 458–459

metabolism, 462–464structural basis, 452–453termination, 462Flight muscle

accessory indirect, 453, 454 direct, 452, 453, 454, 459, 459, 634 indirect, 452, 453, 454, 459, 634

Flour moth: see Anagasta kuhniella ¨

Flour beetles, 322Flower bugs, 228Follicular epithelium, 564, 569, 570, 571, 572,577

Fontanelle, 164Food selection, 487–489Food

and distribution and abundance, 691–694and female sexual maturation, 572–573Footman moths, 295

Footspinners, see Embioptera

role in resistance to disease, 530

Forest tent caterpillar: see Malacosoma disstria

Foresters, 286

Index

Forficula auricularia, 177, 178

as plant-disease vector, 742Forficulida, 175

Forficulidae, 178Forficulina, 176, 177, 178Forficuloidea, 178Formic acid, 427

Formica

alarm pheromone, 427

F podzolica, mutualism, 701

Formicidae, 332, 334, 342–345Formicinae, 344

Formicoidea, 341Foulbrood diseaseAmerican, 714European, 714

Four-lined plant bug, 228, 228

Frankliniella rr , 236Freezing susceptibility, 659, 660Freezing tolerance, 659, 660–661Frenatae, 279

Frenulum, 82Fritillaries, 291

Froghoppers, 221, 221

Frons, 63Frontal ganglion, 411embryonic origin, 611Frontoclypeal area, 63Frontoclypeal sulcus, 62

Frost resistance: see Freezing tolerance

Fruit flies, 257, 260

Fruit-tree leafroller: see Archips argyrospilus

Fulgoridae, 219Fulgoroidea, 212, 219–220Fulgoromorpha, 213, 219–220

Fungus gnats, 253Furadan, 509, 748

Furca, 63, 74, 75

Furcatergalia, 131, 133Furcula, 115

Furniture beetle, 318Galea, 66

Galeruca tanaceti, diapause, 575

Galerucinae, 324Galls, 253, 333, 339Gall midges, 253

Galloisiana, 175

Ganglia, 406, 407

Gas exchange, 469–486

in aquatic insects, 479–484cutaneous, 479, 481, 484

discontinuous, 475, 476–477, 477

in endoparasitic insects, 484–485

in terrestrial insects, 474–479Gas gills, 479, 482–484temporary (compressible), 482, 483permanent (incompressible), 482, 483–484

Gas stores, 482, 482

Gaseous diffusion, 469, 475, 479Gaster, 331

Geocoris pallens, as control agent, 773

Geocorisae, 214Geometers, 289Geometridae, 289Geometroidea, 289Geotrupidae, 314Germ band, 606, 607

formation and growth, 598–602, 603 Germ cells, 600, 603, 612

German cockroach: see Blattella germanica

Germarium, 564, 565Gerridae, 223–224compound eye, 394

Gerris

G marginatus, 214

running on water, 450Gerroidea, 223–224Gerromorpha, 213, 223–224Ghost moths, 281

Giant axons (fibers), 406, 415Giant shield bugs, 232Giant silkworm moths, 293

Giant stag beetle, 314

Giant water bugs: see Lethocerus

Gradient hypothesis, 600, 600

Grain thrips, 236Granary weevil, 324Granular hemocytes, 525Granulocytes, 525, 526, 533Granuloviruses, 715, 716

as microbial control agents, 763

Grape phylloxera, 218, 219

Grapholita molesta, 285

Grass moths, 288Grasshoppers, 184, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194

as disease vectors, 742microbial control, 764

See alsoOrthoptera

Great southern white butterfly: see Ascia monuste

Green lacewings, 303

Green peach aphid, 218, 218

Greenbottles, 261Greenfly, 217

Greenhouse whitefly, 216

Gressoria, 179Gripopterygidae, 149Gripopterygoidea, 149

Gromphadorhina portentosa, 383

Ground beetles, 310, 311

Ground pearls, 216Ground plan, 96

Grouse locusts, 191, 191

Growthbiochemical changes, 626–627discontinuous (cyclic), 624

heterogonic (disharmonic, allometric), 625, 626

laws, 624–625physical aspects, 624–626somatic, 624

Gryllacrididae, 188Gryllacridoidea, 187, 188–189Gryllidae, 190

Grylloblattina, 175

Grylloblattodea, 38, 39, 40, 147, 173–175classification, 100, 175

life history and habits, 174phylogeny, 174–175structure, 173–174

Gryllodes

G sigillatus, 190

G supplicans, 190

Grylloidea, 185, 187, 190–191Grylloptera, 187

Gurianovaella silphidoides, 38

Gustation: see Taste

Gutantiperistaltic movements, 496buffering agents, 499, 500ffdifferentiation at metamorphosis,637

microorganisms, 501–502movement of food, 496–498myogenic centers, 496peristalsis, 496effect of hormones, 498

pH, 499–500physiology, 496–503redox potential, 499, 500

structure, 489–496, 490

GV, see Granuloviruses Gypsy moth: see Lymantria dispar L

Gyropus ovalis, 207

Gyroscopic organs, 462Habituation, 415–416

Habrobracon juglandis, chorion,

572

Haematobia irritans, 733

biocontrol, 735pupal diapause, 669

Halisidota argentata

circadian flight activity, 663, 664

larval feeding rhythm, 663Halofenozide, 753

Helaeomyia, 260

Heleomyzidae, 259Heleomyzoidea, 259Heliconians, 291Heliconinae, 291

Helicopsyche borealis, case, 275

Helicopsychidae, 275

Helicoverpa zea, 294

genetic control, 766insecticide resistance, 772

Heliothis virescens

insecticide resistance, 772, 774testis ecdysiotropin, 421viral control, 760Heliozelidae, 282Helodidae, 313

Hemagglutinins: see Lectins

Hemelytra, 211Hemerobiidae, 303Hemerobioidea, 303–304

Hemicordulia flava, 93

Hemimerida, 100Hemimerina, 176, 177–178

Hemimerus, 177, 178

pseudoplacental viviparity, 615, 616

Hemimetabola, 98Hemiptera, 33, 41, 50, 51, 199, 210–233classification, 97, 98, 99, 213–232life history and habits, 212–213

Hippodamia convergens, 321

induction of diapause, 674migration, 684

Hippotion scrota, wing-coupling, 82

Hirsutella thompsonii, as control agent,

760Histeridae, 312Histeroidea, 312Histoblasts, 609, 634–635

Hodotermes mossambicus, 170

Hodotermitidae, 164, 166, 169, 170Holognatha, 149

Holometabola, 98Holopneustic condition, 470Holotype, 92

Homogametic sex, 613Homology, 95Homoplasy, 96Homoptera, 210, 213Homopterans, 210, 211, 212, 213

filter chamber, 495, 495

Homorocoryphus, 190

Honey ants, 344

replete, 345 Honey bee, 94, 349, 349

alarm pheromone, 427

color vision, 396–397, 397

diseases, 714, 717flight maintenance, 462glucose in hemolymph, 505glycogen content in mature larva, 505learning, 416

sting, 86

taste sensitivity, 386waggle dance, 380, 397wing-beat frequency, 460Honeydew, 246, 541Hook-tip moths, 289

Index

Hoplopleuridae, 208Horizon response, 462Horn fly, 70

Hornets, 346–347, 346

Horntails, 336Hornworms, 294

Horse bot fly, 262 Horse flies, 253, 254 mouthparts, 70, 72 Horseshoe crab, 6, 7 House cricket, 190, 190 House fly, 260, 260 abdomen, 84

Humpbacked spider beetle, 319

Hyalophora cecropia

cecropins in plasma, 531chorion, 572

diapause, 669, 674

discontinuous ventilation in pupa, 476, 477

Hyblaeidae, 287Hyblaeoidea, 287Hydradephaga, 310Hydrobiosidae, 273

Hydrocampa nympheata, swimming, 452

Hydrophilus triangularis, 312

Hydroprene, 752

Hydropsyche simulans, larva and adult, 272

Hydropsychidae, 272Hydropsychoidea, 271, 272Hydroptilidae, 274Hydroscaphidae, 31020–Hydroxyecdysone, 420, 640, 642, 6435–Hydroxytryptamine, 413, 521

H diminuta, 267, 739

antigonadotropin production, 569

H nana, 739

Hymenoptera, 33, 39, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 297, 330–351classification, 97, 98, 100, 101, 334–349

life history and habits, 332–333mouthparts, 67–68

phylogeny, 333–334, 334

structure, 331–332Hymenopteroidea, 297

Hypera

H brunneipennis, 746

H postica, estivation, 575

Hypercapnia, 476, 479Hyperglycemic hormone, 418, 505Hypericin, 695

Hypericum perforatum, biocontrol, 758 Hypermetamorphosis, 274, 283, 307, 631; see also

HeteromorphosisHyperparasitism, 337, 341

Hyphantria cunea, 295

influence of weather, 679Hypocerebral ganglion, 411embryonic origin, 611

Hypoderma

H bovis, 262, 740

H lineatum, 740

host range, 489Hypodermatinae, 261Hypodermis, 355

Hypogastrura denticulata, 117

Hypogastruridae, 116–117

Hypognathous head, 60, 61

Hypopharynx, 60, 63, 64, 66Hypostoma, 69

Hypostomal bridge, 63Hypostomal sulcus, 62Hypoxanthine, 541Hypoxia, 476, 479Hystrichopsyllidae, 265, 267Ice crawlers, 173

Icerya purchasi, 216, 217, 746

biocontrol, 729, 755, 758

Ichneumon flies, 338, 338

as control agents, 339, 759Ichneumonidae, 338Ichneumonoidea, 328–339Identification

key for insect orders, 103–110methods, 102–103

resistance by parasites and pathogens, 532

Imported currant worm, 335, 336

cotton pests, 772–774definition, 770

phases, 770, 771

Integripalpia, 270, 271, 274–276Integument, 58, 355–370embryonic differentiation, 608functions

color, 369–370permeability, 367–368strength and hardness, 366–367

structure, 355–360, 356

in success of insects, 47Intercalary segment, 60Intersegmental folds, 58Intersegmental muscles, 453Intersternites, 74

Intima, 491Intimidation displays, 710Intromittent organ, 84, 87

Invasitermes, 166 Ionic regulation: see Osmoregulation IPM: See Integrated pest management

Iridescent colors, 369–370Iridescent viruses, 715, 716

Iridomyrmex humilis, trail-marking pheromone, 428

Ischnocera, 204, 205, 206, 207–208Ischnopsyllidae, 267

Ischnura, 141

I cervula, 142

Isodrin, 508Isolan, 509, 748

Isoperla confusa, 151

Isoptera, 40, 46, 147, 163–173

caste differentiation, 647–648, 648

classification, 97, 98, 99, 100, 170–171colony formation, 165–166

life history and habits, 46, 165–168microorganisms in gut, 165, 168, 501

nests, 166–167, 167 phylogeny, 168–169, 169

structure, 163–165Isotomidae, 116, 117Issidae, 220Ithonidae, 302Ithonoidea, 302

Itoplectis conquisitor

acceptability of prey, 710attraction to host, 710Ivermectin, 748

IVs: see Iridescent viruses Ixodes ricinus, cultural control, 769

Jalysus wickhami, 231

Janus integer, 337

Johnston’s organ, 64, 380, 381 Joints, 57, 58, 443

Jugal fold, 81, 82Jugal veins, 81Jugatae, 279Jugum, 81, 82

Julus terrestris, 11

Jumping, 447–448Jumping plant lice, 215June bugs, 314

in embryonic development, 618and migratory behavior, 679–680mimics as insecticides, 752site and mode of action, 642

in suppression of imaginal discs, 640

K pests, 744, 745

Kairomones, 370, 421, 429

in pest control, 753Kalotermitidae, 164, 166, 169, 171Karschiellidae, 178

Karschielloidea, 178Karumiidae, 315

Katatrepsis, 602, 604, 606, 618

Katydids, 184, 185, 186, 189

Kawanaphila lexceni, 93

Keds, 262Keratin digestion, 499Kerriidae, 216Kineses, 464King crabs, 6King crickets, 188Kinoprene, 752

Kukalov´a americana ´ , 35

Labellum, 70Labial glands, 490

as excretory organs, 539Labial palps, 66

Labial segment, 60

Labidura riparia, 178

Labiduridae, 178Labiduroida, 175Labiidae, 178Labioidea, 178

Lacewings, 303–304, 304

as control agents, 303–304eye color, 390

Lachesilla pedicularia, 203

Lachesillidae, 203Laciniae, 66Lacunae, 81Ladybird beetles, 321

as control agents, 321Ladybugs, 321Laemobothriidae, 206

Lantern flies, 219Lappet moths, 293Larch sawfly, 335

Larder beetle, 318

Large chicken louse, 208

Large turkey louse, 207, 208

oligopod, 630polypod, 631

scarabaeiform, 630–631, 630

Larvapods, 89Lasiocampidae, 293Lathridiidae, 322Lauxaniidae, 258Lauxanioidea, 258Leaf beetles, 324Leaf insects, 179

Leaf-rolling crickets, 188, 189