Data manipulation language DML cont’d.
Trang 1defined, 33–34 example, 43–46 notation, 35–37 packages, 43–46
See also UML diagrams
Classes
associations, 37 defined, 34 entities vs., 34–35 notation, 35 organization, 43 Clustering, 74–81
concepts, 75–76 defined, 74 grouping operations, 76–78 illustrated, 76
results, 81 techniques, 78–81
See also Entity-relationship (ER)
model Collaboration
capabilities, 200–201 concurrency control, 200 support, 200–201
Columns, 2
Comparison operators, 214
Compliance checkers, 204–5
Composition, 36–37
aggregation vs., 41 defined, 37
Computer-aided software engineering
tools See CASE tools
Conceptual data modeling, 3–4, 8–10,
55–66 alternative notations, 20–22 analysis results, 142
diagram for UML, 142 emphasis, 9
notations, 21–22 substeps, 55–56 transformation to SQL, 6, 83–106
See also Data modeling
Concurrency control, 200
Constraints foreign, 217 not null, 216 primary, 217 unique, 216–17 Data
independence, 2 items, 2
semi-structured, 209–10 summarizing, 165–66 XML, 209–10
Database design class diagrams for, 37–43 compliance checking, 204–5 knowledge of, 11
logical, 3–6, 53–54, 139–45 physical, 1, 6–8
Database life cycle, 3–8 illustrated, 4
implementation, 8 logical design, 3–6 physical design, 6–8 requirements analysis, 3 step-by-step results, 5, 7 Database management system
(DBMS) DDL, 8
defined, 2 relational, 2 Databases CASE tools support, 199–200 defined, 2
generating from designs, 196–99 Data definition language (DDL), 8,
190, 196, 213, 215–18 constraints, 216–17
referential trigger actions, 217–18 Data manipulation language (DML),
8, 214, 218–29 aggregate functions, 222–24 basic commands, 220–21 intersection command, 221–22
Trang 2Data manipulation language (DML)
(cont’d.)
referential integrity, 227–28
select command, 219
union command, 221–22
update commands, 226–27
usage, 218
views, 228–29
Data mining, 178–85
algorithms, 147, 178
forecasting, 179–81
text mining, 181–85
Data modeling
conceptual, 3–4, 8–10, 55–66
example, 61–66
example illustration, 62–63, 65
knowledge of, 11
Data warehouses, 148–66
architecture, 148
architecture illustration, 150
bus, 164
CASE tool modeling, 207–9
core requirements, 149–51
defined, 148
dimensional data modeling,
152–54
dimensional design process, 156
dimensional modeling example,
156–65
fact tables, 154, 155
integration capabilities, 149–50
life cycle, 151–52
life cycle illustration, 153
logical design, 152–66
OLTP database comparison, 149
overview, 148–52
purpose, 155
snowflake schema, 156, 157
star schema, 154–56
subject areas, 149
DB2 Cube Views, 207
Decisions, 46, 47
Decision support systems (DSSs), 148
Denormalization, 8 Descriptors, 15 Design patterns, 204 DeZign for Databases, 190 Dimensional data modeling, 152–54 example, 156–65
process, 156
See also Data modeling
Dimensions degenerate, 154 determining, 159 Dimension tables, 154, 160 Double exponential smoothing, 179,
181 Drill-down, 155 Entities, 13–14 classes vs., 34–35 classifying, 56–57 clustering, 74–81 contents, 56–57 defined, 13 dominant, 78 existence, 19–20 intersection, 20
in ternary relationships, 25–26 transformation, 104
weak, 16, 103 Entity clusters defined, 75 forming, 80 higher-level, 80 root, 75
See also Clustering
Entity instances, 13 Entity keys, 54 Entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
notation, 194 Entity-relationship (ER) model, 9,
13–31 advanced constructs, 23–30 aggregation, 25
AllFusion Data Modeler, 194
Trang 3application to relational database
design, 64–66 with Chen notation, 9, 10 conceptual data model diagram,
141 constructs, 13–22 definition levels, 9 entities, 13–14 entity clustering, 74–81 generalization and aggregation,
101 global schema, 64–66 illustrated, 14
many-to-many binary relationship,
87 one-to-many binary relationship,
87 one-to-one binary relationship, 86 Rational Data Architect, 193 relationships, 14–15, 16–20,
25–29 simple form example, 9–10 subtypes, 23–24
summary, 30 supertypes, 23–24
of views based on requirements,
61–63 ER/Studio, 190
Exclusion constraint, 29
Exclusive OR, 29
Executive information systems (EIS),
148 Existence
defined, 19 mandatory, 20 optional, 20, 64 Exponential smoothing, 179–80
defined, 179 double, 179, 181 triple, 180, 182
See also Forecasting
EXtensible Markup Language
See XML
Fact tables defined, 154 granularity, 155
See also Data warehouses
Fifth (5NF) normal form, 127,
133–37 defined, 133 membership algorithm satisfaction,
134
See also Normal forms
Files, 2 First normal form (1NF), 109 Flows, 46, 47
defined, 46 guard condition, 46 illustrated, 47 Forecasting, 179–81 defined, 179 double exponential smoothing,
179, 181 exponential smoothing, 179–80 least squares line approach, 179 reliability, 180
triple exponential smoothing, 180,
182
See also Data mining
Foreign key constraints, 217 Forks, 46, 47
defined, 47–48 example, 48–49 illustrated, 47 Fourth (4NF) normal form, 127,
129–33 goal, 129 tables, 131 tables, decomposing, 132–33
See also Normal forms
Functional dependence, 111 Functional dependencies (FDs) defined, 6
in n-ary relationships, 29
primary, 118, 119 secondary, 118, 119
Trang 4Generalization, 23
completeness constraint, 24
defined, 37
disjointness constraint, 24
ER model, 101
hierarchies, 24, 57–58
UML constructs, 40
UML model, 102
Global schema, 3
Grouping operations, 76–78
application, 77–78
defined, 76
illustrated, 77
types, 77
Guard condition, 46–47
HRU, 173–75
Hypercube lattice structure, 173
IDEFIX notation, 21
Identifiers
defined, 15
internal, 16
Inclusive OR, 29
Industry Warehouse Studio (IWS),
207, 208
Information Engineering Workbench
(IEW), 20
Informix Data Server (IDS), 211
Intersection command, 221–22
Intersection entities, 20
Join dependencies (JDs), 133, 136
Joins, 46, 47
defined, 48
example, 49–50
illustrated, 47
SQL, 224–26
Keys
candidate, 109, 110
entity, 54
equivalent, merge, 126
primary, 42, 109 superkeys, 109, 123–24 Logical design, 3–6, 53–54 CASE tools for, 187–211 conceptual data model diagram,
141, 142 conversion, 197–98 data warehouses, 152–66 example, 139–45
problems, 140 requirements specification, 139–40 Logical model, 6
Logical operators, 214 Mandatory existence, 20 Many-to-many relationships, 14 binary, 85, 87, 89
binary recursive, 90, 91, 92 defined, 18
transformation, 104
See also Relationships
Many-to-many-to-many ternary
associations, 100 Many-to-many-to-many ternary
relationships, 96, 137 Materialized views, 167
metadata, 177 selection of, 173–76 Measures, 159
Multidimensional databases (MDDs),
151 Multiplicities illustrated, 38 many-to-many, 39 one-to-many, 39 one-to-one, 39 Multivalued attributes, 15, 57 Multivalued dependencies (MVDs),
127–29 defined, 127–28 inference rules, 129 nontrivial, elimination, 129
Trang 5N-ary relationships, 28–29, 92–101
ER model, 93–96 UML, 42, 97–100 variations, 92 Nodes, 46, 47
Nonredundant cover
partitioning of, 125–26 search for, 125
Normal forms
BCNF, 107, 115–16, 118 defined, 108
fifth (5NF), 127, 133–37 first (1NF), 109
fourth (4NF), 127, 129–33 second (2NF), 111–13 third (3NF), 113–15, 118 Normalization, 6, 107–38
accomplishment, 108–9 candidate tables derived from ER
diagrams, 118–22 defined, 108
denormalization, 8 fundamentals, 107–16 Normalized tables
design, 116–18 minimum set, 127 Not null constraints, 216
Objects
constraint-related, 78 defined, 34
dominant, 78 One-to-many relationships, 14
binary, 85, 87, 89 binary recursive, 90, 91 defined, 18
See also Relationships
One-to-many-to-many ternary
associations, 99 One-to-many-to-many ternary
relationships, 95 One-to-one relationships, 14
binary, 85, 86, 88
binary recursive, 90–91 defined, 18
See also Relationships
One-to-one-to-many ternary
associations, 98 One-to-one-to-many ternary
relationships, 94 One-to-one-to-one ternary
associations, 97 One-to-one-to-one ternary
relationships, 93 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP),
147, 166–78 applications, 8 defined, 166 materialized view selection, 173–76 optimization, 169, 170
overview, 169–70 query optimization, 177–78 view maintenance, 176–77 views, 166, 170–72, 178 Operations
defined, 35 notation, 35, 36 Optional existence, 20, 64 Packages, 43–46
contents, expanding, 45 defined, 43
relationships, 44 Physical design, 6–8 Physical model, 6 Polynomial Greedy Algorithm (PGA),
174–75 PowerBuilder, 203 PowerDesigner, 188, 211 merge process, 200 plug-in to Sybase PowerBuilder, 203 reporting features, 206
XML adoption, 210 Preintegration analysis, 67–68 Primary FDs, 118, 119
candidate table, 119