Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P33 potx

Index 303

LAN port 186

MAN port 186

RS:

RS-232 189, 239

RS-485 189

Satellites 255–61

advanced communications technology

satellite (ACTS) 255

advantages, satellite networks 258–9

applications, satellite systems 259

bulk information broadcasting 260

full-duplex-based protocol 264

GEO satellites 256

geo synchronous earth orbit (GEO) 255

geostationary earth orbit (GEO) 256

GLOBALSTAR 256

information retrieval 260

IRIDIUM 256

LEO satellites 256

methods of optimizing, TCP/IP over

satellite channels 266

avoidance techniques 267

congestion avoidance 267

large window extension (TCP-LW) 266–

7

random early detection (RED) 267

selective acknowledgment (TCP-SACK)

266

MobileLEO 256

point-to-multi-point link 255

remote control and login 259

satellite-to-satellite linking 256

spoofing 267

telecommunications 256

three-way handshake 264, 266

very small aperture terminal (VSAT) 255

video conferencing 259

Security considerations 216

6-bit pseudo-random code 219

access control lists (ACLs) 220

authentication 219, 229

hackers 216–8

information security policies 225–6

network security policies 233

network-sniffing device 217

PIN number 219

secure ID tag 219

security advisory services 226

security breaches 218

Servers:

embedded web servers 237 network time servers 190 print servers 188

first-come first-served basis 188 serial and parallel printers 188 remote access servers 189 global positioning system (GPS) 190 PPP or SLIP 189

Radius, Kerberos or secureID 189 stand-alone devices 190

terminal servers 188 connect multiple 188 serial devices 188 thin servers 189, 239, 242 DIN rail package 189 Ethernet LANs 239 port redirector 189 signal-channel terminal servers 189 thin server applications 239

universal thin servers 239 Session layer 26, 29

network connection 26 Shannon, formula 7 Shannon-Hartley law 7 Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) 77,

133, 154 client 155 data command 155 processes 154 quit command 155 server 154–5 SMTP commands 155 TELNET connection 155, 195 Simple network management protocol (SNMP) 150–1, 153–4, 176, 210–1, 220,

241 basic commands 151 basic components 151 GetBulk operation 153 GetNest operation 153 Inform operation 153 interoperability 154 protocol data unit (PDU) 154 proxy agents 154

management information base (MIB) 151 hierarchy 152

object 151 standards organizations 152

304 Index

network-management systems (NMSs)

151–4

set operation 153

SNMP security 153

masquerading 153

modification of information 153

security threats 153

trap operation 153

Simplex 8

transmission 8

Sockets 124, 131

Stop bit 10

Supervisory control and data acquisition

(SCADA) 234, 241–2

Ethernet compatible SCADA systems 241

factory automation systems 236

java-based SCADA 241

stand-alone SCADA systems 234

TCP/IP based factory automation 242

TCP/IP Ethernet-based systems 234–5

web compatible SCADA systems 242

Switches 182–3, 236, 238, 251

cut-through vs store-and-forward 183

packet destination address 183

packet errors 183

full-duplex switches 183

Ethernet NIC 183

full-duplex Ethernet 183

layer 2 switches vs layer 3 switches 183

data link layer 183, 186

node to switch 65

non-buffered switches 70

switch applications 183

standard Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 185

VLAN ID number 186

VLANs and deterministic Ethernet 185

switch-to-switch, full-duplex 65

Synchronous 3, 11, 14, 31, 33

data frame 14

synchronous data link control (SDLC) 3

synchronous optic network (SONET) 33

transmission 11

block 11

post-amble 11

TCP/IP 30, 74–5, 80, 91, 116–7, 107, 133,

146, 149–50, 154, 158–59, 167, 170–1, 186,

191, 201, 203, 205, 207, 216, 220, 222, 224,

234–7, 241, 244, 246, 249–50, 255, 258–61,

263, 265–67

host-to-host layer 76, 122 initial sequence number (ISN) 124, 129

IP and TCP headers 128 major drawback 131 non-connection-oriented protocol 131 PHS bit 128

positive acknowledgment 125–6 pseudo-random sequence number 127 sequence number 124–5, 127

sliding window 125–6 streaming audio 131 streaming video 131 synchronization parameters 131 TCP connection phase 126 unreliable protocol 131

satellite see Satellite simple mail transfer protocol see Simple

mail transfer protocol system components 174 modern network devices 175 TCP/IP protocol suite Vs ARPA model 75 firmware 75

network interface layer 75 serial line internet protocol (SLIP) 76 switched multimegabit data service (SMDS) 76

TCP/IP stack 77

troubleshooting see Troubleshooting user data protocol see User data protocol

user datagram protocol (UDP) 131 Telecommunications network (TELNET) 77,

134, 136, 140–3, 154–5, 195, 205, 220 carriage-return character 140

concurrent connections 140 IAC-IP (or 255-244) 141 interpret as command (IAC) 141 network virtual terminal (NVT) 140 Token 40

active monitor (AM) 41

data packet see Packet

network architectures 41 node to node 40–1 probabilistic access method 41 standby monitors (SMs) 41 token ring network 41 Topology 33–4, 41, 115, 177–8 broadcast point-to-point topologies 33 broadcast topologies 33

bus topology 35, 39, 41 advantages 35

Index 305

disadvantages 35

point-to-point system 35, 37

component topologies 35

hybrid topologies 35

logical and physical topologies 34–6

logical bus topology 48

media-access methods 34

mesh topology 39

network topologies 33

nodes see Node

physical topology 48

point-to-point topologies 34

ring topology 36, 37

advantages 37

disadvantages 37

star topology 36, 39, 49

advantages 36

disadvantages 36

star-wired ring topology 38

advantages 38

disadvantages 38

multistation access units (MAUs) 38

tree topology 39

advantages 39

daisy-chained 39

disadvantages 39

distributed bus 39

hybrid physical topology 39

Transmitter 2–3, 8, 18

to convert 2

Transport layer 26

distributed star topology 38

outgoing packets 26

protocols see Protocols

subnet layers 26

subnet service classes 26

upper layer 26

utilities see Utilities

Troubleshooting 249–50

bridges or switches 251

CPU utilization 250

CRC/alignments 250

CSMA/CD Ethernet system 251

disk I/O 250

errors/second 250

Ethernet card 251

frame check sequence (FCS) 251

jabbers 250

kilobytes/second 249

memory usage 250

network congestion 253 ping command 253 packets/second 249 percentage utilization 249 with TCP/IP utilities 251 hardware problems 253 intermittent problems 253 netstat-i 253

queue field 253 spray command 253 Unconfirmed connection oriented service (UOS) 31

UNIX operating systems 140 User data protocol (UDP) 76, 96, 122, 131–2,

137, 156, 137–8, 150, 159, 167, 264–5 checksum procedure 132

datagram 131 frame format 131 pseudo header 132 zero transmitted checksum 132 Utilities:

DOS ping command 165 HOSTS file 173

windows hosts file 173 ICMP echo 162

IPCONFIG 168 host 168, 172–3 multi-homes host 168 PCMCIA 168

PPP adapter 168 NBTSTAT 167 netstat options 167 protocol statistics 167 packet internet groper (ping) 162 ping utility 163

ROUTE 172 time to live (TTL) 164 TJPingPro 165, 171 TRACE Rou Te 170 user-friendliest option 171 WINIPCFG 169

windows IP configuration 169 Virtual private network (VPN) 20 encryption techniques 20 packet switched links 20 Wide area network 17–20, 30, 120, 163, 186,

188, 202–4, 212

306 Index

WINS 149–50, 158

IP address mapping 149

name registration 150

name resolution 150

client 150

database 150

proxy agents 150

TCP/IP configuration 149, 168

WINS server 149

World wide web 193, 196–7, 212–3, 266