GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 5 – THE PRESENT PERFECTHAVE / HAS + V3 past participle MEANING AND USE NOTES: Continuing time Up to Now The present perfect connects the past with the present.. Use th
Trang 1GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 5 – THE PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE / HAS + V3 (past participle)
MEANING AND USE NOTES:
Continuing time Up to Now
The present perfect connects the past with the present Use the present perfect for actions or states that began in the past and have continued up to the present time and may continue into the future
For example: 1 He has worked here for 5 years / 2 She has lived in the same town since 2001.
FOR and SINCE
FOR + a length of time tells how long an action or state has continued up to the present time.
For example: 1 I have worked here for a long time.
2 They have lived here for ten years.
SINCE + a point in time tells when an action or state began.
For example: 1 I have worked here since 2000.
2 They have lived here since Tuesday.
SINCE can also introduce a time clause When it does, the verb in the time clause is usually in the simple past
For example: 1 I have worked here since I was 20.
2 They have lived here since I moved.
INDEFINITE PAST TIME
A Talk about actions or states that happened at an indefinite (not exact) time in the past.
A: Have you met Bob?
B: Yes, I’ve met him He’s really nice.
B Actions or states in the present perfect can happen once or repeatedly.
1 He has visited Hawaii once.
2 I have tried three times to pass my driver’s license exam.
USE “EVER, NEVER, ALREADY, YET, STILL, SO FAR” in the present perfect
+ EVER means “AT ANY TIME” Use EVER in the present perfect QUESTIONS (not used in
AFFIRMATIVE) to ask if an action took place at any time in the past
For example: A: Have you ever seen a ghost?
B: Yes, I have / No, I haven’t
+ NEVER means “NOT EVER” or “NOT AT ANY TIME” We can use NEVER instead of NOT
in negative statements Do not use NEVER with NOT NEVER comes before the past participle
For example: She has never been to Greece.
Trang 2+ ALREADY means “AT SOME TIME BEFORE NOW” Use ALREADY with questions and
affirmative statements It comes before the past participle or at the end of a sentence
For example: 1 She has already left / She has left already.
2 Have they already eaten?
3 What has he done already?
+ YET means “UP TO NOW” Use YET with negative statements and YES/NO questions It
comes at the end of a sentence
For example: 1 They haven’t arrived yet / 2 Have you met him yet?
+ STILL means “UP TO NOW” STILL is used in negative statements and comes before HAVE
or HAS
For example: She still hasn’t called (= She hasn’t called yet.)
+ SO FAR means “AT ANY TIME UP TO NOW” Use SO FAR in affirmative, negative and
questions It comes at the beginning or end of a sentence
For example: 1 So far she’s spent $500.
2 So far I haven’t had a good time.
3 How much money have you spent so far?
GRAMMAR: CHAPTER 6
BE GOING TO, WILL, and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Be going to and the Present Continuous as FUTURE:
A.
INTENTIONS AND PLANS : Use BE GOING TO and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS to talk
about intentions or future plans
For example: 1 I’m going to study hard for the test (= I am studying hard for the test.)
2 She’s going to visit Greece this summer (= She’s visiting Greece this summer.)
B The present continuous often refers to MORE definite plans than BE GOING TO With BE GOING TO, the speaker often has not decided on the details
For example:
Present Continuous as FUTURE (Details Definite)
I’m taking a 3:00 flight to Chicago In Chicago, I’m changing planes and flying on to Miami.
Be Going to (Details NOT definite)
A: I’m going to buy a car.
B: What kind are you going to get?
A: I don’t know yet
C Use BE GOING TO for predictions (guesses about the future), especially when there is evidence that something is just about to happen The present continuous is NOT used to make predictions
For example: 1 Be careful! That glass is going to fall!
2 It’s cloudy I think it’s going to rain tonight.
Trang 3 THE FUTURE with WILL and BE GOING TO:
A Predictions with WILL and BE GOING TO
+ Use WILL or BE GOING TO to make predictions You can also use PROBABLY and other adverbs with WILL and BE GOING TO to express certainty or uncertainty
1 Electric cars will become (are going to become) popular in the next ten years.
2 They’ll probably win (are probably going to win) the championship.
+ With predictions, use BE GOING TO when you are more certain that an event will happen because there is evidence Do NOT use WILL when there is evidence to make predictions
For example: She’s going to have a baby! (She’ll have a baby – INCORRECT)
B Quick Decisions vs Advance Plans
WILL is often used to express a quick decision made at the time of speaking (such as an offer
to help) BE GOING TO shows that you have thought about something in advance Do not use
BE GOING TO for quick decisions
WILL for Quick Decisions
A: I don’t have a fork.
B: I’ll ask the waiter to bring you one
BE GOING TO for Advance Plans
A: Do we have plastic forks for the party?
B: No I’m going to ask Lisa to bring some.
C Promises with WILL: In statements with I or WE, WILL is often used to express a
promise
A: Chris, please clean your room
B: I’ll do it later, Mom I promise