Introduction History At the beginning of the automotive century, around 1900– 1910, battery electric vehicles BEVs, cars with steam en-gines, and cars with gasoline engines coexisted.. S
Trang 1Electric Vehicle: Batteries
G Gutmann,Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
& 2009 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
Introduction
History
At the beginning of the automotive century, around 1900–
1910, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), cars with steam
en-gines, and cars with gasoline engines coexisted They were
competing with respect to power, comfort, and
mainten-ance As described by R H Schallenberg, it took the electric
starter and the starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) system
(created by Charles Kettering on the demand from Henry
Leyland for the 1911 Cadillac Model Thirty) to improve
the comfort in use of the gasoline engine vehicle sufficiently
to outperform others In addition, Ford’s Model T, in mass
production since 1908, provided the way for the cheaper
internal combustion engine (ICE) car; and the faster growth
of infrastructure, i.e., mainly gasoline pumps, made it more
convenient in use Shifting gears remained an incommodity
for some years, which helped the high-torque engines of
steamers, and preferably the BEVs, to survive for a while,
with the smooth and easy-to-handle BEVs estimated as
ladies cars, looked into by V Scharff As an example, the
Detroit Electric car (Figure 1) was manufactured, by
dif-ferent companies, from 1907 to 1938, covering a 31-year
span However, production fell off after 1914, and during
the 1930s the car was on an as-ordered basis only Still, the
expression ‘electric vehicle’ (EV) since then was mainly
associated with the BEV From about 1960 on, together with
the fuel cell R&D initiated for space power, the fuel cell
electric vehicle (FC-EV) achieved more importance and occupied its place in thinking about EV Last but not least, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) became a contender with respect to electric driving
Definition
As defined by CITELEC, the Association of European Cities interested in Electric Vehicles, an EV is a vehicle where the driving torque to the wheels is delivered ex-clusively by one or more electric motors
EDTA, the Electric Drive Transportation Association
as the corresponding US organization, defines an electric drive vehicle as one where the torque is supplied to the wheels by an electric motor that is powered either solely
by a battery, or an ICE using hydrogen, gasoline, or diesel, or by a fuel cell
This is the case for BEV, FC-EV, and series HEV (Figure 2)
What they have in common is the electric motor to provide all torque for driving performance
A BEV is an EV where the electric energy to drive the motor(s) is stored in an onboard rechargeable battery
A fuel cell vehicle makes use of a fuel cell as onboard energy source It can be fitted either with a fuel cell only (‘pure fuel cell vehicle’) or with a fuel cell complemented with a battery (‘hybrid fuel cell vehicle’)
Figure 1 Thomas Edison with the 1912 Detroit Electric car Source: National Museum of American History.
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