CCNA 1 and 2 Companion Guide, Revised (Cisco Networking Academy Program) part 110 ppt

FCS errors, 284

FCS field (Ethernet frames), 261

features

of IGRP, 747

of RIP, 729–730

FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 197–198

FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum), 159–161

fiber-optic networks

100BASE-FX, 332–334

cabling, 133

absorption, 150

as backbone medium, 894 bending, 151

cladding, 142 core, 143 dispersion, 150 duplex fiber, 141 GBIC connectors, 211 interducting, 152 multimode, 144 noise, 149 scattering, 150 safe handling, 912 signaling, 192–194 single-mode, 143–145 splicing, 153

components of, 147

connectors, 148 patch panels, 149 receivers, 147 repeaters, 148 transmitters, 147

fields

of Ethernet frames, 264–265

of ICMP messages

destination unreachable messags, 771–772 echo requests, 770

of TCP segment header, 819–820

file sharing

on data networks, 45

sneakernet, 44

file systems, verifying, 667–668 files, Cisco IOS Software naming conventions, 654–655 filtering, 356

final configuration procedures for Cisco routers, 603 finish phase of cable installation, 942–944

TDRs, 945–946

fire extinguishers, 912 firestops, 935–936 firewalls, 89, 867

with ACLs, 868

fish tape, 919 flash memory, booting from, 647 flow, 67

flow control, 479, 821, 823

messages, 780 windowing, 484–824

FLP bursts, 287 format of MAC addresses, 258–259 forwarding delay, 515

fragment-free switching, 362 Frame Relay, 517

frames, 73, 259–261

alignment errors, 284–285 collisions

late, 281 local, 280–281 remote, 281

data flow, 300–302 Ethernet, fields, 264–265 Ethernet II, 263–264 FCS errors, 284 ghosts, 285 IEEE 802.3, 262 interframe spacing, 275 long, 283

retransmissions, calculating, 276 runts, 284

short, 283 structure, 262

frequency, 184

frequency

frequency-domain analysis, 188

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 495–496

FTP (foil twisted pair), 193

full duplex transmission, 289, 360

timing, 272–273

full-mesh topologies, 98

functionality of routers in WANs, 536–538

future of Ethernet, 354–355

G

G.703, 517

gateway of last resort, 722–723

gateways, 86, 538

GB (gigabyte), 20

GBIC connectors, 210

Gbps (gigabits per second), 21, 61

ghosts, 285

GHz (gigahertz), 21

Gigabit Ethernet, 337–339

1000BASE-LX, 342–344

1000BASE-SX, 342–345

1000BASE-T, 339–342

architecture, 345–347

global configuration mode (CLI), 592–593

global parameter configuration, Cisco IOS Software,

556–559

goals of IEEE, 255

graded index glass, 144

H

half duplex transmission, 271, 289

timing, 273

handshaking, 481

hard disk drives, 7

hardware components of LANs

bridges, 218–219

hubs, 217

repeaters, 216

switches, 221–222

HC (horizontal cross-connect), 892 HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 517 help functions on Cisco IOS routers, 569–571 hexadecimal number system, 23–24

converting to binary, 28–30

hierarchical addresses, 392–394 hierarchical topologies, 98 high-speed Internet connectivity, 15 high-speed wireless, 162

highway analogy of bandwidth, 59 history of computer networking, 47–48 hold-down timers, 719

routing loop prevention, 733

holddowns (IGRP), 747 home networking applications, 52 hop count, 442, 534

horizontal cable, installing, 924–928, 935 host addresses, 386

reserved, 398–399 subnetting, 402–404

host names

applying to routers, 595–596 resolving to IP address, 606–607

host wildcard, 851 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 17, 493 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 496–497 hubs, 79–81, 217

hybrid routing protocols, 701 hyperlinks, 17

HyperTerminal

capturing configuration file text, 658 editing configuration file text, 659–660

Hyperterminal session establishment on Cisco IOS routers, 562–563

Hz (hertz), 21, 66

I IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 400

IC (intermediate cross-connect), 892

frequency-domain analysis

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 762

address masks requests, 777–778

destination unreachable messages

fields, 771–772

echo requests, 765–769

fields, 770

error reporting, 763, 773

extended ACL configuration, 861

information requests, 776

message delivery, 762–763

redirect/change messages, 773–775

router-solicitation messages, 778–780

source quench messages, 780–781

time exceeded messages, 769

timestamp messages, 775–776

unreachable network messages, 764–765

identifying IP address classes, 394–397

IE (Internet Explorer), 17

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers),

130, 252

goals of, 255

IEEE 802.11b standard, 162

IEEE 802.3 standard See also Ethernet

Ethernet naming conventions, 254

frames, 262

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), development of

IPv6, 376

IFS (Cisco IOS File System), 651, 653

IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 443–444, 703

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 446, 744

configuring, 748

features of, 747

metrics, 745

route advertisement, 747

timers, 747

troubleshooting, 751–753

verifying configuration, 749–751

images, 651

Cisco IOS Software, 575–577

loading, 561

corrupt, troubleshooting, 580 IFS, 653

restoring to router with TFTP, 665–666

impedence discontinuity, 196 impedence, 121

implementing

Ethernet in campus networks, 206–208 UTP, 212

incident rays, 135 indirectly connected networks, collision domains, 291 information requests, 776

infrared light, 135 insertion loss, 196 installation support tools, 919 installing

cable

certification process, 947–951 cutover, 951

finish phase, 942–946

firestops, 935–936

horizontal cable, 924–928, 935 rough-in phase, 923

safety, 907–910 support tools, 919 terminating copper media, 936–938 trimout phase, 939–942

vertical cable, 932 Cisco IOS images, 576–577 Cisco uBR905 cable access router to cable system, 239–240

Ethernet, connector requirements, 208 modems, 13–14

insulators, 117 intelligent hubs, 218 interducting, 152 interface counters, clearing, 801 interframe spacing, 275 interior routers, 539 Internet

architecture, 383–385

OSI model, 384 scalability, 385

Internet

high-speed connectivity, 6, 15

TCP/IP configuration, 15

web browsers, 17–18

Internet layer (TCP/IPmodel), 380–381, 833–834

ARP, 834

internetworking, 384, 538

InterNIC, 400

intialization process, Cisco IOS routers, 554

intranet VPNs, 57

intranets, 55

IP (Internet Protocol), 448 See also IP addresses

error control, 761–762

packets, 453–454

ip access-group command, 855

IP addresses, 32–33, 386

ARP, 408

default gateways, 411

operation within subnets, 410

assignment of, 407

BOOTP assignment, 414–415

DHCP assignment, 415–417

RARP assignment, 412–414

static assignment, 408

comparing IPv4 and IPv6, 405

converting decimal to binary, 389–391

dotted decimal notation, 388

host addresses, 386

host name resolution, 606–607

IPv4, 392, 394

address classes, 394–397

private, 400–402

public, 400–402

reserved IP addresses, 398–399

RFC 1918, 401

resolution issues, 417–419

subnetting, 402–404, 455–457

ANDing, 463–465

calculating hosts per subnet, 463

creating subnets, 460, 463

subnet mask address, 458–460

versus port numbers, 833

ip classless command, 731–732

ip route command, 682 IPv4, 392–394, 406

address classes, 394–397 versus IPv6, 404–406

IPv6, requirements, 376

IR (index of refraction), 136 ISDN BRI (Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface), 236–237

IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 447 ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 901

OSI reference model, 69

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standard Sector), 515

J–K jabber, 282 jitter, 196

Kb (kilobit), 20

KB (kilobyte), 20 kbps (kilobits per second), 20, 61 kBps (kilobytes per second), 20 Kellem grips, 922

L labor issues

contractor licensing, 956 OSHA, 904

unions, 956

LANs, 45, 49–50, 69

bandwidth, 58

characteristics of, 58 data tranfer calculations, 64–66 digital verus analog, 66 highway analogy, 59 limitations of, 61–63 measurements of, 61 pipe analogy, 59 throughpust, 64

Internet

bridges, 82

cabling, 205–206

comparing with WANs, 511

connection devices

bridges, 218–219 hubs, 217 repeater, 216 switches, 221–222

connectivity, NICs, 225–226

data centers, 54–55

Ethernet

10-Gbps, 347–353 10-Mbps, 317, 320 10BASE2, 321–322 10BASE5, 320–321 10BASE-T, 322–323, 325–326, 328 100-Mbps, 328–329

100BASE-FX, 332–334 100BASE-T, 329–332 1000-Mbps, 337–339 1000BASE-LX, 342–344 1000BASE-SX, 342–345 1000BASE-T, 339–342 alignment errors, 284–285 architecture, 334, 336–337 autonegotiation, 285–287 broadcast domains, 300 collision domains, 290–299 collisions, 279–281 connector requirements, 208 data flow, 300, 302

error handling, 277–279 FCS errors, 284

frames, 259–265 framing, 262 full-duplex, 360 future of, 354–355 ghosts, 285 Gigabit Ethernet, 345–347 interframe spacing, 275 jabber, 282

Layer 2 bridging, 356 Layer 2 switching, 357–358 link establishment, 288–290 long frames, 283

MAC, 258–259, 266–268, 271 microsegmentation, 359 propagation delay, 360 roles of OSI layers, 256–257 runts, 284

segments, 302–303 short frames, 283 timing, 272–274

extranets, 55 hubs, 79, 81 intranets, 55 NICs, 81 routers, 84 SANs, 53 switches, 83–84 versus MANs, 52

LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518 LAPB (X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518 LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel), 518 LAPF (Link Access Procedure Frame), 518

laptops versus desktops, 11 last route update, determining, 726–727, 729 late collisions, 281

Law of Reflection, 137–138 Layer 1 troubleshooting, 790–791 Layer 2

bridging, 356 broadcasts, 297–299 frames, 259, 261

Ethernet II, 263–264 IEEE 802.3, 262 structure, 262

switching, 83–84, 357–358

versus routing, 432–434

troubleshooting, 790–792

Layer 2

Layer 3

addresses, 723–724

troubleshooting, 790, 793–796

Layer 7, troubleshooting, 797–798

layers of OSI model

application layer, 71, 491

connection establishment/termination, 493–494

direct network applications, 492

DNS, 494–495

FTP, 495–496

HTTP, 496–497

indirect network support, 492–493

SMTP, 497–498

SNMP, 498

Telnet, 499–500

data link layer, 72

de-encapsulation, 77

encapsulation, 75–76

network layer, 72

peer-to-peer communication, 72–73

physical layer, 72

presentation layer, 71

roles in Ethernet LANs, 256–257

session layer, 71

transport layer, 71, 477

flow control, 479

handshaking, 481

multiplexing, 480

QoS, 478–479

three-way handshake, 482

windowing, 483–484

layers of TCP/IP model, 74–75, 376

application layer, 377–378, 816–818

corresponding OSI layers, 382–383, 816

Internet layer, 380–381, 833–834

ARP, 834

network access layer, 381–382

transport layer, 378–379, 818–819

ports, 828

reliable transport, 821

reserved port numbers, 829, 831

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol),

171, 225 LED indicators on Cisco IOS routers, 559 legacy Ethernet, 317

architecture, 319 transmission process, 318

legislation, ADA, 901 Length field (Ethernet frames), 261 length limitations of networking media, 62 level-driven encoding schemes, NRZ, 343 light

electromagnetic spectrum, 134 fiber-optic cables, 141

cladding, 142 core, 143 duplex fiber, 141 multimode, 144 single-mode, 143, 145

IR, 136 Law of Reflection, 137–138 optical density, 136 ray model, 135–136 total internal reflection, 139

limitations

of bandwidth, 61–63

of networking media, 62

line encoding, 318 link lights, 791 link-state routing protocols, 444, 697

network discovery process, 698 OSPF, 692

processing requirements, 700 routing information exchange, 698–700

LLC sublayer, 255 load balancing, 713–714

RIP, 740–741

load metric, 442 load sharing, 691 loading images in Cisco IOS Software, 561 local collisions, 280–281

locating Cisco IOS Software, 646

Layer 3

logical connections, 6

logical functions of routers, 531–533

logical topologies, 94, 99

login banners

creating, 605

MOTD, 606

login passwords, creating, 596

login process for Cisco IOS routers, 565–566

long frames, 283

loop prevention, STP, 362–364

operating modes, 365–366

loose-tube cabling, 146

LSAs (link-state advertisements), 444, 697

M

MAC (Media Access Control), 266

addresses, 28

on Ethernet LANs, 258–259 OUIs, 258

versus port numbers, 833

CSMA/CD, 268, 271

deterministic protocols, 267

NICs, 81

nondeterministic protocols, 267

MAC sublayer, 255

macrobending, 151

mainframes, 48

maintaining CDP information, 625–626

management frames, 165

management ports, 535–536

managing Cisco IOS Software

with ROMmon, 662–667

with TFTP, 660–661

Manchester encoding, 318

MANs (metropolitan-area networks) versus LANs and

WANs, 52

mapping networks with CDP, 627

Mb (megabit), 20

MB (megabyte), 20

Mbps (megabits per second), 21, 61

MBps (megabytes per second), 21

MC (main cross connect), 892 measuring

availability, 514 bandwidth, 61 electricity

current, 120 impedence, 121 resistance, 120 voltage, 119 wattage, 120

media connections, 439–440 membrane penetration, 936 memory

compability with Cisco IOS images, 576 RAM, 8

ROM, 9

memory chips, 10 messages

control messages

address mask requests, 777–778 ICMP information requests, 776 ICMP redirect/change messages, 773–775 ICMP timestamp messages, 775–776 router solicitation, 778–780

flow control, 780 ICMP, 762–763

echo requests, 765–769 error reporting, 763 fields, 770–772 source quench, 780–781 time exceeded, 769 unreachable networks, 764–765

Metcalfe, Robert, 252 metrics, 431, 442, 693–695, 725–726

calculating, 726 IGRP, 745

MHz (megahertz), 21 microbending, 151 microprocessors, 8

speeds, 21

microprocessors

microsegmentation, 84, 357–359

microwave spectrum, 168

minicomputers, 48

modal dispersion, 144

modems, installing, 13–14

modes of Cisco IOS Software operation, 574–575

CLI command modes, 578

modifying Cisco router configurations, 602

modulation, 156–157

MOTD (message-of-the-day), configuring, 606

motherboards, 8

mouse ports, 10

MSDS (material safety data sheet), 905

MTBF (mean time between failure) ratings, 513

multimode fiber, 144

multiple sessions between hosts, 832–833

multiple-network environments, subnetting, 455

multiplexing, 480

multiport repeaters, 80

multiprotocol routing, 680

MUTOAs (multiuser telecommunications outlet

assemblies), 895

N

named ACLs, defaults, 863–867

naming conventions

Cisco IOS Software, 654–655

Ethernet, 253

naming routers, 595–596

narrowband, 169

narrowband interference, 159, 190

NEC (National Electrical Code), 905

type codes, 906

neighbors, displaying, 623–624

Netscape, 17

network access layer, TCP/IP model, 381–382

network addresses, 398, 677

network layer (OSI model), 72

addressing, 438–439

dynamic routing, 693

IP addressing, 386

converting binary to decimal, 391 converting decimal to binary, 389–391 dotted decimal notation, 388

host addresses, 386

multiprotocol routing, 680 path determination, 675 routing, 430–431, 676

dynamic routing, 690–691

routing functionality, 679 switching, 678

network maps, creating with CDP, 627 network masks, 429

network servers, booting from, 648 network testing, 787–788, 790–792

Layer 3, 793–796 Layer 7, 797–798

networking devices

AAA servers, 90 bridges, 82 CMTS, 87 DSLAMs, 86 firewalls, 89 hubs, 81 optical, 88 repeaters, 79 routers, 84 switches, 83–84 voice gateways, 86 VPN concentrators, 91 wireless APs, 92 wireless bridges, 93 wireless NICs, 91

networking models, 67

de-encapsulation, 77 encapsulation, 75–76 OSI reference model, 69–70

application layer, 71 data link layer, 72 network layer, 72

microsegmentation

peer-to-peer communication, 72–73 physical layer, 72

presentation layer, 71 session layer, 71 transport layer, 71

TCP/IP, 74–75

neutrons, 116

NEXT (near-end crosstalk), 197–198

measuring, 202

next hop, 726

nibbles, 329

NIC (network interface card), 10

NICs, 12–13, 79, 81, 225–226

modem installation, 13–14

wireless, 91

NLP (Normal Link Pulse), 286

noise, 149, 157

narrowband interference, 190

sources of on copper media, 198–191, 196–197

FEXT, 198 NEXT, 197–198

white noise, 190

non-adjacent networks, routing between, 543–544

nondeterministic MAC protocols, 267

nonroutable protocols, 432

NOT operator, 31

NRZ (non-return to zero) encoding, 318, 343

NRZI (non-return to zero inverted) encoding, 330

NSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1, 204

nucleus, 115

number systems, 186–187

numbering ACLs, 847

NVRAM (nonvolatile random-access memory), 553

startup configuration, saving configuration

variables, 602

O

obtaining IP addresses, 407

BOOTP assignment, 414–415

DHCP assignment, 415, 417

RARP assignment, 412, 414 static assignment, 408

operating modes of Cisco IOS Software, 574–575 operators (Boolean), 30

optical density, 136 optical fiber, 133

signaling, 194 testing, 203–204

optical link loss budget, 153, 204 Optical Loss Meters, 153 optical networking

absorption, 150 devices, 88 dispersion, 150 components of, 147

connectors, 148 patch panels, 149 receivers, 147 repeaters, 148 transmitters, 147

fiber-optic cabling

bending, 151 splicing, 153

noise, 149 scattering, 150

optimality of routing protocols, 534

OR operator, 31 organizations governing protocols, 49 oscilloscopes, viewing electrical signals, 188 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 904

OSI reference model, 69–70

application layer, 71, 491

connection establishment/termination, 493–494 direct network applications, 492

DNS, 494–495 FTP, 495–496 HTTP, 496–497 indirect network support, 492–493 SMTP, 497–498

OSI reference model

SNMP, 498

Telnet, 499–500

associated TCP/IP model layers, 376, 382–383

data link layer, 72, 255–257

de-encapsulation, 77

encapsulation, 75–76

Internet architecture, 385

Layer 3

dynamic routing, 690–693

multiprotocol routing, 680

network addresses, 677

path determination, 675, 678

routing, 676

routing functionality, 679

switching, 678

network layer, 72

network troubleshooting methodology

Layer 1, 790–791

Layer 2, 790, 792

Layer 3, 790, 793–796

Layer 7, 797–798

peer-to-peer communication, 72–73

physical layer, 72, 206

presentation layer, 71

session layer, 71

transport layer, 71, 477

flow control, 479

handshaking, 481

multiplexing, 480

QoS, 478–479

three-way handshake, 482

windowing, 483–484

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 447

stub networks, 681

OTDRs (Optical Time Domain Reflectometers), 153

OUIs (organizationally unique identifiers), 258

output, debug ip rip command, 806–807

P

packet filtering, ACLs, 841–842

bit buckets, 845

configuring, 847 extended ACLs, 855, 857–863 functions of, 843

named, 863–867

on firewall routers, 868 restricting vty access, 869–870 standard ACLs, 852–854 verifying, 870–871

packet starvation effect, 277 packets, 73, 428

broadcasts, 83 collisions, 81 CRC, 77 datagrams, 448

IP, 453–454 propagation within a router, 449, 451 RARP, 414

packet-switched networks, 451, 521–522, 291 PAR (positive acknowledgment and retransmission), 826–827

parallel ports, 10 partial-mesh topologies, 99 passive scanning, 165 passive-interface command, 720 passwords

configuring on Cisco routers, 596 enable password, 557

recovering, 609–613

patch panels, 132, 149 path determination, 437, 675, 678, 723

media connections, 439–440 metrics, 693–695

network layer addressing, 438–439

path selection, 678 PCBs (printed circuitboards), 7 PCs

components of, 7, 10

NICs, 12–13 modem installation, 13–14

desktops versus laptops, 11

PDUs (protocol data units), 72

OSI reference model