Martin and David can't stand one another.. This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin.. Someone, everyone, - -body can be used instead of -one without a chang
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3 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space
Owning a car
Owning a car has several advantages (1) A you can go wherever you
want, whenever you want You don't have to depend on public transport and (2) you feel more independent (3) you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping (4) , there can be problems, especially if you live in a city Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) petrol, servicing the car, and repairs You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars (6) , most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages
(7) most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can (8) , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) they are noisy and dirty (10) , the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs
of pedestrians are ignored
1) A First of all B As a result C Personally D Besides this 2) A however B personally C since D as a result 3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However 4) A On the other hand B To sum up C Thus D For example
6) A Finally B Secondly C However D As 7) A For B Next C As well as this D Consequently 8) A For example B Personally C Nevertheless D In comparison 9) A for example B however C thus D since
10) A As a result B Moreover C Personally D In comparison
Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an argument Most of the expressions listed are formal in use
Because text organizers make links across sentences, their meaning is only clear when you study the ideas that come before and after them (the whole context)
Key points 1
2
Trang 2that something exists
There is a good film on tonight It stars Kim Basinger
It is also used in some phrases which do not have a grammatical subject It's raining again It's half past six
It doesn't matter It's time to go
It and adjectives It is also used in the pattern it + adjective + infinitive/-ing
It's good to see you It was nice meeting you
In informal speech, it and the verb be are often left out
Good to see you Nice meeting you
One - One can be used as a pronoun, and has a plural ones
I don't like this one I only like green ones
• The phrase one another refers to two subjects
Martin and David can't stand one another
This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin
• In normal conversation we use you to refer to anybody
As you get older you tend to forget things
But in formal speech and writing we can use one with this meaning This is
considered over-formal by many speakers
What does one wear to a dinner of this kind?
It's not pleasant to hear oneself described by one's employees
Someone, everyone, - -body can be used instead of -one without a change in meaning
anyone, somewhere, - Words beginning some or any follow the usual patterns for these words, with
etc
any words normally used in questions and after negatives
There's something under the desk Can you see anything?
But we can use some in a question if it is an offer or request
Are you looking for somewhere to stay?
Could someone help me, please?
And we use any in positive statements where we mean it doesn't matter which
or there is no limit to the possibilities
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What as a pronoun What can be used as a pronoun meaning the thing(s) that
What we need is a hammer
Whatever, whoever, • These words are used to add emphasis to the question word
wherever, whenever, What you are doing? -> Whatever are you doing? (shows more surprise) why ever, however • We also use these words to mean any at all
Whatever you say is wrong! (Anything at all you say )
Reflexive • Reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis
pronouns Why don't you do it yourself?
I paid for the tickets myself
• They are also used for some actions that we do to ourselves
Sue cut herself I have hurt myself Did you enjoy yourself?
But other verbs are not normally used with a reflexive pronoun, even though
they are in other languages Examples include: change (clothes), complain, decide, dress, feel, meet, relax, remember, rest, sit down, stand up, wake up, wash, wonder, worry
Possessives: parts When we talk about parts of the body we often use a preposition + the rather
of the body t h a n a preposition + a possessive adjective
Jack gave Bill a punch on the nose I grabbed him by the arm
Jack punched Bill on the nose I looked him in the eyes
Trang 4Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meani ng
•
a) The person who stole the painting must have been tall
Whoever stole the painting must have been b) I don't mind what you do, but don't tell Jane I was here
Whatever c) What on earth is the time?
Whatever d) I'd like to know why you told me a lie
Why ever e) Every time I go on holiday, the weather gets worse
Whenever f) Tell me where you have been!
Wherever g) How on earth did you know I was going to be here?
However
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2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the w o r d given Do not change the w o r d given You must use
between t w o and five words, including the w o r d given
a) John patted my back,
gave
John gave me a pat on the back
b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up
by
Don't the ears
c) I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again
in
I'll never be able to look again
d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm
by
Sue arm e) Helen took the baby's hand
by
Helen hand f) The bee stung my arm
m e
The bee arm g) Somebody gave me a black eye
p u n c h e d
Somebody eye h) Jane patted the dog's head
on
Jane head i) 'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid
w o u n d e d
'I'm ,' said Billy the Kid
j) I felt someone pat my shoulder
m e
I felt someone shoulder
Trang 63 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
a) The local cinema has a good film on at the moment
There is a good film on at the local cinema at the moment
b) I can't drink coffee so late at night
It's so late at night
c) Don't worry if you can't answer all the questions
It doesn't all the questions
d) The fridge is empty
There fridge e) This journey has been tiring
It journey f) The station is far away
It station g) Let's have a break now
It's for a break now
h) I enjoyed seeing you
It you
4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown Do not change the meaning
a) Was it enjoyable at the beach, Joe?
Did you enjoy yourself at the beach, Joe?
b) We really need a new fridge
What c) There's a lot of fog today
It's d) People who believe in ghosts are a bit crazy!
Anyone e) Just call me any time you need me
Whenever f) I was very interested in what we talked about
It was interesting g) John is hurt
John has
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5 Complete each sentence w i t h the most suitable w o r d or phrase
a) I like this painting but I don't think much of those C
A) rest B) other C) ones D) besides b) What would like to do this morning?
A) someone B) one C) yourself D) you c) Did you enjoy ? A) at the party B) the party C) yourself the party D) with yourself at the party
d) nothing much to do in this town
A) There's B) It's not C) There's not D) It's e) you do, don't tell Harry that we've lost his camera
A) Anything B) What C) Whatever D) It's better f) One prefers to shop at Harrods, ? A) doesn't one B) isn't it C) don't you D) isn't one g) didn't you tell me that you felt too ill to work?
A) Whoever B) Whatever C) However D) Why ever h) Then George punched the police officer the face!
A) at B) on C) to D) in i) Harry shook my hand and said, 'Pleased you' A) to meet B) to introduce C) to shake D) to acquaint
j) Please invite you like to the reception
A) one B) anyone C) ones D) all
K e y p o i n t s 1 In some cases, it does not refer to another noun Instead, it stands as a subject
because the phrase does not have a real subject
It's late It's a nice day It's five o'clock
2 It is possible to use some and words made from it in questions This is the case
with offers and requests
Are you looking for someone?
3 It is possible to use any and words made from it in positive statements This is the case when we mean no limit
Call me any time you like
4 Some verbs (cut, enjoy, hurt) require a reflexive (myself, etc) if there is no other
object
I enjoyed the party Martha cut her finger
I enjoyed myself Martha cut herself