The Illustrated Network- P1 docx

The Illustrated Network Walter Goralski P2P Networking and Applications John Buford, Heather Yu, and Eng Lua Broadband Cable Access Networks: The HFC Plant David Large and James Farmer

The Illustrated Network

The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking

Series Editor, David Clark, M.I.T.

The Illustrated Network

Walter Goralski

P2P Networking and Applications

John Buford, Heather Yu, and Eng Lua

Broadband Cable Access Networks: The HFC

Plant

David Large and James Farmer

Technical, Commercial, and Regulatory

Challenges of QoS: An Internet Service Model

Perspective

XiPeng Xiao

MPLS: Next Steps

Bruce S Davie and Adrian Farrel

Wireless Networking

Anurag Kumar, D Manjunath, and Joy Kuri

Bluetooth Application Programming with the

Java APIs, Essentials Edition

Timothy J Thompson, Paul J Kline, and C Bala

Kumar

Internet Multimedia Communications Using

SIP

Rogelio Martinez Perea

Information Assurance: Dependability and

Security in Networked Systems

Yi Qian, James Joshi, David Tipper, and Prashant

Krishnamurthy

Network Simulation Experiments Manual,

Second Edition

Emad Aboelela

Network Analysis, Architecture, and Design,

Third Edition

James D McCabe

Wireless Communications & Networking: An

Introduction

Vijay K Garg

Ethernet Networking for the Small Offi ce and

Professional Home Offi ce

Jan L Harrington

IPv6 Advanced Protocols Implementation

Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima

Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Fourth Edition

Larry L Peterson and Bruce S Davie

Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures

Deepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan Ramaswami

Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice

John Evans and Clarence Filsfi ls

Traffi c Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data Networks

Gerald R Ash

IPv6 Core Protocols Implementation

Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima

Smart Phone and Next-Generation Mobile Computing

Pei Zheng and Lionel Ni

GMPLS: Architecture and Applications

Adrian Farrel and Igor Bryskin

Network Security: A Practical Approach

Jan L Harrington

Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and Practice

Markus Hofmann and Leland R Beaumont

Network Algorithmics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked Devices

George Varghese

Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration

of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS

Jean Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and Piet Demeester

Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and Computer Networks

Michał Pióro and Deepankar Medhi

Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach

Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas

Communication Networking: An Analytical Approach

Anurag Kumar, D Manjunath, and Joy Kuri

Adrian Farrel

Modern Cable Television Technology: Video,

Voice, and Data Communications, 2e

Walter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large, and

Michael Adams

Bluetooth Application Programming with the

Java APIs

C Bala Kumar, Paul J Kline, and Timothy

J Thompson

Policy-Based Network Management: Solutions

for the Next Generation

John Strassner

MPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and

Techniques

Thomas D Nadeau

Developing IP-Based Services: Solutions for

Service Providers and Vendors

Monique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda

Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age

Sharon K Black

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective,

Second Edition

Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N Sivarajan

Internet QoS: Architectures and Mechanisms

Zheng Wang

TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for

Programmers

Michael J Donahoo and Kenneth L Calvert

TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for

Programmers

Kenneth L Calvert and Michael J Donahoo

Programming, and Applications

Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart

MPLS: Technology and Applications

Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter

High-Performance Communication Networks, Second Edition

Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya

Internetworking Multimedia

Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian Wakeman

Understanding Networked Applications: A First Course

David G Messerschmitt

Integrated Management of Networked Systems: Concepts, Architectures, and Their Operational Application

Heinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and Bernhard Neumair

Virtual Private Networks: Making the Right Connection

Dennis Fowler

Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure

David G Messerschmitt

Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for Optimization

Robert S Cahn

For further information on these books and for a list of forthcoming titles, please visit our Web site

at http://www.mkp.com.

This page intentionally left blank

The Illustrated Network

How TCP/IP Works in a

Modern Network

Walter Goralski

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Working together to grow

libraries in developing countries

www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier.

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400

Burlington, MA 01803

This book is printed on acid-free paper `

Copyright © 2009 by Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks In all instances in which Morgan Kaufmann

Publishers is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights

Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333,

e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com You may also complete your request on-line via the

Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then

“Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.”

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Goralski, Walter.

The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network/Walter Goralski.

p cm.—(The Morgan Kaufmann series in networking)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-12-374541-5 (alk paper)

1 TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) 2 Computer networks I Title.

TK5105.585.G664 2008

004.6’2 dc22

2008046728 For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications,

visit our Website at www.mkp.com or www.books.elsevier.com

Printed in the United States

08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

About the Author xxx

PART I Networking Basics CHAPTER 1 Protocols and Layers 3

The Illustrated Network 7

Remote Access to Network Devices 8

File Transfer to a Router 10

CLI and GUI 11

Ethereal and Packet Capture 12

First Explorations in Networking 14

Protocols 14

Standards and Organizations 16

Request for Comment and the Internet Engineering Task Force 18

Internet Administration 21

Layers 22

Simple Networking 23

Protocol Layers 24

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25

The TCP/IP Layers 26

Protocols and Interfaces 27

Encapsulation 28

The Layers of TCP/IP 30

The Physical Layer 30

The Data Link Layer 32

The Network Layer 35

The Transport Layer 38

The Application Layer 41

Session Support 41

Internal Representation Conversion 41

Applications in TCP/IP 42

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite 43

Questions for Readers 45

CHAPTER 2 TCP/IP Protocols and Devices 47

Protocol Stacks on the Illustrated Network 50

Layers, Protocols, Ports, and Sockets 51

The TCP/IP Protocol Stack 54

The Client–Server Model 55

TCP/IP Layers and Client–Server 55

The IP Layer 57

The Transport Layer 58

Transmission Control Protocol 58

User Datagram Protocol 59

The Application Layer 59

Bridges, Routers, and Switches 60

Segmenting LANs 61

Bridges 63

Routers 63

LAN Switches 64

Virtual LANs 65

VLAN Frame Tagging 66

Questions for Readers 69

CHAPTER 3 Network Link Technologies 71

Illustrated Network Connections 74

Displaying Ethernet Traffi c 74

Displaying SONET Links 76

Displaying DSL Links 78

Displaying Wireless Links 81

Frames and the Link Layer 83

The Data Link Layer 84

The Evolution of Ethernet 86

Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 Frames 88

MAC Addresses 89

The Evolution of DSL 90

PPP and DSL 91

PPP Framing for Packets 92

DSL Encapsulation 93

Forms of DSL 94

The Evolution of SONET 96

A Note about Network Errors 96

Packet over SONET/SDH 97

Wireless LANS and IEEE 802.11 98

Wi-Fi 98