Repp, S., Linckels, S., Meinel, C.: Towards to an automatic semantic annotation for multimedia learning objects.. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 An Overview on Mobile E-Learni
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We are working on a more intelligent extraction of the concepts and rules from the data sources All activity applications, e.g newscasts, theater plays or any kind of speech being complemented by textual data, could be analyzed and annotated with the help of our proposed algorithm
This project was developed in the context of the Web University project3 which aims to explore novel internet and IT technologies in order to enhance university teaching and research
References
1 Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D.L., Nardi, D., Patel-Schneider, P.F (eds.): The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applica-tions Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
2 Baeza-Yates, R.A., Ribeiro-Neto, B.A.: Modern Information Retrieval ACM Press / Addison-Wesley (1999)
3 Bertini, M., Bimbo, A.D., Torniai, C., Cucchiara, R., Grana, C.: Mom: Multimedia ontology manager a framework for automatic annotation and semantic retrieval
of video sequences In: Bimbo, A.D., Torniai, C., Cucchiara, R., Grana, C (eds.) ACM SIGMM, pp 787–788 ACM Press, New York (2006)
4 Engelhardt, M., Hildebrand, A., Lange, D., Schmidt, T.C.: Reasoning about eLearning Multimedia Objects In: International Workshop on Semantic Web An-notations for Multimedia (SWAMM) (2006)
5 Haubold, A., Kender, J.R.: Augmented segmentation and visualization for presen-tation videos (2005)
6 H¨urst, W., Kreuzer, T., Wiesenh¨utter, M.: A qualitative study towards using large vocabulary automatic speech recognition to index recorded presentations for search and access over the web In: IADIS Internatinal Conference WWW/Internet (ICWI), pp 135–143 (2002)
7 Jaimes, A., Nagamine, T., Liu, J., Omura, K., Sebe, N.: Affective meeting video analysis In: IEEE Multimedia and Expo., pp 1412–1415 (2005)
8 Karam, N., Linckels, S., Meinel, C.: Semantic composition of lecture subparts for
a personalized e-learning In: Franconi, E., Kifer, M., May, W (eds.) ESWC 2007 LNCS, vol 4519, pp 716–728 Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
9 Linckels, S., Meinel, C.: Resolving ambiguities in the semantic interpretation of natural language questions In: Corchado, E., Yin, H., Botti, V., Fyfe, C (eds.) IDEAL 2006 LNCS, vol 4224, pp 612–619 Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
10 Mertens, R., Schneider, H., M¨uller, O., Vornberger, O.: Hypermedia navigation concepts for lecture recordings In: E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, pp 2480–2847 (2004)
11 Ngo, C.-W., Wang, F., Pong, T.-C.: Structuring lecture videos for distance learning applications In: Multimedia Software Engineering, pp 215–222 (2003)
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13 Repp, S., Linckels, S., Meinel, C.: Towards to an automatic semantic annotation for multimedia learning objects In: Proceedings of the International Workshop
on Educational Multimedia and Multimedia Education 2007, Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, September 28, 2007, pp 19–26 ACM, New York (2007)
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15 Repp, S., Meinel, C.: Semantic indexing for recorded educational lecture videos In: 4th IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom 2006 Workshops), Pisa, Italy, March 13-17, 2006, pp 240–245 IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2006)
16 Repp, S., Waitelonis, J., Sack, H., Meinel, C.: Segmentation and annotation of audiovisual recordings based on automated speech recognition In: Yin, H., Tino, P., Corchado, E., Byrne, W., Yao, X (eds.) IDEAL 2007 LNCS, vol 4881, pp 620–629 Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
17 Sack, H., Waitelonis, J.: Integrating social tagging and document annotation for content-based search in multimedia data In: Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop (SAAW) (2006)
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
An Overview on Mobile E-Learning Research of
Domestic and Foreign
Yun Yang, WenanTan*, Suxian Lin, Xianhua Zhao, and Fujun Yang
Software Engineering Institute, Zhejiang Normal University
Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P.R China Tel.: 86-579-82282004; Fax: 86-579-82298188 yangyun662000@yahoo.com.cn, twajsj@sohu.com,
linsuxian@126.com, zxhsd@yahoo.cn, yangfujun11@163.com
Abstract Mobile e-Learning is based on the combination of mobile data
commu-nication technology and wireless Internet It is important to study and analyze
mo-bile e-Learning research of domestic and foreign, because it will drive the future
education and learning markets This paper summarizes the research on Mobile e-Learning around the whole world and shows clearly construction directions needed toward in China A systematic discussion and analysis of e-learning
pro-viders, educational institutions, and their cooperation is also presented
Keywords: Mobile e-Learning, Wireless Technology, Research Status
1 Introduction
Mobile e-learning (m-Learning) is the exciting art of using mobile technologies to enhance the learning experience (Http://learning.ericsson.net/mlearning2/index.shtml) Mobile phones, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), Pocket PCs and the Internet can be blended to engage and motivate learners, any time and anywhere It is not an online course on a cell phone For one thing, existing bandwidth and processing power limi-tations make cell phones better suited for handling conversations and real-time data exchange While third-generation (3G) services [1] make it easier to share applications such as videos and movies on, a mobile phone handset, and the small form factor can make viewing high-fidelity content on a small screen a less-than-satisfying [2] experience
The e-Learning Guild in its recent Mobile Learning report defines mobile learning (or m-Learning as it is also known) as (Http://www.c4lpt.co.uk/handbook/ mobilelearningl.html):
‐ “Any activity that allows individuals to be more productive when consuming, interacting with, or creating information, mediated through a compact digital portable device that the individual carries on a regular basis, has reliable con-nectivity, and fits in a pocket or purse.”
* Corresponding author
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‐ "Portable devices" could be phones, iPhones, smart phones/PDA as well as iPods (and other MP3 players)
M-Learning offers a powerful and practical solution to many learning and training challenges (Http://www.ctad.co.uk/content/view/185/277/) For example, it can be used: in collaborative projects and fieldwork; as a classroom alternative to books or computers where learners are widely dispersed; to engage with learners who in the past have felt excluded; in promotional and awareness campaigns, for ‘just-in-time’ em-ployee training [3]
2 Technology
The application of m-Learning is mostly based on the technology of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), 3G and Bluetooth The following sections introduce these three kinds of technologies separately
2.1 WAP
WAP is an open international standard for applications that use wireless communica-tion Its main use is to enable access to the Internet from a mobile phone or PDA A WAP browser provides all of the basic services of a computer which is based on web browser, but simplified to operate within the restrictions of a mobile phone, such as its smaller view screen WAP sites are websites written in, or dynamically converted to, WML (Wireless Markup Language) and accessed via the WAP browser WAP is a protocol for wireless devices like multi media mobile:
‐ The bottom-most protocol in the suite is the Wireless Datagram Layer (WDL), which is an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP
to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16-bit port numbers (origin and destination) WDL is considered by all the upper layers as one and the same protocol, which has several "technical realizations" on top of other "data bearers"
‐ Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) provides a public-key cryptogra-phy-based security mechanism similar to TLS (Transport Layer Security) Its use is optional
‐ Wireless Transaction Layer (WTL) provides transaction support (reliable re-quest/response) that is adapted to the wireless world WTL supports more ef-fectively than TCP on the problem of packet loss, which is common in 2G wireless technologies in most radio conditions
‐ Wireless Session Layer (WSL) is best thought of on first approach as a com-pressed version of HTTP
‐ This protocol suite allows a terminal to emit requests that have an HTTP or HTTPS equivalent to a WAP gateway; the gateway translates requests into plain HTTP
‐ Finally, Wireless Application Environment (WAE), in this space, applica-tion-specific markup language is defined The primary language of the WAE is WML, which has been designed from scratch for handheld devices with phone-specific features [4]
Trang 5An Overview on Mobile E-Learning Research of Domestic and Foreign 523
2.2 3G
3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology, superseding 2G The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the demands for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication) standard An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has con-tinued that work by defining a mobile system that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard This system is called Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Until Octo-ber 19, 2007, there are three mainstream wireless interface standard on 3G technology: W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA (Time Division -Synchronous CDMA), they are proposed and applied mostly in Europe, Korea (Japan and America), and China respectively
3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more ad-vanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment Additional features also include HSPA (high speed packet access) data transmission capabilities, and are able to deliver 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink
Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone net-works which evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony IEEE 802.11 (common names Wi-Fi or WLAN) networks are short range, high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data [5]
2.3 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology, facili-tating both voice and data transmissions over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices, creating wireless personal area networks (PANs) It provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, Telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, GPS receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) in 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth
Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters,
100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device Bluetooth en-ables these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range The de-vices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough Bluetooth device class indicates the type of device and the supported services of which the information is transmitted during the discovery process [4] Sections below are applications of overseas research on m-Learning as well as Mobile e-learning in China
3 Overseas Research of M-Learning
Overseas research of m-Learning has emerged in recent four years At the beginning
of 21st century, with the increasing number of companies specialized in e-Learning,