Primary FDs (cont’d.)
from ER diagram, 120
See also Functional dependencies
(FDs)
Primary keys, 109
constraints, 217
UML constructs, 42
QDesigner, 190
Query optimization, 177–78
Rational Data Architect, 188, 189, 211
automatic computing linkages, 198
ER modeling, 193
property editing, 195
XML adoption, 210
See also CASE tools
Rational MultiSite software, 201, 202
Redundant relationships, 58–60
analyzing, 58
illustrated, 59
See also Relationships
Referential integrity, 30, 227–28
Reflexive associations, 37
Relational databases (RDBs), 150, 151
Relationships, 14–15
attributes, 17, 19
binary, 85–89
binary recursive, 90–92
cardinality, 18
connectivity, 17, 18–19
defined, 14
defining, 58–61
degree, 16–17
entity existence in, 19–20
many-to-many, 14, 18, 39
many-to-many-to-many, 96, 137
multiple, 103
names, 15
n-ary, 28–29, 92–100
one-to-many, 14, 18, 39
one-to-many-to-many, 95
one-to-one, 14, 18, 39
one-to-one-to-many, 94 one-to-one-to-one, 93 packages, 44
redundant, 58–60 roles, 15
ternary, 16, 25–28, 60–61, 92–100 Reporting, 206–7
elements, 206–7 PowerDesigner, 206
See also CASE tools
Requirements analysis, 3, 54–55 defined, 54
objectives, 55 results, 140 Requirements specification, 139–40 Reverse engineering, 6
Roles, 15 Rows, 2 Schemas commonality, 72 comparison, 68 conceptual integration, 67 conformation, 68–69 diversity, 66
merging, 69 restructuring, 69 structural conflicts, 68, 71 Secondary FDs, 118, 119 candidate table, 119 determining, 120 from requirements specification,
121
See also Functional dependencies
(FDs) Second normal form (2NF), 111–13 functional dependence, 111 tables, 112, 113
See also Normal forms
Select command, 219 Semi-structured data, 209–10 Set operators, 214
Snowflake schema, 156, 157
Trang 2Software Development Platform, 204
Specialization, 24
SQL, 213–29
advanced value expressions,
214–15 aggregate functions, 222–24 basics, 213–29
comparison operators, 214 conceptual data model
transformation to, 6, 83–106
constructs, 83–85 data types, 214 DDL, 215–18 defined, 213 DML, 218–29 joins, 224–26 logical operators, 214 names, 214
null values, 84–85 object definitions, 215 referential integrity, 227–28 set functions, 214
set operators, 214 subqueries, 224–26 update commands, 226–77 SQL tables, 83, 84
with embedded foreign key, 84 from relationships, 84
with same information content, 84 Star schema, 154–56
defined, 154 dimensions, 162 for estimating process, 160 example, 154
for job costing daily snapshot, 166 for job costing process, 165
for productivity tracking process,
163 queries, 154–55 for scheduling process, 162
See also Data warehouses
Stereotypes, 43
Subqueries, 224–26 Subtypes, 23–24 defined, 23 entities, 24 illustrated, 23 Superkeys defined, 109 rules, 123–24 Supertypes, 23–24 defined, 23 illustrated, 23 Tables
Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF),
132, 133, 144 candidate, 118–22 decomposition of, 145 fourth (4NF) normal form, 131,
132–33 merge of, 126 normalized, 6, 116–18 reduction of, 145 second normal form (2NF), 112,
113 third (3NF) normal form, 114,
122–27 Ternary associations, 39 Ternary relationships, 16, 25–28,
92–100 attributes, 28 connectivity, 61 defining, 60 entities in, 25–26
ER model, 93–96 foreign key constraints and, 92 forms, 28
illustrated, 26–27, 60 many-to-many-to-many, 96, 100 with multiple interpretations, 130 one-to-many-to-many, 95, 99 one-to-one-to-many, 94, 98 one-to-one-to-one, 93, 97 requirement, 25
Trang 3Ternary relationships (cont’d.)
transformation, 105
UML, 97–100
varieties, 92
See also Relationships
Text mining, 181–85
verbatim description, 184
verbatim description information,
184
word mapping, 184–85
See also Data mining
Third (3NF) normal form, 113–15,
118
defined, 114
synthesis algorithm, 124–25
tables, 114
tables, minimum set, 122–27
See also Normal forms
Transformation, 6, 83–106
entity, 104
ER-to-SQL example, 105
many-to-many binary relationship,
104
rules, 83–85
steps, 103–5
summary, 106
ternary relationship, 105
Triple exponential smoothing, 180,
182
UML diagrams
activity, 34, 46–50
class, 33–46
conceptual data model, 142
ER models vs., 33
generalization and aggregation, 102
many-to-many binary relationship,
89
one-to-many binary relationship,
89
one-to-one binary relationship, 88
organization, 51
size, 50
textual descriptions, 50–51 type, 33
Unified Modeling Language (UML), 9,
33–51 aggregation constructs, 41 defined, 33
generalization constructs, 40
n-ary relationship, 42
primary key constructs, 42 relationship types, 38 stereotypes, 43 summary, 51 usage rules, 50–51
See also UML diagrams
Union command, 221–22 Unique constraints, 216–17 Update anomaly, 112 Update commands, 226–27 View integration, 5–6, 66–74 defined, 66
example, 69–74 illustrated, 70, 71, 72–73 merged schema, 72–73 preintegration analysis, 67–68 process, 74
schema comparison, 68 schema conformation, 68–69 schema merge/restructure, 69 techniques, 69
type conflict, 71 Views, 166
coordinates of, 178 creating, 229 dynamic selection, 176
ER modeling based on
requirements, 61–63 exponential explosion, 167–69 size estimation, 170–72
SQL, 228–29 state estimation, 170–72 uses, 228
Visible Analyst, 190
Trang 4Weak entities, 16, 103
XML, 207, 209–10
defined, 209 documents, 210 schema, 209 standards, 209