Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 1 ppt

Specific minerals, organizations, historical events, and biographies are included as well as articles on energy and ecological resources.. Mineral Resources by State, Major Canadian Mine

Global Resources

Global Resources

Global Resources

Volume 1

Abrasives - Energy storage

Editor

Craig W Allin

Cornell College

Salem Press

Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey

Editor in Chief: Dawn P Dawson Editorial Director: Christina J Moose

Manuscript Editor: Christopher Rager Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Photo Editor: Cynthia Breslin Beres

Production Editor: Andrea E Miller Page Design and Layout: James Hutson Additional Layout: Mary Overell and

William Zimmerman

Editorial Assistant: Brett Weisberg Cover photo: ©iStockphoto.com/Guillermo Perales

Copyright © 1998, 2010, by Salem Press All rights in this book are reserved No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews or in the copying of images deemed to be freely licensed or in the public domain For information address the publisher, Salem Press, at csr@salempress.com

∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of global resources / Craig W Allin, editor

p cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 644-6 (set : alk paper) — ISBN 645-3 (vol 1 : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-646-0 (vol 2 : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-647-7 (vol 3 : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-648-4 (vol 4 : alk paper) 1 Natural resources I Allin, Craig W

HC85.E49 2010

333.703—dc22

2010001984

printed in the united states of america

Publisher’s Note

From North America to the World

Salem’s critically acclaimed Natural Resources, which

originally appeared in 1998 in three volumes, forms

the foundation for this fully revised and expanded

four-volume set, Encyclopedia of Global Resources Hailed

by the American Library Association in its first edition

as an Outstanding Reference Source of 1999,

Encyclo-pedia of Global Resources now adds 143 new articles (6 of

which replace superseded entries) to the original 438

entries All of the original articles have been revised to

extend their scope to our global economy in 2010 All

of the original 135 charts, graphs, and tables have

been updated or replaced, and 110 new charts, tables,

graphs, sidebars have been added, for a total of 235

data-laden sidebars that are easily understood at a

graphic, visual level Dozens of appendixes illustrate

the text, providing students with worldwide insights

into where we derive our mineral, biological, and

en-ergy resources; how they are processed; for what

pur-poses they are used; and where they stand in our

cur-rent economy

The coverage touches not only on the economic

applications and benefits of natural resources but also

on their processing, their management, the

environ-mental impact of their extraction, and trends in their

availability—all in easily understood language The

expanded contents include 40 overviews of top

re-source nations and their significance in the global

context Specific minerals, organizations, historical

events, and biographies are included as well as articles

on energy and ecological resources Appendixes

pro-vide both alphabetical and periodic tables of the

ele-ments, along with lists of Major U.S Mineral

Re-sources, Major U.S Mineral Resources by State, Major

Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values,

Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers,

Major Worldwide Resources by Country, a Time Line,

a Glossary, a Bibliography, and a list of Web Sites

Content Definition

The term “natural resources” has been in general use

since the late nineteenth century, and for many

de-cades discussions of natural resources have formed an

important part of history, anthropology, and social

studies curricula In the most basic sense, natural

resources have long been defined as naturally

occur-ring raw materials and phenomena—timber, flowing

water, and minerals such as iron and coal—that are

economically useful to humans, particularly those materials important to major industries or to a na-tion’s security By the late 1960’s, however, concerns about the world’s growing human population, the fi-nite nature of many “nonrenewable” resources, and the environmental and ecological ramifications of resource exploitation had taken hold Viewed in a global context, resource issues rapidly became more complex Today one is as likely to hear discussions

of “global resources” as of natural resources, along with debates over issues such as “sustainable develop-ment,” “renewable vs nonrenewable resources,” “eco-logical resources,” and “energy resources.” This sea change in the way we view our resources and their in-tegration into a global marketplace and worldwide environmental concerns has prompted this complete overhaul of the original edition, its expansion to four

volumes, and its new title: Encyclopedia of Global

Re-sources.

Contents and Scope of Coverage

Salem Press’s four-volume Encyclopedia of Global

Re-sources provides a wide variety of perspectives on both

traditional and more recent views of Earth’s resources

In this sense, Encyclopedia of Global Resources serves as

a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploi-tation, environmentalism, ecology, geology, and biol-ogy, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can under-stand

The 575 alphabetically arranged articles in

Encyclo-pedia of Global Resources are as broad as “Agricultural

products” and as specific as “Svalbard Global Seed Vault.” They range in length from 500 words (about a page) to more than 3,000 words (6 pages) and cover topics as diverse as soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the U.S Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer min-eral deposits Top resources—119 minmin-eral-based, 41 biologically based, and 39 energy-related (such as oil and tar sands)—are covered, as well as 40 countries;

32 ecological resources; 50 environment, conserva-tion, and resource management; 41 geological pro-cesses and formations; 72 government and resources;

18 historical events and movements; 35 laws and con-ventions; 49 obtaining and using resources; 71 organi-zations, agencies, and programs; 37 people; 22 pollu-tion and waste disposal; 23 products from resources;

v

19 scientific disciplines; and 31 social, economic, and

political issues

In the traditional view of natural resources, the

core of the set is a series of more than one hundred

articles on specific mineral and other nonliving

re-sources, from aluminum to zirconium; more than

twenty overviews were added to the original list of

these mineral resources, while the others were

up-dated These articles begin with immediately

accessi-ble, informative subheads—“Where Found,” “Primary

Uses,” “Technical [including chemical] Definition”—

and continue with subsections that address

“Descrip-tion, Distribu“Descrip-tion, and Forms,” “History,” “Obtaining

[the Resource],” and “Uses of [the Resource].” There

are also survey articles on such resource categories

as abrasives, gems, radioactive isotopes, and silicates

as well as on the geologic processes and formations

that produce mineral resources Reflecting the

over-whelming importance of petroleum products to the

world, a cluster of articles discuss the chemistry,

distri-bution, and formation of oil and natural gas in

addi-tion to oil exploraaddi-tion and drilling, the oil industry,

oil shale and tar sands, and petrochemical products

Other energy resources, such as hydroenergy, nuclear

energy, solar energy, and wind energy, are also covered

in detail Two other broad resource areas are discussed

in a number of articles: plant and animal resources,

and what we have called ecological resources, such as

Earth’s atmosphere, biodiversity, forests, medicinal

plants, oceans, water, and even resources deriving

from extraterrestrial exploration of our solar system

Articles on the former range from specific crops, such

as corn, to overviews of animal breeding, agricultural

products, and carbon Articles on the latter reflect the

realization that, in an increasingly populated world,

natural systems such as rain forests, grasslands, lakes,

and wetlands—from their genetic diversity to the

global biosphere itself—must be considered crucially

important resources, subject to threat and in

contin-ual need of being monitored and protected

Because the concept of “natural resources”

de-scribes materials useful or necessary to people, this set

includes entries on many aspects of the human

di-mension of resource exploitation, such as how various

resources are obtained and processed Also discussed

are the major secondary or intermediate materials

that resources are used to produce; among these

arti-cles are “Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes,”

“Ce-ment and concrete,” “Fiberglass,” “Gasoline and other

petroleum fuels,” and “Semiconductors.” Economic, political, and societal ramifications of resource use are discussed in essays on energy economics and poli-tics, the early history of mineral resource use, re-source exploitation and health, and rere-source use in developing countries A number of articles stress the environmental effects of human activities related to obtaining and using resources—air and water pollu-tion, mining wastes, deforestapollu-tion, desertification—

as well as phenomena that can be either natural or caused by humans, such as droughts, erosion, and fires Other articles delineate the issues and choices surrounding resource management, recycling, con-servation, sustainable development, precon-servation, en-vironmentalism, and waste disposal

Another set of essays cover particularly significant pieces of legislation, international conventions, and activities of specific government agencies Brief arti-cles highlight organizations, historical events, and personages important in the history of resource ex-ploitation, conservation, and environmental protec-tion Finally, several overviews of important fields of study—from agronomy to geographic information systems to risk assessment—round out the set

Reference Features

Each article in Encyclopedia of Global Resources is signed,

and each has summary information at the beginning and cross-references to other articles in the set at the end All articles are organized using internal sub-heads, consistent by type of article, and articles that are 1,000 words in length or longer conclude with bib-liographies Of the 575 essays, 350 also contain sec-tions that direct users to authoritative Web sites All illustrations have been updated or replaced and sig-nificantly expanded with 235 charts, tables, and graphs, as well as 200 photos

A useful reference feature at the beginning of each volume is a Complete List of Contents, and at the end

of volume 4 are several appendixes: an Alphabetical Table of the Elements, the Periodic Table of the Ele-ments, lists of Major U.S Mineral Resources, Major U.S Mineral Resources by State, Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values, Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers, Major Worldwide Resources by Country, a Time Line, a Glos-sary, a Bibliography, and a list of Web Sites Finally, the set ends with a Category Index that groups similar essays, along with a comprehensive Subject Index

vi Global Resources

Salem Press wishes to acknowledge the editors of the

original three-volume edition, Mark S Coyne of the

University of Kentucky and Craig W Allin of Cornell

College For this expanded four-volume edition,

Pro-fessor Allin was instrumental in defining the scope,

coverage, and contents We also thank the 199 schol-ars who contributed original essays, updated their previous work, and/or wrote new material for this edi-tion; a list of their names and affiliations appears on the following pages

vii Publisher’s Note

McCrea Adams

Independent Scholar

Bland Addison

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Richard Adler

University of Michigan—Dearborn

Steve K Alexander

University of Mary Hardin-Baylor

Craig W Allin

Cornell College

Emily Alward

College of Southern Nevada

S Ashok

Penn State University

Anita Baker-Blocker

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Grace A Banks

Chestnut Hill College

Joshua I Barrett

Charleston, West Virginia

Melissa A Barton

Westminster, Colorado

Harlan H Bengtson

Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Alvin K Benson

Utah Valley University

John L Berkley

SUNY, College at Fredonia

Milton Berman

University of Rochester

David M Best

Northern Arizona University

Cynthia A Bily

Adrian, Michigan

Margaret F Boorstein

C W Post College of Long Island University

Richard G Botzler

Humboldt State University

Lakhdar Boukerrou

Florida Atlantic University

Judith J Bradshaw-Rouse

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Howard Bromberg

University of Michigan

JoEllen Broome

Georgia Southern University

Kenneth H Brown

Northwestern Oklahoma State University

Jeffrey C Brunskill

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Michael H Burchett

Limestone College

Henry Campa III

Michigan State University

Gary A Campbell

Michigan Technological University

Jennifer L Campbell

Lycoming College

Byron D Cannon

University of Utah

Roger V Carlson

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Robert E Carver

University of Georgia

Dennis W Cheek

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation

Kerry L Cheesman

Capital University

Judy Arlis Chesen

Capital University

Jill A Cooper

Boise, Idaho

Robert G Corbett

Illinois State University

Charles V Cordaro

Pasadena, California

Mark S Coyne

University of Kentucky

Alan K Craig

Florida Atlantic University

James R Craig

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University

Richard A Crooker

Kutztown University

Robert L Cullers

Kansas State University

Alan C Czarnetzki

University of Northern Iowa

Pat Dasch

National Space Society

Jennifer Davis

Kettering, Ohio

LeAnna DeAngelo

Arizona State University

René A De Hon

University of Louisiana at Monroe

Joseph Dewey

University of Pittsburgh—Johnstown

Albert B Dickas

University of Wisconsin

John R Dickel

University of Illinois

ix