Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 50 doc

Although it cannot be seen by humans, infra-red radiation is of commercial importance in remote sensing systems, remote control devices, video game consoles, and fiber optic transmission

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary

Certification Consortium (ISC2), offering

comprehen-sive certification for information security

profession-als http://www.issa.org/

Information Technology Association of America

ITAA A trade association representing theu.s.

in-formation technology (IT) industry The ITAA

re-sponds to developments in governmental and

inter-national IT policy, promotes the interests ofits

mem-bers, and participates with other organizations in

de-veloping Internet policies http://www.itaa.org/

Information Technology Association of Canada

ITAC A trade organization supporting Canadian

in-formation technology providers, ITAC identifies and

focuses on issues affecting the IT industry and

advo-cates initiatives promoting its growth and

develop-ment http://www.itac.ca/

Information Technology Industry CouncilITI,

ITIC Formerly CBEMA, the Computer and Business

Equipment Manufacturers Association, ITIC is a

trade organization representing leading U.S

provid-ers of information technology (IT) products and

ser-vices It includes well-known vendors such as 3Com,

Amazon.com, Apple, Computer, Inc., Cisco Systems,

Inc., Hewlett-Packard Company, mM Corporation,

and many more well-known finns ITIC produces an

industry Data Book with statistical information on

computers and telecommunications equipment and

services See Information Security Exploratory

Com-mittee http://www.itic.org/

Information Technology Research CenterITRC

There are many research centers operating under this

name (or slight variations of the name), so only

ex-amples are listed in the Information Technology

Re-search Centers chart, but since most of them are

di-rectly concerned with advancements in

telecommu-nications technologies, this selection gives an

over-view of some of the Information Technology (IT)

centers accessible on the Web, along with their goals,

and their geographic distribution

information theoryThe pioneer studies in queuing

theory were developed and described by A.K Erlang,

a Danish engineer, in the early 1900s Information

theory, an evolutionary cousin to queuing theory, is

a field ofinquiry and mathematical modeling that was

largely developed and disseminated by Claude E

Shannon while working at Bell Laboratories in 1948

Shannon took a theoretical, mathematical look at

in-formation, in terms ofnot only its content and struc-ture, but also its source and purpose Thus, signals and their frequencies, bandwidths, physical compo-nents, and electromagnetic characteristics were set in the broader framework ofinformation and its human sources This provided a broader view of communi-cations and groundwork for more specific measures and descriptors ofcontent and capacity that have real world usefulness Information theory can be used to develop more objective system evaluation tools, com-pression techniques, and practical applications such

as voice-over IP systems See erlang, queuing theory InfoWattAnew electrical conductor technology that includes a fiber optics transmission cable in its core This new conductor was intended to solve the prob-lem of getting generated power more efficiently to consumers to alleviate existing distribution bottle-necks and, since fiber optics are not affected by elec-trical current in the same way as other elecelec-trical wires,

a fiber optic conductor can be bundled into the cable

in an electrically neutral core, saving space and open-ing up new opportunities for communications net-work delivery The cable consists ofa fiber optic core,

a surrounding layer of thermoplastic composite strength members, and an outer wrapping ofconduc-tive aluminum The structural components are non-conducting thermoplastic composite materials Test-ing is undetway and initial deployment is expected around 2003 InfoWatt was developed byW.Brandt Goldsworthy&Associates, Inc

infrared Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths which, in terms of frequencies, fall be-tween the red part of the visible spectrum and radio waves Although it cannot be seen by humans, infra-red radiation is of commercial importance in remote sensing systems, remote control devices, video game consoles, and fiber optic transmissions It is also be-ing exploited for local area wireless networks (LAWNs)

Infrared serial data link standards are being adapted

by a number of manufacturers Infrared technology can be used to detect differences in heat and, conse-quently, movement of bodies emitting heat Infrared detectors are used in many industries including electronics, construction (structural fault detection, heating, and insulation testing), and medical imaging Infrared film is used in specialized photographic

ap-IrDA Network Protocol Layers Layer/Protocol Notes

IrLMP Amandatory link management protocol which manages resources and services

and higher-level protocols which are made available to other devices IrLMP sets up and maintains multiple connections

IrLAP layer Link establishment, maintenance, and termination Similar to the half-duplex

link control (HDLC) protocol

physical layer Provides point-to-point connections and communications between devices with

cordless/wireless serial infrared half-duplex links

scope, ultraviolet.

Infrared Communication Systems Study

Commit-teeICSC A research committee of the Association

of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB),

study-ing and promotstudy-ing awareness and use of infrared

communications systems Centered in Tokyo, Japan

Infrared Data AssociationIrDA.Anorganization

established in 1993 to support and promote software

and hardware standards for cordless/wireless

infra-red communications links IrDA is headquarteinfra-red in

California Infrared can be used with remote controls

to control various consumer electronics devices and

can also be used for data transmission between

de-vices such as laptops, desktop computers, and

periph-erals See Infrared Data Association Protocol

Infrared Data Association ProtocolIrDA Protocol

A multilayered networking structure from IrDA for

defining hardware and software needs for infrared

network communications The IrDA protocol stack

covers physical transfer ofinformation, guidelines for

link access, and link management The layers are

briefly described in the IrDA Network Protocol

Lay-ers chart

Infrared Link Access ProtocolIrLAP A serial link

access protocol from IrDA which provides three types

of connectionless services and six types of

connec-tion-oriented services with four types of service

primitives IrLAP provides discovery, address

con-flict, and unit data services over connectionless

ser-vices and connect, sniffing, data, status, reset, and

dis-connect services or dis-connection-oriented services

IrLAP is primary-secondary or primary-multiple

sta-tion oriented

The IrLAP layer is intended to facilitate

interconnec-tion ofcomputers and peripherals over a directed

half-duplex medium provided through the physical layer

IrLAP stations can be operated in Normal Response

Mode(NRM)or Normal Disconnect Mode (NOM),

which correspond to connection state and contention

state IrLAP data and control are frame-oriented, with

a frame including an address, a control field for

de-termining frame content, and an optional information

field

infrastructureThe structural underpinning or base

that supports the other physical/conceptual layers

and components associated with a system

InGaAsNSee indium gallium arsenide nitride

INGECEPSee Integrated Next Generation

Elec-tronic Commerce Environment Project

ingress1 Entrance, point of entry, way in, opening,

doolWay 2 In Frame Relay networks, frames that are

entering toward the Frame Relay from an access

de-vice The opposite of egress

initial address messagelAM In Signaling System

7 (SS7) networks, a signaling message sent in the

fOlWard direction that initiates seizure ofa circuit, and

provides address and routing information for the

connection of the requested call See Signaling

System 7

Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program

IDCSP A project of the u.S military, IDCSP first

band transponders in the 26-MHz bandwidth, and supported experimental terminals for evaluating im-ages, voices, digital data, and teletype channels us-ing a variety ofmodulation schemes The IDCSPwas designed to shut down after five years ofuseful life

Initial MAC Protocol Data UnitIMPDU In packet-switched networking, the IMPDU encodes Media Access Control (MAC) Service Data Unit informa-tion Anumber ofMAC Protocol Data Units (pDUs) are derived from the segmentation ofthe IMPDU See Media Access Control, Protocol Data Unit

initial program load IPL The bootstrapping of a system in that the operating system is loaded up first

to make it possible to bring the other hardware and software systems online (monitors, disk drives, in-terface applications, etc.) Some systems provide a means to "soft boot" a machine (reloading the ini-tialization software and OS without turning the power off and on again)

Many systems will now allow the user to set the de-vice from which the computer will boot, especially ifthe computer has several possible boot devices such

as hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and floppy diskette drives At the present time, most systems have mini-mal startup programs stored in ROM chips and then default to boot the rest of the initialization of the OS from hard drives They will typically seek operating system software on other devices if it is not found on the default drive and may be set to boot from a CD-ROM or diskette first (rather than the hard drive) ifa disc/diskette is present

In a more specific sense, this same bootstrapping pro-cess occurs with many computer subsystems For example, there may be components or peripherals associated with a computer system that store initial parameters in ROM chips or on other storage devices that make it possible to bring the rest of the device's capabilities online

Initial Public OfferingIPO A Securities Commis-sion government-regulated mechanism for a pany to offer a variety oftypes ofshares (usually com-mon and preferred stock) to the general public There are a number of categories of public offerings, both state and federal, with levels ofrestrictions and guide-lines depending upon the amount of investment sought Telecommunications and biotech are two of the hot areas of recent years, and some high-profile stock offerings have been carried out in the technol-ogy industry, one ofthe most visible being Netscape Communications, developers ofWeb browsers/serv-ers and other applications

injection laser diode!LD See laser diode

inkjet printing Aninexpensive color printing pro-cess in which inks from a series of ink ''wells' are fired through a tiny opening called a nozzle The fir-ing is accomplished through heatfir-ing the ink cham-bers to a high temperature so a vapor bubble is formed, which rapidly ejects the ink through the end ofthe nozzle onto the printing medium, where it cools and adheres See dye sublimation printing, thermal wax printing

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Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary

InmarsatJllternational Maritime Satellite

Organiza-tion Originally an international cooperative agency

established in 1979, Inmarsat was then slated for

privatization for I January 1999 It launched in 1992

and has provided global mobile satellite

communi-cations services (voice, data, facsimile), especially

maritime services, since 1993 Inmarsat now serves

over 80 member countries

Inmarsat has a system offour geostationary satellites

orbiting at 35,786Ianusing frequency division

mul-tiple access (FDMA) It provides transportation

com-munications and Internet connect services Five more

are scheduled to be launched by the end of the

cen-tury.Twelve medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites are

also planned

Customers purchase services from a variety

ofpack-ages depending upon whether they need phone,

fac-simile, Internet, emergency services, telemedicine, etc

The ICONET satellite system is a spin-off

ofInmar-sat communications services, originally known as

Project 21 See Inmarsat Service Categories chart See

ICO Global Communications

http://www.inmarsat.orgl

INNI.See InterNet News 2 InterNode Network

INP See Interim Number Portability

InPerson A consumer-priced SGl-based

videocon-ferencing system supporting video, audio,

white-boarding, and file transfers over analog phone lines

and Ethernet networks Video encoding is

accom-plished through HDCC compression developed

in-house at Silicon Graphics with several audio

com-pression formats

input Information, in the form of a communication

or signal, provided to a person, system, or circuit

Computer software input mechanisms include

graphi-cal user interfaces, shell windows, buttons, icons,

dia-log boxes, etc Computer hardware input mechanisms

include keyboards, mice, trackballs, touchscreens,

joysticks, video cameras, and microphones The

in-put device on a telephone is relatively simple: a small

speakerphone or diaphragm (microphone) in the

tele-phone handset

input device illev (ill is sometimes used but may

be confused with identification).Aninterface device

for receiving and transmitting information from an

input source (frequently human) to a processing

sys-tem or remote location, usually a computing machine

or electromechanical device The input sensor and the

transmissions unit are often housed together (e.g.,

telephone) There are a great variety of input devices

including keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens,

touch screens, microphones (especially with speech

recognition systems), infrared sensors, video cams,

etc The invention ofthe mouse, one ofthe most

com-mon computer input devices, is attributed to Doug

Engelbart in the 1960s Many of the input devices in

common use today were pioneered by Ivan

Suther-land in the early 1960s See individual input devices

INSPEC The world's largest English-language

bib-liographic database in physics, computing, and

elec-tronics INSPEC evolved from Science Abstracts,

which was first published in January 1898 The

da-tabase regularly catalogs the contents of over 4000 technology journals, in addition to conference pro-ceedings and other relevant literature It currently holds more than 6 million records See Institution of Electrical Engineers

Institute for Advanced Commerce IAC.AnIBM forum for studying fundamental aspects and trends

in business Through academic partnerships and con-ferences, the Institute tracks business and market characteristics with the goal of creating long-term corporate solutions.Animportant focus of advanced commerce is the application of computer and com-munications technologies, collectively known as e-commerce

Institute for Telecommunication Sciences ITS The applied research division of the U.S National Tele-communications and Information Administration (NTIA) The ITS develops, tests, evaluates, and pro-motes advanced communications networks and do-mestic standards through its Boulder, Colorado, fa-cility

Institute of Radio Engineers IRE The IRE was a historic professional organization formed as a result

of the merger of the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (SWTE) and The Wireless Institute in

1912, in order to establish and promote an interna-tional orientation for the consolidated organization

It served as a standards body, in cooperation with the U.S federal government, and a professional support group for its members and the radio community at large See American Institute ofElectrical Engineers, IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc See IEEE

Institution of Electrical Engineers lEE A U.K.-based professional engineering society founded in

1871 that now has almost 140,000 members world-wide The LEE supports and promotes advancements

in electrical, electronic, and manufacturing sciences and engineering and provides publications, histori-cal archives, research databases, exhibitions, and edu-cational activities for its membership and, in some cases, for the general public LEE prod~ces the INSPEC engineering science database See INSPEC http://www.iee.org.uk/

Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Soci-ety ISA A standards-setting, international, nonprofit, professional society supporting instrumentation and systems engineers in more than 100 countries ISA provides a number ofpublications and awards relat-ing to the fields of instrumentation and automation,

as well as certification resources http://www.isa.orgl Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc ICEA

A not-for-profit professional trade association dedi-cated to developing cable standards for the various control, power, and telecommunications industries, founded in 1925 ICEA generates documents of in-terest to cable designers, manufacturers, and vendors http://www.icea.netl· insulated wire Conductive wire that has been coated, sealed, rubberized, clad, sheathed, or otherwise cov-ered or processed to protect it from electrical

leak-rosion It may also be internally insulated if the wire

is bundled with other wires or fabricated in layers that

could interfere with one another ifnot separated with

nonconductive materials

insulationA material or particulate environment

composed of atoms that do not readily give up their

electrons This inertial property can be exploited to

create industrial materials resistant to the flow

ofcur-rent and exchange ofheat between environments with

disparate temperatures Examples of common

insu-lating materials include rubber, glass, and porcelain,

but other substances can be insulators because

insu-lation is somewhat contextual The Earth's

atmo-sphere is an insulator, shielding the planet from

ul-traviolet radiation, for example When a storm occurs

and electrical charges accumulate around clouds, they

may overcome the air's insulating properties and

manifest as lightning

Historically, insulation was crucial to the successful

installation ofunderwater telegraph cables, beginning

in the 1800s Gutta-percha, a rubberlike substance

with excellent industrial properties for the time, made

it possible to lay cables in corrosive salt

environ-ments, where attempts with other materials had failed

Insulation also made it possible to install underground

telegraph and telephone wires and wires that could

be used in harsh wilderness environments In the

1930s, AT&T introduced a wire with improved

insu-lation for telephone transmissions

There are many primary and secondary ways in which

insulation is used in telecommunications, including

shielding conductive materials from heat or

electrical interference,

• providing protection from external physical

damage (erosion, corrosion, abrasion,

tamper-ing),

• providing protection and spacing among or

between proximate or layered

electromag-netic influences,

• providing a surface upon which marks or

col-ors can be imprinted to aid in installation and

maintenance, and

• providing protection to humans handling

cur-rent-carrying wires

There are some differences between insulating wires

and fiber optic bundles Wired telecommunications

typically carry one signal per wire and wire is

some-what resistant to breakage if it is bent (a 180°+ bend

can often be straightened out again without breaking

a wire) While several wires may be bundled together

(e.g., transatlantic telegraph cables were a collection

of bundled wires), wire assemblages typically don't

have the high number of strands found in fiber optic

cables, and tiny fiber optic strands can break or

eas-ily become separated from the assemblage at

junc-tion points Wires and optical fibers are also subject

to different forms of environmental damage,

result-ing in different choices for the types and thicknesses

of materials used to protect them

A small gouge or scratch may not significantly alter

but can significantly impair a tiny fiber from trans-mitting a consistent optical signal Insulation has to

be designed to accommodate these differences and stripping tools must be suitable for removing optical fiber insulating sleeves Further, installers must be aware of electrical shock hazards when working around current-carrying wires, which is not a prob-lem with optical fibers

Industrial insulation is used for purposes other than covering wires It may also be used to regulate the air temperature in facilities where material tempera-tures or operating temperatempera-tures are important, as in supercomputing applications or fabrication plants, where the room or chamber environments are impor-tant Insulation is further used in atomic research fa-cilities, as in supercooled environments, for study-ing specialized computstudy-ing functions (e.g., quantum computing) See dielectric

insulatorSee insulation

Utility Pole Insulators

Insulators commonly sed to shed moisture and sup-port conductive wires on utilitypoles They were once constructed ofglass (the early ones handmade), but now ceramic insulators are generally used and old glass insulators are collectibles.

insulator, utility poleHistorically, the fact that glass would make a good insulator was suggested by E Cornell, who assisted Samuel Morse in installing the historic 1843 Washington, D.C.-to-Baltimore tele-graph line He originally proposed glass plates and later described a more knob-like design, a larger ver-sion ofwhich eventually became standard and widely used on utility poles until the 1970s

Utility pole glass insulators are thick, threaded,

mug-or thermos-sized objects, in clear glass mug-or a variety ofcolors, most often blue or green Anumber ofhand-blown insulators were created in the late 1880s The oldest commercial mass-produced ones, originating some time in the early 1850s, lacked threads but were colored Molding processes for creating insulators were patented in the 1870s The Oakman beehive in-sulator was favored by Western Union for telegraph poles

Western Union used many thousands of Brookfield and Hemingray insulators over the years The move

to standardize insulators occurred around 1910; clear insulators were not produced until the 1930s Ceramic

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary

insulators were introduced around 1908 by Locke

In-sulator, in order to undercut the cost of glass

insula-tors

Insulators were developed in many shapes and sizes,

in a rainbow ofgem-like hues They provide a legacy

of poetically descriptive category names such as

slashtops, bat ears, eggs, beehives, and teapots

Well-known glass insulator manufacturers, like

Hemingray, shut down by the mid-1960s Historic

glass and ceramic insulators are found occasionally

in secondhand stores and antique auctions, and older

or more interesting ones are favored by collectors and

sometimes sell for hundreds of dollars

INTEGRALInternational Gamma Ray

Astrophys-ics Laboratory Amedium-size scientific mission

se-lected in June 1993 by the European Space Agency

(ESA) for the Horizon 2000 program The ESA-Ied

orbiting observatory mission is being carried out with

contributions by NASA and the Russian Federation

INTEGRAL is involved in imaging and spectroscopy

ofcelestial gamma-ray sources Observations will be

telecommunicated to ground-stations and made

avail-able to the global scientific community

Integrated Access DevicelAD Adata

communica-tions device that provides data and voice services,

usually to small- and medium-sized businesses lADs

have generally been used to provide circuit-switched

services, but as of January 2001, lADs supporting

migration to packet-switched IP services were being

offered commercially by Cisco Systems, Inc

Integrated Broadband Communicationsmc.A

European Community-wide system of

communica-tions capable of supporting a wide range of service

providers that was emerging in the mid-1980s and

whose development was formally supported in a

de-cision of the European Community (EC) in

Decem-ber 1978.Itwas felt by the European Council that

telecommunications systems would benefit the EC's

international competitiveness in general and the

tele-communications sector in particular It was also stated

that a system that united rather than regionalized

com-munications would be preferable and that common

specifications were necessary but not sufficient to

bring this about The Single European Act was

ex-pressed to provide a good political and legal base for

developing a European-wide scientific and

techno-logical strategy and industrial competitiveness in

tele-communications

One ofthe important contributors to the development

of themcis the Research and Development in

Ad-vanced Communications in Europe (RACE)

pro-gram RACE was involved in overallmc

develop-ment and more specifically, the developdevelop-ment of the

Mobile Broadband System (MBS) being integrated

with themc.In 1995, at the end ofits specified term,

RACE evolved into Advanced Communications

Technologies and Services (ACTS) to represent the

third phase of IBC implementation See Mobile

Broadband System, Research in Advanced

Commu-nicationsinEurope

Now that many ofthe initial steps in establishingmc

have been taken, it is expected that more Europeans

will stay at home to work, study, and socialize over computer networks, etc., thus increasing the impor-tance ofand demands onmc.It is also expected that individuals with limited mobility can benefit from IBC and that educational, government, and health care services will be an important aspect offfiC integrated circuitIC Asingle electronic component that incorporates what would normally require many traditional electrical circuits This enables complex, sophisticated capabilities to be bundled into tiny packages and also often increases the speed of inter-actions and processing A computer central process-ing (CPU) chip is one particular type of integrated circuit; a combination of circuits and chips included

on a single card, like a peripheral card, is also an ex-tension of the concept of an IC Very large scale in-tegration (VLSI) technology is the combination and interaction of many circuits in a combined package

In Canada, the Integrated Circuit Topography Act (1990) exists to protect registered integrated circuit designs as a form of intellectual property Various U.S and foreign copyright and patent laws also pro-tect and publicly disseminate information on unique ICs

Pioneer Integrated Ciruit

In 1958, Jack Kilby constructed a historic integrated circuit (IC) using germanium as the semiconductor,

at about the same time that R Noyce was working on the Ie concept at Fairchild Semiconductor Kilby s cir-cuit was primitive by todaysstandards, mounted on a transparent synthetic base with four wire leads pro-truding from one side, but the invention was one of the most important in electronics history, following the milestone inventions ofthe triode in the early 1900s and the transistor in the 1940s.

The concept for making resistors, capacitors, and other common hardware on circuit boards out ofsili-con was new in the 1950s Engineers from the old school evolving out of decades of experience with vacuum tubes and discrete components didn't imme-diately conceive the idea of using the new semicon-ductor technology for modeling all (or many) aspects

of a circuit design The earliest ICs included only a single transistor Now, astonishingly, more than 100 million transistors can be packed into an IC Credit for the introduction of ICs, in 1959, has long been attributed to Robert N Noyce, a Dane who was working at Fairchild Semiconductor and who helped

awarded au.s.patent in 1961 However, it appears

Jack St Clair Kilby, a Texan, is the original "Father

of the IC." Kilby apparently introduced the concept

in September 1958, and Texas Instruments

Incorpo-rated (TI) applied for a patent on Kilby's concept a

few months later It has been reported that Kilby's

patent was still being assessed as the Noyce patent

was granted In recent years, Kilby's contribution has

been acknowledged and lauded and Texas

Instru-ments has named a research center in his honor

His-torians generally consider the two inventors to have

independently developed their ideas at about the same

time

In engineering circles, the abbreviation IC is often

used as a pun to refer to both integrated circuit and

"Isee." See semiconductor, very large scale

integra-tion See Kilby, Jack; Noyce, Robert

integrated data accessIDA Aphrase usually applied

to database access through shared resources or

auto-mated lookup tools that facilitate

information-find-ing A number of Web-accessible government

ar-chives are said to be IDAs IDA also applies to a

num-ber of commercial database products that have

vari-ous database discovery, search, and retrieval

func-tions built into the product so that it can be readily

deployed by an institution to set up information

de-livery services without a lot oftime spent on in-house

programming

Integrated Digital Loop CarrierIDLC A system

designed to integrate Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)

systems with existing digital switches as in a SONET

network system A basic installation consists of

in-telligent remote digital terminals (ROTs) and digital

switch elements known as integrated digital

termi-nals (lOTs), interconnected by a digital line See

Digi-tal Loop Carrier

Integrated Digital NetworkIDN Adigital network

in which both the switching and the transmission are

digital Traditionally, communications switching has

been analog, even if the data transmission was

digi-tal, necessitating modulation and conversion that

lim-ited transmission integrity and speeds Gradually

digi-tal switches began to replace analog and digidigi-tal

phone; data services for general consumers began to

become widely available in the late 1990s

A computer with a modem is an example ofa hybrid

digital/analog transmission system Acomputer

gen-erates digital data that is sent to the modem for

con-version to analog signals for transmission through

traditional copper phone lines At the destination, it

is remodulated back to digital data and interpreted by

a computer While the transmission was in effect, the

phone line would be tied up to preclude voice

trans-missions With the evolution and installation

ofdigi-tal circuitry throughout the phone system, a gradual

transition to digital services such as ISDN and ATM

is enabling enhanced communications services for

business and residential customers as end-to-end

digi-tal transmissions systems are gradually supplanting

analog or hybrid systems.Itis now possible to

trans-mit data and digital voice services over the same

sub-modems are used to interconnect subscriber premises

to digital services over public networks through both copper and fiber optic media See ISDN, Signaling System 7

Integrated Dispatch ID In general, computer-en-hanced dispatch administration and/or messaging services integrated with traditional radio dispatch communications This is ofparticular interest to emer-gency services call centers, where accountability and response times are important, and also to companies that have sophisticated dispatch tracking needs See Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio

integrated injection logicIlL A form of bipolar logic, reduced power circuit intended to provide greater efficiency over TTL chips

Integrate IS-ISAproprietary routing protocol using

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routing protocol called IS-IS The DEC implemen-tation provides support for a number of other open and proprietary protocols by encapsulating them into Internet Protocol(IP).

Integrated Internet Information Architecture IlIA.Aneffort by Weider, Mitra, Sollins, et al to de-velop protocol specifications and enhancements for some ofthe widely used Internet information systems

Based on the concepts that one solution will not fit all users and that users need a way to transition to other systems as their needs mature or change, the developers have focused on creating object-oriented informational and functional models for an Internet information architecture

integrated messaging, unified messaging Aterm to describe the combination and consolidation of mes-saging services such as voice, video, facsimile, email, etc through a networked computer system

With a computer phone set, a scanner, and a printer attached to a microcomputer, it is possible to have all the capabilities of these various technologies in-tegrated into one system In fact, setting up the

sys-tem this way provides more capabilities than these

services have individually, since the computer soft-ware can be configured to monitor the calls, store ac-counting information, transfer data among the vari-0us systems, and use files directly, as in directly fax-ing a document from the word processor, without printing it and sending it through a dedicated fac-simile machine When a facfac-simile is received, it can

be processed to tum it into text and images, or docu-ment and PostScript-format files can be sent directly, without any scanning or translation

By attaching an Internet phone set to the computer, the computer can check the time at the desired desti-nation, dial the call automatically from a database of names, connect the call, signal an alert when it is con-nected, keep track of the duration of the connection, alert you while making the call if you are attending

to other business, and log the call, if desired, for

fu-ture reference or statistical or business tracking

By using an integrated voice, file, email service, you

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary

can speak into the headset or a microphone and record

a mail message, send it the same as normal email,

which means the recipient can access it whenever he

or she is online, and listen to it played on the

desti-nation computer as a sound file This message can

easily be combined with text files with binary files

as attachments The NeXTStep operating system has

had this flexible type of voice/emaiVfile capability

built into its email system since the late 1980s, and

Smalltalk object-oriented systems had it even sooner,

so it is by no means a new concept Unfortunately, it

is not yet implemented on many commonly used

plat-forms

integrated modelAnetwork traffic routing solution

supporting an exchange of routing information

be-tween ATM routing and higher level routing This

provides timely external routing information within

the ATM routing and provides transit ofexternal

rout-ing information through the ATM routrout-ing between

ex-ternal routing domains

Integrated Next Generation Electronic Commerce

Environment ProjectINGECEP A trio of

experi-mental projects to test online business/financial

en-vironments INGECEP was proposed by the Telecom

Services Association of Japan (TELESEA) to the

APEC Telecommunications Working Group as an

international interconnection ofelectronic commerce

test-beds In Japan project funding is provided by the

Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications

INGECEP is promoted by the member companies of

the Cyber Business Association (CBA) as follows:

• a debit-based commerce system introduced as

a pilot project in 1995 It is associated with

multimedia information (online malls,

educa-tional institutions, government sites,

muse-ums, etc.) provided by regional SMEs in

co-operation with the Telecom Services

Associa-tion ofJapan (TELESA) on the backbone

net-work using TCP/IP over ATM

• a secure electronic credit-based commerce

system utilizing Japanese cryptologic

technol-ogy, HTTP, and MOSS carried out at the

Ja-pan Electronic Messaging Association

(JEMA)

an electronic money system launched to

pro-mote content-based business

The fIrst INGECEP trials between Japan and

Singa-pore were conducted in July 1998 Increased interest

after this trial necessitated guidelines for

intercon-necting multiple cross-border economies

This is an important electronic commerce

globaliza-tion effort It defines, specifies, and tests

cross-bor-der remote technologies in the context of consumer

trust, privacy, and language differences while also

taking into consideration consumer protection,

cur-rency differences, import/export regulations, and

money transfer transactions After initial testing, a

new approach labeled the Electronic Market system

was employed to increase the scope of the project

around the Asia-Pacific Region, including South

Korea, Malaysia, and the United States

Integrated Services Digital NetworkSee ISDN, Signaling System 7

integrated serviceA type of service more recently being designed and deployed on the Internet in addi-tion to best effort services tradiaddi-tionally provided in-tegrated services support special traffic handling based upon bandwidth, network latency, and other requirements not usually handled with best effort ser-vices Examples include guaranteed service and con-trolled load service

Intel CorporationOne ofthe best known ofthe chip manufacturers serving the desktop computer market, rivalled mainly by Motorola Intel's chips are widely installed in microcomputers worldwide

Intel evolved out of an earlier company founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, who had worked together at the Schockley lab in Palo Alto They founded a division of Fairchild Camera to exploit semiconductor technology, called Fairchild Semicon-ductor They later cofounded Intel Corporation, which continues today as one of the world's leading chip design and manufacture firms

The Intel4-bit 108 kilohertz 4004 microprocessor be-came an important historical impetus in the design

of desktop computers, with its successor, the 8008, becoming the world's first commercially significant programmable central processing unit (CPU) The

4004 was developed by Marcian (Ted) Hoff, intro-duced in November 1971 Three other chips accom-panied the 4004, offered as the MCS-4 chip family The Scelbi computer, first promoted in 1974, and the Altair, which came out as a kit a few months later, incorporated the successor to the MCS-4 family, the MCS-8, based around the 200-kHz 8008 (the 8008 was an enhanced version of the 4040) 8-bit micro-processor

The 4004 was incorporated into many automated sys-tems, including light controls, appliances, calculators, musical instruments, etc

Gary Kildall developed a programming language for the early Intel processors called PL/M The 8080 was incorporated into the Altair 8800, as it was in some

of the S-100 bus (Altair bus) computers that became competitive with the historic Altair Since then, the most significant evolution in Intel desktop computer chips is the Pentium series, introduced in the early 1990s

The Intel Overview table is not comprehensive, but

it provides an encapsulated look at some ofthe high-lights in Intel chip development for microcomputer CPUs since the mid-1970s See Hoff, Marcian; inte-grated circuit; International Business Machines; Kildall, Gary; Moore, Gordon; Motorola; Noyce, Robert

Intel Video Interactive IVI.Intel purchased the Digi-tal Video Interactive (DVI) chipset technology and developed it into Indeo 2 and Indeo 3, now known as IVI

IVI has a number of interesting features, including transparency (e.g., for background overlays), scaling, and the use of an interframe codec for compression, based on relatively new wavelet compression,

encod-can be represented at different resolution levels Data

can be password-embedded for protection Key

frames can be incorporated as reference points for

random access Brightness and contrast settings can

be adjusted to adapt to the characteristics ofthe

play-back system

intelligent agentA software application

precon-figured or trained to handle tasks dynamically, or that

has been trained to recognize certain characteristics

of the input, which might be a person's voice,

hand-writing, or other specialized type of input that may

vary from user to user.Anintelligent email agent may

be configured to screen out "spam," unsolicited

com-mercial messages, to sort messages into folders

ac-cording to sender or priority, or to forward messages

to another address if the user is traveling or reading

mail at another location

The difference between a custom agent and an

intel-ligent agent is that the custom agent is explicitly

figured by the user, whereas the intelligent agent

con-figures itself on the basis of monitoring the user's

habits and interaction history The agent then

estab-lishes actions and parameters based on intelligent

analysis ofthe user's actions and preferences In other

words, a custom agent would require that the user

explicitly instruct the email client to put all messages

with "make money fast" in the subject line into a

spam bucket, a file that contains unsolicited email

in a row with "make money fast" in the subject line were moved to the other file area, and would subse-quently do the transfer automatically on behalfofthe user, perhaps prompting the first time it makes this decision in order to confinn that it is canying out user preferences See artificial intelligence, expert sys-tem

intelligent answeringAtelephony industry market-ing phrase for telephony-computer applications that pop up an information box on a computer screen based on the number that has been called or answered The pop-up box provides information about the caller/callee contained within publicly available da-tabases or in-house client lists or contact dada-tabases Intelligent110Anopen standard designed to provide

a device-independent device driver architecture Ap-plied to redundant array ofinexpensive disks (RAID) systems, Intelligent I/O provided faster drive access intelligent load balancingIn computer telephony integration (CTI) applications, a mechanism for bal-ancing call volume in centers that handle many calls

or that forward calls to subsidiary call centers Load balancing is based on statistical models for evaluat-ing queues, call durations, call priorities, and the num-ber ofagents available to handle the calls The intent, ofcourse, is to streamline the service so that calls are handled quickly and efficiently, and distributed well over the types and numbers of agents available

Overview of Some Common Intel Desktop Computer Central Processing Units

memory; 46 instructions

instructions, and more space for programming and stack

which could be combined into 16-bit register pairs; 256 I/O ports

8-bit 64K I/O

80486DX 32 32 32 25 MHz 1989 On-board cache, pipelines,

integrated floating point unit

Pentium 32 64 32 66 MHz 1993 Separate caches; superscalar

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary

Intelligent Music Workstation IMW A

five-year-long project which resulted in the 1994 release of a

musical software/hardware environment in which

commercial products can be integrated as modules

Developed at the Laboratory for Musical Informatics

ofthe Department ofInformation Sciences ofthe

Uni-versity ofMilan, Italy, funded by the Italian National

Research Council

Intelligent Network LN See Advanced Intelligent

etwork

Intelligent Networks Call ModeILNCM Gaddis et

al described a Call Model for multipoint

communi-cations in switched networks in the early 1990s The

model provided dynamic multipoint, multiconnection

communication channels (calls) for network clients

Protocols were defined for clients to create, manage,

and manipulate telecommunications calls The Model

provided basic interconnection services for local and

wide area networks At about the same time, Hill and

Ishizaki described a Cal1 Model for distributed

mul-timedia communications intended to encompass a

number of types ofmedia rather than being restricted

to a specific type of data communication (e.g.,

video-conferencing)

In current practice, the LNCM is a significant

telecom-munications Call Model central to advanced

intelli-gent networks (AINs) that are typically implemented

over SS7 networks In general, this Call Model is a

representation of service switching point (SSP)

cal1-processing functions for establishing, maintaining,

and taking down a cal1 The Call Model incorporates

Points in Call (PICs), Trigger Detection Points

(TDPs), and the triggers themselves LNCM is also

sometimes called the Basic Cal1 Model See

Univer-sal Call Model

intelligent routingI Indata networks, an automated,

dynamic, self-configuring routing system that takes

most of the workload of configuration and

mainte-nance from the human operator and handles it through

software algorithms These days, most routers and

switchers are designed to handle routing intelligently

and the distinction between routing and intelligent

routing may gradually disappear 2 In telephony call

servicing, a marketing phrase to describe the

auto-matic routing of a call to an appropriate operator or

sales rep based on information and criteria contained

in a list or more complex database As an example, if

a call comes in from ABC Copy Machines, from

which a company leases equipment, a scenario can

be set up to route ABC Copy Machines' calls to the

equipment department or the print room, depending

upon who usually talks to that vendor Similarly a new

caller, with a number that is not yet recognized by

the system, might be routed to the information desk

or to a new client sales rep

intelligent transportation systems ITS

Transpor-tation systems that incorporate new computer

tech-nologies, such as Global Positioning System (GPS),

to improve efficiency See Intelligent Vehicle

High-way Systems

intelligent vehicle highway systems IVHS

Ad-vanced navigational systems which incorporate

computer technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and navigational databases IVHS ve-hicles include sensors and compasses to interface with the computer control mechanisms and incorporate dead reckoning, maps, and GPS data to control di-rection and sometimes velocity.IVHsystems can be configured for optimum efficiency and safety and could apply extremely well to specially designed mass transit pods or automated commuter systems Even regular traffic could benefit fromIVHsystems See guidance system

intelligent workstationIW.A computer system with advanced features or knowledge bases suitable for business or scientific applications beyond that which

a home user mi'ght need, for example, but which com-bines these enhanced features with accessible inter-face design so that the user need not be a computer expert to take advantage of their features

Intelligent Workstation Architecture IWA A framework for a computing system with advanced functions or applications such as expert knowledge bases, decision-making algorithms, intelligent search and retrieval functions, and other features that offer advanced computing wrapped upwithin an

interac-tive, streamlined user interface design Knowledge bases for complex data sets (scientific, medical, fi-nancial, etc.) that can be accessed and used by com-puterusers with normal computer operating skills, but without computer technical-expert skills are good candidates for development within an IWA frame-work

intelligibility In communications, the degree to which a message can be understood by sound and context While articulation refers to the specific abil-ity to make out a communication, intelligibilabil-ity is the ability to make out sentences and phrases based not only on articulation, but also on context and infer-ence Thus, a poorly articulated transmission might still be decipherable in context, especially when enough information is giventofigure out the nature

of the communication Intelligibility does not require perfect articulation or good fidelity Ifa listener hears

"Rog ov out" at the end of a CB radio conversa-tion with a lot of noise on the line, it is still intel1i-gible as "Roger, over and out" to an experienced ra-dio operator See articulation, fidelity

International Federation for Information Process-ingIFIP An international, nongovernmental, non-profit organization comprised of organizations in the field of information processing.IFIP was established

in 1960 under UNESCO as a result of discussions at the World Computer Congress, Paris, 1959.IFIP sup-ports and promotes the research and development of information technologies for the benefit of all people

It hosts a number of Technical Committees to help fulfil these aims hrtp://www.ifip.or.atl

INTELSATInternational Telecommunications

Sat-ellites The largest commercial not-for-profit satel-lite communications services provider, founded in 1964.LNTELSAT is a cooperative of more than 140 member nations and has 20 communications satel-lites in geostationary orbit, with further launches

subscribers, many of them major broadcasting and

telephone companies, paying for services according

to their type and duration

INTELSAT lays claim to having launched the world's

first commercial communications satellite in 1965

(Early Bird) and the first global communications

sys-tem in 1969 In 1980, they launched INTELSAT V,

the first to use dual-polarization transmissions

equip-ment INTELSAT VI was a subsequent series offive

satellites built by Hughes Aircraft Company

In 1995, INTELSAT began providing global

Inter-net access services through its satellite system See

Early Bird http://www.intelsat.intl

Intelsat Business Servicems.A commercial

tele-communications service based on the INTELSAT

satellite communications capabilities.msprovides

almost 10,000 communications channels for a wide

variety of services, including voice, facsimile, data,

videoconferencing, and telex

Inter Exchange Carrier IEC, IXC Atelephony

vice provider permitted to provide long-distance

ser-vices between Local Access and Transport Areas

(LATAs), but not within a LATA region It is also

of-ten writof-ten as Interexchange Carrier The category is

important as IECs are bound by a number of

regula-tions to support their provision ofservices while still

safeguarding competitive opportunities for other

tele-communications providers who do not fit the

defini-tion for IECs See Local Exchange Carrier

inter- Prefix for between, usually between external

and internal systems

Inter-Access Point Protocol lAPP A specification

developed by Lucent Technologies, Aironet Wireless

Communications, and Digital Ocean, lAPP is a means

for different vendors to communicate with one

an-other through roaming wireless mobile

communica-tions lAPP describes a backbone-based handover

process for mobile stations when implemented in

conjunction with the IEEE 802.11 standard

interactive 1 Reciprocal communication, that is,

with a back-and-forth, or query-and-answer

charac-ter 2 Software which responds to the individual's

input, usually in realtime or near realtime, as in

mul-timedia applications Video games are highly

inter-active, whereas archive searches over the Internet

may be extremely slow (sophisticated searches can

take days) Depending upon the circumstances,

pro-grams with slow interactivity may be better processed

as batch files Contrast with batch processing

interactive asynchronous communicationslAC.A

means ofinteractively communicating over an

asyn-chronous network connection that allows control of

and communication with devices such as a computer

modem over a serial connection Typically the

trans-mission line (e.g., serial line) will be initialized to set

up communications parameters before carrying out

interactive communications lAC is useful in

situa-tions where the status and operating parameters of a

device are broadcast back to the user

Interactive Media Alliance, The TIMA Anonprofit

professional organization supporting various levels

exchange of ideas and knowledge regarding interac-tive media and promotes the advancement ofthe tech-nology TlMA is affiliated with the Technology As-sociation of Georgia http://www.tima.org/

interactive television Interactive TV, I-TV, lTV TV broadcasting configured to provide a two-way dia-log between the user and the broadcaster, enabled by computerization and two-way transmission circuits Interactive TV has been implemented in a number of ways since the late 1970s, from educational program-ming to interactive music concerts and on-demand video, but the potential of this technology has only been hinted at so far

One of the earliest interactive TV networks was the QUBE system from Warner Communications, which was first tested in Columbus, Ohio Time Warner de-veloped subsequent versions of this technology De-pending upon how it is implemented, interactive TV has been ofmore interest to educators than traditional passive-interactive TV for distance and self-directed education See QUBE

Interactive Television Association See Association for Interactive Media

interactive video services IVS Interactive video, in its broadest sense, is public or private image and sound broadcasting through public or private net-works that is available upon request by the user Due

to the convergence of broadcast and computer tech-nologies, it is now feasible to provide partial- and full-service interactive video full-services through a number

of transmissions media: twisted copper pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless However, with the exception of fiber optic cable, the use of existing technologies, which were designed for other services, means that none of them are ideally configured for IVS, and vendors are hurrying to find ways to deploy services ahead of their competitors Thus, a variety oftechnologies are emerging, in spite ofthe fact that the marketability of these services is not yet fully proven

Interactive video services potentially include games, movies, and specialized channeling, such as stock quotations and industry-specific news Some ofthese have been tried with varying success in different in-dustries and regions, and some companies are devis-ing ways to offer them over the Internet

interactive voice response IVR Systems that re-spond to voice commands or voice characteristics and may also prompt the user for further information or clarification Phone systems that can recognize and respond to simple spoken commands are becoming more common, and software programs can interpret spoken commands and prompt users through synthe-sized speech

Interagency Management Council for Federal Communications IMC A representative body for telecommunications executives at key U.S federal agencies, including the Department ofCommerce, the Department of Defense, the Department of Educa-tion, the Department of Justice, NASA, the U.S Postal Service, and others It was established to