Aworking committee ofthe European Telecom-munications Standards Institute ETSI engaged in defining the infrastructure and environmental aspects of all telecommunications equipment.. Ecol
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through SDP/SAP, content is the broadcast
program-ming (e.g., amovie), and broadcast data triggers help
to administrate the enhanced TV services
The ATVEF recommends that the PNG image
for-mat be used for Internet TV broadcasting whenever
possible, with JPEG and GIF for services not yet
available through PNG See broadcast data trigger
Enhanced Trivial FTPEnhanced Trivial FHe
Trans-fer Protocol Anexperimental implementation of
Network Block Transfer Protocol (NETBLT) that
uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for its
trans-port layer It was designed as a means to improve data
transfer throughput for the specialized needs of half
duplex radio networks using the Internet Protocol
(IP) Through ETFTP, transmission parameters can
be customized for low-speed, long-delay radio links
See File Transfer Protocol, Simple File Transfer
Pro-tocol, Trivial File Transfer ProPro-tocol, RFC 998,
RFC 1350, RFC 1986
ENIACElectrical Numerical Integrator and
Calcu-lator/Computer Ahistorically significant, post World
War II, room-sized, vacuum tube, punch card
com-puterdedicated in 1943, following the success ofthe
Harvard Mark I ENIAC was developed by John W
Mauchly and1.Presper Eckert at the University of
Pennsylvania, under the guidance of John Brainerd
Adele Goldstine authored the technical guide
"Manual for the ENIAC" in 1946, the year the
com-puter was unveiled in Philadelphia Hand wiring was
necessary to configure ENIAC to handle different
problems
The ENIAC was derived in part from the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) At the very least, the ABC
provided inspiration for the ENIAC, and it is possible
that it also provided some design ideas In the 1930s,
Mauchly is reported to have visited with Atanasoff
and left with notes on the ABC See Atanasoff, John
V.; Atanasoff-Berry Computer
ENN See Emergency News Network
ENOSEnterprise Network Operating System.An
operating system with the power and reliability to
effectively support a medium- or larger-sized
busi-ness or institution
ENSSee Emergency Number Service
Enterprise Application ServerEAS A temporary
name for an Open Source project to create a
multi-platform, open source Sun Microsystems Java
appli-cation server suitable for enterprise firms, that
main-tains consistency with industry standards, particularly
J2EE
Enterprise Computer Telephony ForumECTF.A
nonprofit association established in 1995 to promote
interoperability among computer
telecommunica-tions products and to provide a framework for
Com-puter Telephony (CT) interoperability, including
stan-dards and education http://www.ectf.org/
enterprise network, corporate networkAnetwork
that broadly serves the needs ofan enterprise (a larger
business) and reaches most of the network-using
members of the organization Since larger networks
often have different types ofusers, they may integrate
a variety of technologies, such as a private branch
exchange (PBX), datalvoice/videoconferencing, etc
envelope I Boundary, encasement, encapsulated entity, bounding box, extent 2 The globe around a vacuum tube or bulb 3 In amplitude modulation, the extents ofthe frequencies ofthe modulated wave 4 A means of describing the content and characteristics
of a message
Environmental Engineering Technical Committee
EE Aworking committee ofthe European Telecom-munications Standards Institute (ETSI) engaged in defining the infrastructure and environmental aspects
of all telecommunications equipment Working groups of the EE include environmental conditions (EE 01) and power supplies (EE 02)
EE 0I involves the development of environmental classes and the classification environmental condi-tions and related equipment tests to verify that they are mutually compatible Ecological aspects are not supported by this project, as it was decided that these are being addressed by the European Information and Technology Industry Association (EICTA) EE 02 involved amending and improving existing standards for power supplies and developing an ETSI Guide for power distribution for telecommunications networks
ENVISATAproject ofthe European Space Agency, ENVISAT is an advanced polar orbit Earth imaging satellite system, intended to eventually supersede the ERS-I and ERS-2 systems launched in the 1990s It
is designed to provide advanced imaging using a va-riety ofradar and other sensing systems for scientific research and commercial purposes Tests were suc-cessfully carried out in French Guyana in 2000, and ENVISAT is expected to provide imagery for a pe-riod of about five years from the time of launch See European Polar Platform, European Remote-Sensing Satellite http://envisat.esa.intl
EO1 end office 2 erasable optical
EOBend of block See end of file for a description that is conceptually similar to end of block markers
EOCSee embedded operations channel
EOFSee end of file
EOMend of message See end of file for a descrip-tion that is conceptually similar to end of message markers
EOS 1 Earth-observing satellite 2 See Earth Ob-serving System 3 electro-optical system
EOT1 end of transmission EOT signals enable a system to provide a variety of communications op-tions, such as the initiation ofan automated sequence (e.g., sounding an alarm if it has been an emergency transmission), signaling that the other end of the transmission may now transmit, shutting down the system if appropriate, turning on other equipment, etc.AnEDT signal may be passive or active A pas-sive EOT might be signaled after 30 seconds of si-lence or 30 seconds without further transmissions, for example.Anactive EDT might be a specific sequence ofbytes or frequencies that are recognized as mean-ing the end has been reached or is imminent 2 end
of tape EDT flags or markers enable manufacturers
to include capabilities related to the tape player or recorder that allow it to signal the end, automatically
Trang 2verse side ofthe tape upon reaching the end ofthe side.
EOTC 1 Electro-Optics Technology Center A
de-partment at Tufts University that researches and
pro-vides hands-on education in the areas in which
op-tics and electronics are related, founded in 1984
2 Executive Office ofTransportation and
Construc-tion 3 European Organisation for Testing and
Cer-tification See European Organisation for Confonnity
Assessment
EphemerisA tabular prediction of the position of a
celestial body or orbiting satellite This may be
cal-culated from Earth information or supplemented with
information transmitted by the satellite itself, as in
Global Positioning System (GPS) data
EPIC1 See Electronic Privacy Information Center
2 European Project on Information Infrastructure
Co-ordination Group
EPllSGSee European Project On Information
Infra-structure Starter Group
EPLRSSee Enhanced Position Location Reporting
System
epoxyAsynthetic resin useful for protecting or
bond-ing materials such as fiber optic cable components
Epoxy has excellent adhesion properties for many
types of materials, good water resistance, chemical
resistance, and optical characteristics
Epoxy has a tendency to set over time, even when
stored in a closed container, rendering it useless for
anything other than a doorstop For this reason,
ep-oxy is often mixed on an as-needed basis in the
amount required for a specific task.Itmay be air cured
for a few hours or heated to cure in a few minutes
It is important to handle epoxy carefully as it can bond
fingers and other body parts and generally get in the
way if spilled or sprayed It is best to have a separate
set of tools for opening, handling, and mixing the
epoxy so the glue doesn't damage fragile
compo-nents If the epoxy mix is sufficiently viscid, it can
be applied with a disposable syringe as long as the
needle bore isn't too fine Be careful to wear safety
goggles and never point the syringe at anything that
is not intended to be bonded
One common use of epoxy is as a bonding agent to
attach fiber filaments within the ferrule of a
termi-nating or coupling connector
EPP1 See Enhanced Parallel Port 2 European
Po-lar Platform
EPPA1 Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988)
2 See European Public Paging Association
EPRMLextended partial response/maximum
like-lihood See partial response/maximum likelike-lihood
EPROMSee Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
EPSSee encapsulated PostScript
EPSCSEnhanced Private Switched Communications
Service A commercial switch-renting service from
AT&T serving businesses
Equal AccessA requirement resulting from the
AT&T divestiture Modified Final Judgment (MFJ) in
the 1980s, that holds that each Bell Operating
Company must provide network services access to
that used by the Bell Operating Companies them-selves See Feature Groups
Equal Charge RuleAstipulation ofthe 1980s AT&T divestiture Modified Final Judgment requiring Bell Operating Companies to charge rates that don't vary
as the volume of traffic varies See Modified Final Judgment
Equatorial Constellation CommunicationsSee ECCO
erasable programmable read-only memory
EPROM Aread-only computer memory chip that can
be electronically erased and reprogrammed An EPROM is like an Etch-a-Sketch® in that it's a gen-eral purpose device for imprinting information that can be changed or retained at the discretion of the programmer The EPROM can be programmed for specific needs and doesn't require a constant current
to keep the memory refreshed In other words, it re-tains the information if the system is turned off EPROMs are handy for technology that is frequently upgraded, such as computer peripherals (e.g., mo-dems) The information most likely to change can be put in an EPROM, and the chip can be swapped out for an updated EPROM while retaining the rest ofthe circuitry
erasable storageAny storage medium on which the information can be readily removed after it has been recorded Most erasable storage media are magnetic
in nature, as magnetic particles are amenable to be-ing rearranged to remove the data encodbe-ing, or to overwrite new infonnation Semipermanent magnetic storage media include hard disks, floppy diskettes, data cartridges, and audio/video tapes
Many types of memory chips are also erasable and are commonly used as temporary storage on comput-ers The most commonly used memory chips will lose the information when the power is discontinued
A few optical storage media are also erasable, as some have been developed such that the layer in which the encoded pits are stored can be subsequently altered, but this property is not common to most optical me-dia See erasable, programmable read-only memory, superparamagnetic
erbiumA rare earth element commonly used in the doping offiber optic cables to manipulate their trans-mission propagation characteristics, especially to enable cables to carry signals for longer distances Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) have not had sufficient bandwidth to support wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), but recent research with er-bium-doped amplifiers in modified silica and tellu-rite glass hosts indicates that broader bandwidth sup-port is possible See yttrium
erbium-doped fiber amplifierEDFA Erbium-doped amplifiers have become an important means
of reducing signal loss on long fiber optic transmis-sions Traditionally the attenuation of a light signal
in a fiber optic cable over distance was handled by converting the signal to electromagnetic energy, amplifying it, and converting it back to an optical sig-nal The development of EDFAs provided a means
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ofamplification without conversion, and they amplify
far more efficiently than analogous electronic
ampli-fiers These fiber optic amplifiers came into use in
the late 1980s and are now used to extend the range
of fiber optic transmissions See doping, simulated
Raman scattering
erbium dopingA technique of using erbium, a rare
earth element, to impregnate another material in
or-der to alter its transmission characteristics Erbium
doping is a technique used in the manufacture of
fi-ber optic communications cables amplifiers to
mini-mize signal loss over distance See doping
EReEuropean Radiocommunications Committee
See European Radiocommunications Office
ergonomicsThe study and application ofhuman
en-gineering, i.e., the design ofsystems and products that
adapt them to the needs and comforts of their users,
rather than the other way around Ergonomic
appli-cations require a knowledge of human anatomy,
movement, and orientation, as well as human
percep-tion and preferences - psychological and
sociologi-cal This information is then incorporated into design
and manufacturing with a result that, more often than
not, is an economic and social compromise
Never-theless, ergonomic designs are to be encouraged A
number of interesting ergonomic adaptations can be
seen in the design ofchairs, computer keyboards, and
phone head and hand sets
Ericsson TelecommunicationsA major equipment
supplier and research and development organization
serving Canadian and world communications
mar-kets, especially in mobile phone industries
erlangA unit of measure of telephone traffic It has
been variously interpreted in the telephone industry
as equal to a full traffic path, to a specified number
of calling seconds, or to a ratio of full traffic to no
traffic The term is based on mathematical analysis
of the characteristics of telephone transmissions by
the Danish telephone engineer A.K Erlang Erlang
was analyzing traffic flow and congestion in the
Copenhagen Telephone Company beginning in 1908,
which led to changes in the design of telephone
switches
Erlang's theories have had practical applications in
phone system design for many decades, but now they
have to be re-evaluated in light of changing
charac-teristics of phone calls since the rise of the Internet
Two-hour voice calls are rare; two-minute voice calls
are common But when computer users log onto the
Internet, two-hour connect times are common, as are
four-hour connect times The theories used to develop
trunk use and capacity algorithms may have to be
re-applied to the new types ofusage patterns See
queu-ing theory
Erlang, Agner Krarup (1878-1929) A Danish
mathematician, educator, and telephone engineer who
studied the mathematical characteristics oftelephone
transmissions in the early 1900s and described his
findings in a number of publications, includingThe
Theory ofProbabilities and Telephone Conversations
in 1909 He described how random calls follow a
Poisson pattern of distribution This observation not
only led to some practical design changes in tele-phone switching systems,italso was the beginning
of the study of queuing theory, an area of research that has many implications for current research and applications in data network traffic See erlang ERMSee EMC and Radio Spectrum Matters Tech-nical Committee
ERMAElectronic Recording Method/Machine, Ac-counting A historic banking system, first demon-strated in 1955 By a year later, the system had been enhanced with solid-state components and released
as ERMA Mark II.In1959, General Electric began delivering the system, and one was installed in a Bank
of America location in California, considered to be the world's first electronic banking system
ERMESEuropean/Enhanced Radio Messaging Sys-tem A European wireless mobile communications paging protocol specified by the European Telecom-munications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1986 ERMES operates at 169.6 to 169.8 MHz at 6.25 Mbps See EMBARC, SkyTel
EROSee European Radiocommunications Office ERP effective radiated power
error controlIn computing, there are many schemes, philosophies, and protocols for safeguarding the in-tegrity of data Error control encompasses several aspects of data handling: error detection and error correction, ifappropriate or possible, that may be part ofmore extensive data recovery One ofthe most ru-dimentary types of error control is detect-and-drop-if-bad In other words, if cyclic redundancy check-ing (CRC), noise senscheck-ing, or some other error detec-tion mechanism detects a problem, drop the transmis-sion While this method sounds harsh, it actually was the predominant strategy for file transfer protocols for many years
Error control is related to every aspect ofcomputing, not just file transfers.Itinvolves user interaction with applications programs, file loads and saves, data pro-tection while files are open, and information protec-tion for cached data The most common implemen-tations oferror control, however, are in network trans-missions and dialup data transfers through modems The arsenal of error control mechanisms is growing, and, more and more, error control schemes are a mix
of software and hardware functions Error control protocols now sometimes include sophisticated check, compare, and evaluate algorithms, and some incorporate artificial intelligence concepts
There are a number oferror-correcting protocols now widely used in data modems, including MNP4, HST, and V.42 (which includes MNP4 and Link Access Procedure (LAP-M)) See checksum, cyclic redun-dancy checking, Microcom Networking Protocols (for a chart), XModem, YModem, ZModem error free secondsEFS A unit of measure of the quality ofa transmitted signal expressed as a percent-age of bit errors over a specified period oftime EFS
is defined in theITU-T 0 Series Recommendations (0.151) See bit error rate
ERSSee European Remote Sensing Satellite
ERTS-lSee Earth Resources Technology Satellite
Trang 4Space Agency.
ESCASee International Speech Communication
As-sociation
ESF 1 See European Science Foundation 2 See
Extended SuperFrame
ESI 1 electro-scientific instrument 2 electronic
share-trading system 3 Enhanced Serial Interface
4 End System Identifier In ATM networks, an
iden-tifier that distinguishes multiple nodes at the same
level, in case the lower level peer group is partitioned
5 environmental sensing instrument
ESMRSee Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
ESMTPSee Extended Simple Mail Transport
Pro-tocol
ESN 1 See electronic serial number 2 electronic
switched network 3 See emergency services
num-ber
ESnetSee Energy Sciences Network
ESO Imaging SurveyAn astronomical imaging
project of the European Southern Observatory, an
intergovernmental organization headquartered in
Germany The project is an ongoing public imaging
survey in support of very large telescope (VLT)
projects Data gathered from the original and PILOT
surveys are in the public domain http://www.eso.org/
science/eis/
ESOCSee European Space Operations Centre
ESP1 See Encapsulating Security Payload 2 See
Enhanced Serial Port 3 See Enhanced Service
Pro-vider
ESPA1 Educational Software Publishers
Associa-tion http://www.uk.digiserve.com/espa/ 2 European
Selective Paging Manufacturers Association The
ESPA protocol is a widespread paging standard that
enables third party systems to connect with paging
devices
ESPANEnhanced Switch Port Analyzer An
exter-nal network diagnostic and aexter-nalysis tool which
cap-tures information that has been copied to a switched
interface
ESRINThe information systems center and main
Earth observation center for the European Space
Agency (ESA), located in Frascati, Italy ESRIN
pro-cesses data and images from ESA's satellites and
combines them with data and observations from
in-ternational satellites ESRIN also provides
informa-tion to the public regarding ESA projects See
Euro-pean Space Agency
essential serviceA regulatory distinction that
pro-vides special access to some types of
telecommuni-cations equipment or services and that provides more
relaxed regulations in some aspects, and more
strin-gent regulations in others Essential services are
clas-sified differently in different nations, but tend to
in-clude some types of medical personnel, fire-fighting
services, transportation administration, emergency
broadcast channels or stations, etc
ESTECSee European Space Research and
Technol-ogy Centre
ESTOSee European Science and Technology
Ob-servatory
ETACSExtended TACS (total access communica-tions systems) The wireless transmission technology used in the United Kingdom and northern Europe, derived from U.S AMPS systems It is widely used for mobile phone services
ETB1 See Educational Technology Branch 2 tronic term book 3 electronic technical brief: 4 elec-tronic test bed There are many laboratories and edu-cational institutions operating electronic test beds for the development and testing ofelectronic instruments ~ ;.•'::• :• •:• • and devices One example is the u.S Department of i{:rt Defense(000)Ballistic Missile Defense Organiza-tion/Jet Propulsion Laboratory ETB where various characteristics ofelectronic devices, including radia-tion performance, are studied 5 end transmissions block A terminating marker, indicating the end of a transmission block 6 Engineers Toolbox Acommer-cial engineering package providing platform-inde-pendent, Web/Java-based engineering at1alysis and reference modules
ETF 1 Emerging Markets Telecommunications Fund, Inc A long-term capital appreciation fund es-tablished in 1992 2 European Teleconferencing Fed-eration An industry trade association for video- and teleconferencing See audiographics, videoconferenc-ing
ETFTPEnhanced Trivial File Transfer Protocol See Enhanced Trivial FTP
EthernetAn important, widely implemented local area network (LAN) and metropolitan area network (MAN) network transmissions standard developed in
1973 by Dr Robert M Metcalfe and David Boggs and patented in 1975 Tat Lam designed the first trans-ceivers for Ethernet, and Ron Crane provided hard-ware expertise for the eventual IEEE 802.3 standards
Crane and Metcalfe founded 3Com Corporation in 1979
The early Ethernet ran at approximately 3 Mbps
Much of the early work was done by the Xerox re-search lab (PARC), and further development was undertaken by a multivendor consortium Ethernet was formally specified as a production-quality stan-dard called the DEC-Intel-Xerox (DIX) or "Blue Book standard," transmitting at speeds up to 10 Mbps
It was subsequently adopted for standardization for
a wide variety of media by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and designated IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD in 1985
Each Ethernet interface card requires an Organiza-tionally Unique Identifier (OUI) which is assigned
as a three-octet number for the IEEE The organiza-tion further subdivides this locally into unique six-octet numbers known as a Media Access Control (MAC) address or Ethernet address The IEEE orga-nization handles identifier allocation by online reg-istration forms or by phone at the IEEE Regreg-istration Authority
Current Ethernet protocols can run over thick and thin coaxial cable, multimode fiber, and unshielded twisted-pair Physical standards for running Ethernet include 1OOBase-TX, 10Base-5, 1OBase-T and others
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It's easier to understand these physical standard
des-ignations if the three component parts are analyzed
as follows: a "10" indicates a signaling speed of 10
Mbps, while the "base" stands for baseband, and the
suffix describes the maximumrunof an unrepeated
cable segment (in hundreds ofmeters), ifit is a
num-ber, or refers to fiber(F)or twisted-pair (T)
Ethernet is now a worldwide networking standard,
having been adopted by the International
Organiza-tion for StandardizaOrganiza-tion (ISO) as ISO/IEC ANSI!
IEEE Std 802.3 in 1992
Ethernet Address Resolution ProtocolEARP The
addresses of hosts within a particular protocol may
not be compatible with the corresponding Ethernet
address That is, the lengths or values may differ
EARP deals with an incompatibility by allowing
dy-namic distribution ofthe infonnation needed to build
tables to translate an address from the foreign
protocol's address space into a 48-bit Ethernet
ad-dress This can also be generalized to non-l0Mbps
Ethernet systems such as packet radio networks See
RFC 826
Ethernet Digital Subscriber LineEDSL ADigital
Subscriber Service that uses copper wires running
between subscribers and the central office as a shared
communications medium Crosstalk is a limitation,
but, like Ethernet and unlike earlier xDSL
technolo-gies, EDSL has some ability to adapt to traffic
inter-ference See Digital Subscriber Line Contrast with
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
EtherTalkAnIEEE 802.3 standard Ethernet
proto-col implemented for local area networks (LANs) on
Macintosh and G3 computers by Apple Computer
See AppleTalk
ETISSee European Telecommunication Infonnatics
Services
ETNOSee European Public Telecommunications
Network Operations Association
ETOSee European Telecommunications Office
ETRISee Electronics Telecommunications Research
Institute
ETASee Electronics Technicians Association,
Inter-national
ETS 1 See Electronic Technology Systems 2 See
European Technology Services 3 European
Tele-communication Standard See European
Telecommu-nications Standards Institute
ETSASee European Telecommunication Services
Association
ETSAGEuropean Telecommunication Standards
Awareness Group Advisory Committee
ETSISee European Telecommunication Standards
Institute
ETSI ATM Services Interoperability EASI A
fonner European Telecommunications Standards
In-stitute (ETSI) project, in conjunction with
EURESCOM P8I3, that produced specifications for
interoperability for asynchronous transfer mode
(ATM) networks and ATM network services The
project was finalized in 1999 and closed in May 2000
with the remaining work being transferred to the
Tele-communications Management Network Technical
Committee (TC TMN) and the Services and Proto-cols for Advanced Networks Technical Committee (TC SPAN)
Eudora Light, Eudora ProA widely distributed commercial personal computer electronic messaging applications program compatible with the Macintosh operating system (OS) and Windows Eudora Pro is
a pay version, and Eudora Light is freely distributed
by Qualcomm Enterprises
EUnetEuropean Unix network A cooperative com-mercial backbone network in Europe, established without public funding in the early 1980s, at a time when most computer networks were focused on aca-demic communication and research and development EUnet evolved from the European Unix Users Group (EUUG) network connecting The Netherlands, U.K., and parts of Scandinavia In March 1995, EUnet In-ternational was fonned; the same year EUnet installed full Internet connectivity
EUnet expanded and upgraded over the next several years to service 14 European nations It was acquired
by Qwest in March 1998 and joined with KPN as KPNQwest a year later Alarge proportion ofEUnet's commercial customers were nonprofit institutions EUnet predated the Ebone and has had an on-again! off-again relationship with the Ebone See Ebone
EUROBITIn 1999, EUROBIT was succeeded by European Information and Communications Technol-ogy Association (EICTA)
European Academic and Research Network
EARN AEuropean networking system whichjoined with the BITNET system in 1982, making BITNET
an international network In 1994, EARN was merged with RARE to form TERENA See BITNET, TERENA
European Advanced Networking Test Center
EANTC.Aninstitution within the Technical Univer-sity Berlin that has offered consulting, testing, and educational services for modem network technolo-gies since the late 1880s EANTC provides standard confonnance and interoperability testing and perfor-mance measurement EANTC engages in educational programs and collaborative projects in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technologies It further pro-vides ATM group testing activities to promote multi-vendor interoperability ofATM systems
European Association of Communications Agen-ciesEACA A trade organization that publishes ethi-cal guidelines for responsible advertising and has is-sued a position statement regarding virtual advertis-ing in electronic media It promotes and supports self-regulation and the rights and responsibilities of its members http://www.eaca.be/
European Association of Consumer Electronics ManufacturersEACEM Atrade organization estab-lished to promote and support production and distri-bution ofconsumer electronics products and services
in the European Union http://www.eacem.be/
European Association of Directory and Database PublishersEADP Atrade organization representing members in more than three dozen nations world-wide, EADP was founded in 1966 EADP engages
Trang 6the industry, promotes quality and excellence, and
publishes a directory of its members and their
prod-ucts http://www.eadp.be/
European Association of Information Services
EUSIDIC.Anindependent communications vehicle
for information industry professionals, founded in
1970.Members include senior personnel and
man-agers from publishing, Internet, computer, and
infor-mation firms, as well as government personnel
throughout Europe http://www.eema.org/
European Association ofRemote Sensing
Labora-toriesEARSeL A scientific network of about 300
academic and commercial remote-sensing institutes,
founded in1977through the European Space Agency
(ESA), the Council of Europe, and the Europe
Com-mission EARSel promotes and stimulates education,
research, and cooperation in remote-sensing and
Earth observations http://www.earsel.org/
European Astronaut CentreEAC The base for
as-tronauts from European Space Agency projects,
es-tablished in1990.EAC provides training and
medi-cal support to ESA astronauts and astronauts from
partnering space agencies, especially those involved
with the International Space Station See European
Space Agency
European Broadcasting AreaEBA The European
portion of the broadcasting region within the
Euro-pean Broadcasting Union, including the Euroradio
and Eurovision services.(Inaddition to the EBA, the
EBU broadcasts to North America and the
Asia-Pa-cific region.) See European Broadcasting Union
European Broadcasting UnionEBU The world's
largest professional association ofnational
broadcast-ers, the EBU has headquarters in Geneva,
Switzer-land and represents public service broadcasters
through its office in Brussels, Belgium It was
founded in1950and, in1993,merged with the union
of eastern European broadcasters (DIRT)
The EBU represents and negotiates broadcasting
rights; provides a range of technical, legal, and
op-erational services; operates the Eurovision and
Euroradio networks; and promotes and coordinates
coproductions on behalfofmembers in Europe, North
Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere The EBU also
collaborates with other prominent associations,
in-cluding the North American Broadcasters'
Associa-tion, the Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union, the Arab
States Broadcasting Union, and others
Inaddition to member support and programming
co-ordination, the EBU is involved in the research and
development of new broadcast media, providing
in-put into formats, standards, and digital broadcasting
technologies The more recent multimedia activities
include a Digital Strategy Group (DSG), the On-Line
Services Group (OLS), and the Multimedia Forum
See Euroradio, Eurovision http://www.ebu.ch/
European Cable Communications Association
ECCA A trade organization promoting the interests
of the European cable industry, headquartered in
Brussels, Belgium The ECCA fosters cooperation
among operators in the industry and promotes member
works to assure fair access to various communica-tions infrastructures, provides aid in the management
of copyright issues, and encourages interoperability standards to facilitate compatibility of the various cable broadcasting and data services technologies http://www.ecca.be/
European CommissionEC Asignificant European policy initiatives body working within the European Union (EU) The EC works in partnership with Eu-ropean institutions and governments of the member states of the EU http://europa.eu.int/comm/
European Committee for Telecommunications Regulatory AffairsECTRA This CEPT-affiliated organization studies and develops telecommunica-tions regulatory frameworks and policies for Europe
in cooperation with the European Radiocommunica-tions Committee (ERC), the European Commission, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) ECTRA was founded in1990
European Community Telework ForumECTF An organization formed in 1992to further and coordi-nate European developments in telework through computer networks and communications venues and
to provide an open forum for discussion of related issues.Itis funded through a nonprofit European Eco-nomic Interest Group See ADVANCE Project, TelePrompt Project, telework
European Computer Manufacturers Association
ECMA An international industry association promot-ing the standardization of information and commu-nication systems; ECMA was founded in 1961
http://www.ecma.ch/
European Council of Telecommunications Users AssociationECTUA
European Digital Dealers Association EDDA A vendor organization comprised of resellers, service providers, and consultants of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) products and related third-party products
European Electronic Messaging Association
EEMA An independent, international, nonprofit fo-rum for electronic business, founded in1987.EEMA encompasses hardware, software, and governmental manufacturers and service providers EEMA main-tains associations with a number of electronic mes-saging associations in other regions, including Japan, Australasia, the United States, and Russia http://www.eema.org/
European Free Trade AssociationEFTA An inter-national organization entered into by Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, headquar-tered in Geneva, Switzerland EFTA manages and monitors trade relationships among member states,
on the basis of the EFTA Convention, that evolved from the Stockholm convention.Itfurther maintains trade relationships with countries not affiliated with the European Union and negotiates its position within the European Union as three ofthe member states are
EU members as well http://www.efta.int/
European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Associa-tionEISCAT An international research and education
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organization based in Scandinavia that operates three
geophysical research radar systems, an ionospheric
heater, and a cynasonde for conducting high latitude
upper atmosphere research Funding is provided by
research councils ofthe EISCAT Associates in
Scan-dinavia, Finland, Japan, France, the U.K (Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory), and Germany The UHF amd
VHF EISCAT transmitter is located near Troms0,
Norway The more recently constructed Svalbard
Radar incoherent scatter radar facility is on
Spitsbergen in northern Norway, and there is
receiv-ing equipment in SodankyUi in northern Finland The
three EISCAT incoherent scatter radar systems
op-erate at 931 MHz, 224 MHz, and 500 MHz
http://www.eiscat.uit.no/
European Information and Communications
Technology AssociationEICTA Atrade association
that succeeded ECTEL and EUROBIT, founded in
November 1999 EICTA represents Europe's
infor-mation, communications, and technology (ICT)
pro-fessionals from its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium
ICT is considered the fastest growing industry
sec-tor in Europe It promotes and encourages
technol-ogy convergence and faster, better information and
communications systems
European Information Technology Association
EITA.Aninformation technology trade organization
with its secretariat in the U.K EITA is initially
fo-cused on studying IT industries in the Baltic and
Slo-vak regions and encourages participation from the
countries in those areas
European Institute ofPublic AdministrationEIPA
Aneducational institute providing public
manage-ment training for public officials of European
Insti-tutions and Member States of the European Union,
established in Maastricht in 1981 EIPA's main
cen-ters are in Barcelona and Luxembourg
European Interactive Media FederationEIMF See
European Multimedia Forum
European ISDN, Euro-ISDNA version of
Inte-grated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
imple-mented for the European networking system It
dif-fers in a number of respects from North American
systems While the signals are compatible (e.g.,
trans-atlantic ISDN calls), the equipment is not
Euro-ISDN is an evolution of a variety of European
ISDN systems, which up to now have not been fully
intercompatible Euro-ISDN refers to ISDN facilities
based upon harmonized European Standards that
have been introduced to all Member States ofthe EU
See ISDN, European ISDN User Forum
European ISDN User ForumEIUF See ISDN
as-sociations
European Manufacturing Technology Users
GroupEMTUG Amember support organization that
provides resources and assistance in information and
communications technology in the manufacturing
industries
European Multimedia Forum EMF Descended
from the European Interactive Media Federation
(EIMF), EMF is the primary European trade
organi-zation promoting the competitive environment of
emerging digital media industries worldwide EMF facilitates communication and contacts within the digital communication and promotes and stimulates the trade of multimedia tools and services
http://www.emf.be/
European Organisation for Conformity Assess-ment, Organisation Europeenne pourI'evaluation
de la ConformiteEOTC.Anindependent and non-profit body established by the European Commission, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the European Standards Bodies, founded in April 1990 EOTC is dedicated to the achievement of a common market within the European Union and the promo-tion ofworldwide commerce through the eliminapromo-tion
of technical barriers to trade It seeks to facilitate product conformance and market acceptance ofcon-forming products.http://www.eotc.be/
European Polar PlatformEPP, PPF Amodular sat-ellite platform project ofthe European Space Agency (ESA) that will carry eleven ENVISAT-I atmosphere and Earth observation instruments The platform was designed to fit on the Ariane 5 launcher and, once launched, to use the ESA Data Relay Satellite sys-tem for data transmissions
ESA participated in weather satellite projects in the early 1970s and has continued its involvement in en-vironmental monitoring since that time The PPF project was underway by the mid-1980s, with a planned launch date of 1995 By the mid-1980s, Brit-ain had expressed doubts about the project, the launch date was deferred, and the design was modified and scaled back to be similar to the SPOT-4 system The appointment of the British Aerospace (BA) as a ma-jor contractor brought Britain back into the picture Further scaling back of the project occurred in the early 1990s Many satellite projects run behind dead-lines, and the PPF was no exception A new launch date of 1999 was established that was later resched-uled to June 2001 (and then to October 2001) The PPF consists ofa mission-specific payload ule and a general service module The payload mod-ule includes the ENVISAT instruments and payload support equipment The service module includes the main satellite support and control functions The PPF follows a sun-synchronous orbit at about 800 kilo-meters, passing over the Earth's polar regions The major contractor for the project is Matra Marconi Space (formerly BA) See ENVISAT
European Project on Information Infrastructure Co-ordination GroupEPIC Aproject of the Euro-pean Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) carrying on from the work begun by the SRC6 and the European Project on Information Infrastructure Starter Group (EPIISG), which was closed in May
1996 Having identified important aspects ofthe Eu-ropean information infrastructure (Ell) that would benefit from standards work, the role of EPIC was to establish, coordinate, and monitor a number of ac-tive standards projects This was an ambitious goal involving coordination and cooperation with other standards bodies, including CEN, ISO, IEC, etc As such, the project was closed in August 1997, and the
Trang 8and Telecommunications Standards Board (ICTSB).
European Project On Information Infrastructure
Starter GroupEPIISG A project initiated in 1995
to continue the work begun by the 6th Strategic
Re-view Committee (SRC6) to identify areas suitable for
standardization in tenns ofa European information
in-frastructure (Ell) as part of the global information
infrastructure (GIl) The final report identified
ap-proximately 30 areas for which standards work would
be appropriate The project was concluded in May
1996 when it was superseded by the European Project
on Information Infrastructure Co-ordination Group
(EPIC) See European Project on Information
Infra-structure Co-ordination Group
European Public Paging AssociationEPPA Atrade
association representing the paging industry in
Eu-rope and abroad, including maj or
telecommunica-tions companies and professionals in more than two
dozen countries, founded in January 1994 The EPPA
provides publications and seminars, encourages the
development of and adherence to standards, and
represents its members before various government
bodies http://www.eppa.net/
European Public Telecommunications Network
Operations AssociationETNO Aprimary trade
as-sociation, established in May 1992 ETNO promotes
constructive dialogue among members and others
involved in the development of the European
infor-mation society, in compliance with European law
http://www.etno.belbone.be/
European Radiocommunications Committee
ERC See European Radiocommunications Office
European Radiocommunications OfficeERO The
permanent office ofthe European
Radiocommunica-tions Committee of the Conference Europeenne des
Administration des Postes et des
Telecom-munications (CEPT), located in Copenhagen,
Den-mark.Itsupports the work of the Committee and
handles the radio regulatory administrations of
CEPT member nations
Memorandum ofUnderstanding, which was replaced
by the CEPTConvention for the Establishment ofthe European Radiocommunications Office.In January
2001, it was merged with the European Telecommu-nications Office (ETO) http://www.ero.dk/ European Remote-Sensing SatelliteERS Sun-syn-chronous, quasi-circular orbit European satellite sys-tems orbiting at an average distance of about 785 ki-lometers from the Earth It takes about 100 minutes for an ERS satellite to orbit and the complete cycle repeats every 35 days
The first European remote-sensing satellite, ERS-l, was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA)
in July 1991 from French Guyana; it operated until October 2000 ERS-2 was launched in April 1995 ERS systems are suitable for studying geological for-mations, soil and snow pack mapping, forestry, ocean characteristics, coastal boundaries, agriculture, floods, oil spills, and more As specific examples of how ERS data are used, ERS-2 carries the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and JPL re-searchers use ERS-2 radar data to monitor and track sea-ice dynamics, especially in the Antarctic region Although it is a European satellite, a number ofcom-mercial firms distribute ERS data to the North Ameri-can market The ENVISAT system was intended to replace ERS systems in 1999 with the launch finally occurring in March 2002 See ERS Sensing Instru-ments chart See ENVISAT, European Space Agency European Science and Technology Observatory ESTO The monitoring arm of the Institute for Pro-spective Technological Studies (PROMPT), ESTO is
a network of about three dozen European organiza-tions that inform the IPTS of technological trends, events, and breakthroughs with socioeconomic or environmental significance The IPTS then channels the information to science and technology policy-makers http://esto.jrc.es/
European Science FoundationESF A scientific re-search organization that supports and promotes
European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS) Sensing Instruments
active microwave instrument AMI Asynthetic-aperture radar(SAR)and a wind
scatterometer.SARimage and wave modes have spatial resolutions of30meters and10meters, respectively The wind scatterometer has a resolution of 50 kilometers Data
is transmittedinthe C-band frequencies(5.3 GHz).
radar altimeter RA Nadir-viewing pulse radar with two measurement modes
and a resolution of10cm (vertical) Data is transmitted in the K-band frequencies(13.8 GHz).
microwave radiometer MWR Nadir-viewing, passive radiometer that works in
conjunction with the radar altimeter to improve accuracy along-track scanning radiometer ATSR Four-channel (spectral bands of 1.6,3.7, 10.8, & 12flm),
infrared radiometer with a spatial resolution of one kilometer
Trang 9Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary
cooperation and collaboration in high quality
scien-tific research in two dozen European countries,
founded in 1974 The ESF seeks to bring together
resources and scientists from different countries to
work towards common goals and encourages
inter-disciplinary projects The ESF covers the full range
of scientific enquiry, so not all are
telecommunica-tions related, but much of the research in the
physi-cal and engineering sciences and the environmental
and Earth sciences related to telecommunications in
one way or another http://www.esf.org/
European Space Agency ESA The research,
devel-opment, and administrative organization for space
exploration for Europe, established in 1975 With
headquarters in Paris, France, ESA is descended in
part from the European Space Research Organisation
(ESRO, 1962) and is roughly equivalent to the U.S
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) ESA is a multinational agency that directly
employs about 40,000 people It works in partnership
with a number ofspace agencies, notably NASA, and
uses data from or contributes to a large number of
space projects, including the European
Remote-Sens-ing Satellites (ERS), the Hubble Space Telescope, the
Ulysses spacecraft (built in Europe), the Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO - built in Europe),
the pending Galileo satellite navigation system, and
many more See European Space Research and
Tech-nology Centre See ENVISAT, ESRIN, European
Remote-Sensing Satellite http://www.esa.int/
European Space Operations Centre ESOC
Amis-sion control and tracking facility for most of the
Eu-ropean Space Agency (ESA) space projects, located
in Darmstadt, Germany ESOC provides technical
guidance on ground links and orbits See ESRIN,
European Space Agency
European Space Research and Technology
Cen-tre ESTEC The largest establishment of the
Euro-pean Space Agency, ESTEC houses the space,
micro-gravity, and Earth sciences departments and provides
technical expertise to the European scientific and
in-dustrial communities ESTEC has laboratories and
technical facilities for spacecraft components testing
The ENVISAT systems was assembled at ESTEC
See European Space Agency
European Speech Communication Association
ESCA See International Speech Communication
Association
European Technology Services ETS Acommercial
fmn providing services to facilitate the import of
tele-communications equipment into Australia under
regulations imposed by the Australian
Telecommu-nication Act of 1997 and the Radiocomms Act of
1992 It also assists companies in complying with the
CE mark for products bound for the European Union
European Telecommunications Office ETO
Estab-lished by CEPT/ECTRA to provide expertise for
ECTRA members and input into the European
Union's developing telecommunications policies on
licensing and numbering, ETO was founded in 1994
InJanuary 2001, ETO functions were transferred to
the European Radiocommunications Office (ERO)
See European Radiocommunications Office http://www.eto.dk/
European Telecommunication Informatics Ser-vices ETIS Anot-for-profit professional organization ofmajor European public telecommunications tors established in 1991 It supports telecom opera-tors, suppliers, and content providers and encourages cooperation among them ETIS consists of a Coun-cil, Management Board, Central Office, and indi-vidual Working Groups http://www.etis.org/ European Telecommunication Services Associa-tion ETSA Atrade associaAssocia-tion supporting members
in more than a dozen nations who supply, install, and maintain telecommunications equipment and ser-vices http://www.etsa.org/
European Telecommunication Standard ETS European Telecommunications and Professional Electronics Industry ECTEl One oftwo main Eu-ropean communications trade organizations repre-senting telecommunications equipment vendors and distributors EUROBIT and ECTEl were succeeded
by the European Information and Communications Technology Association (EICTA) in 1999
European Telecommunications Standards Insti-tute ETSI The standards body in Europe that corre-sponds to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United States As a member-driven, nonprofit standards body, ETSI's role is to promote and support communication, cooperation, and inte-gration oftechnologies in the European Union (EU), Europe's common market.Itenlists the cooperation
of a broad range of network administrators, service providers, manufacturers, researchers, and users from more than 50 countries in and outside of Europe ETSI was founded in 1988 and is currently headquar-tered in Sophia Antipolis, France
ETSI has a number of subgroups, including the Ra-dio Equipment and Systems (RES) 10 group, which
is responsible for high speed wireless data standards This is in the process of being reorganized into an-other body
While ETSI is primarily focused on voluntary stan-dards, some may be adopted by the European Union
in their EU member Directives or Regulations Key ETSI Standards include mobile radio communica-tions (land, sea, and air), service provider access, ATM networking, xDSl, public safety standards, and many more ETSI cooperates with the International Telecommunication Union (Iru) See CEPT, Inter-national Telecommunication Union
http://www.etsi.org/
European Union EU A highly significant effort of the countries of Europe to merge into a more open, flexible common market The effort has been ongo-ing for many decades, beginnongo-ing at the end of World War I, and is a significant administrative challenge, given the deep traditions, varying cultures, and dif-ferent languages spoken in the European nations In recent years, the plan is falling into place Common passports, economic units, and other important building blocks are being established that will make the EU a major player in the economics, business development,
Trang 10of our emerging global society In January 2001,
Sweden became the host country for the Presidency
of the Council of the EU In February, a new Treaty,
amending the Treaty on the European Union and the
treaties establishing the member communities of the
ED, was signed as the Treaty of Nice
It has been the habit ofmany North Americans to
dis-regard the changes occurring in Europe; in fact, many
North Americans barely understand the EU, but it is
important both socially and economically to keep
abreast ofthe development ofthis important market
The EU may someday be significantly larger than the
North American market, as the EU's population is
already greater than that ofthe U.S and it is
conduct-ing ongoconduct-ing negotiations with countries in eastern and
central Europe In May 2001, a summit was held in
Russia to discuss the progress and future of the EU
In telecommunications, the existence of the ED
fa-cilitates the establishment of inter-nation
communi-cations standards and shared backbones Telecom
professionals can now take their expertise to other
countries to aid in the progress and competitive
vi-ability oftelecommunications and information
indus-tries It further allows specialist countries to market
theire~pertiseand to take charge of areas in which
they have longstanding traditions France and
Swit-zerland have long been known for their expertise in
developing and manufacturing finely calibrated
tech-nical instruments and systems Belgium has become
the administrative headquarters for many
telecom-munications and information technology
associa-tions Germany, Italy, and Spain have long traditions
in the invention of new technologies Scandinavia is
a leader in atmospheric, ionospheric, and other
off-world research with their satellite transceivers in the
remote polar regions The Netherlands and Greece
have key geographic positions at opposite ends ofthe
ED, linking Europe with North American travelers
through Amsterdam and with the Middle East and the
African continent through the southeastern region
The U.K is a leader in aerospace technology and is
involved in many multinational remote-sensing
projects This rich source ofexpertise and resources,
when administered toward common goals, will make
the ED a significant player in the new world
econo-mies opened up by telecommunications technologies
European Workshop in Open Systems EWOS
Working under the auspices of CEN/CENELEC,
EWOS was formed in 1987 The organization has
created publications and hosted seminars to promote
and support Open Systems development In the
mid-1990s, the EWOS Expert Group worked on
produc-ing a technical guide on electronic commerce EWOS
has cooperated with a number of Open Systems
groups and standards organizations in the
develop-ment ofOSI in Europe See Open Systems
Intercon-nection http://www.ewos.be/
europiumA soft, ductile, relatively expensive rare
earth metal discovered in the late 1800s and separated
in fairly pure form by Demarcay in 1901 Europium
is used in conjunction with yttrium oxide to create
lasers See doping, erbium, gadolinium, yttrium EuroradioAmajor world broadcasting service ofthe European Broadcasting Union, Euroradio has head-quarters in Geneva, Switzerland The three primary programming arms ofEuroradio are sports and news; music; and popular music, drama, and feature pre-sentations Music programming has primarily fo-cused on classical music and jazz but is expanding into contemporary music as well See European Broadcasting Union, Eurovision
EUROTELDEVEuropean (Regional) Telecommu-nication Development
Eurovision NetworkA large, international, perma-nent broadcasting network serving the European and Asian regions, operated by the European Broadcast-ing Union (EBU) The network provides international news, sports, and cultural programming Eurovision includes over 50 gateways in Europe that provide full connectivity to domestic broadcasting networks through a mix of ground-based and satellite broad-cast systems The European Service utilizes the EUTELSAT W3 Ku-band satellite (a widebeam digi-tal satellite), while the Asian Service utilizes the AsiaSat C-band satellite Transatlantic services are provided through the INTELSAT Ku-band system The digital services offered through INTELSAT were moved from ETSI to MPEG-2 in December 1999, thus increasing channel capacity without increasing bandwidth See European Broadcasting Union, EUTELSAT
EUSIDICSee European Association ofInformation Services
EUTELSATEuropeanTelecommunicationsSatellite
organization The largest satellite operator in Europe, founded in 1977 and formally established in 1985, with 11 satellites in orbit, and a further six under con-struction The EUTELSATorbital test satellite (OTS) project, designed as a direct broadcast satellite test system, preceded the EUTELSATFxseries Ku-band systems The EUTELSAT digital system is MPEG-2/DVB-compliant providing both 24 Mbps and 8/12 Mbps services The system is monitored by the Eurovision Control Centre
EUTELSAT provides hundreds of television and ra-dio stations to subscribers in more than 40 European member countries equipped with DTH or cable tele-vision reception services See Eurotele-vision Network http://www.eutelsat.de/
EUVextreme ultraviolet
eV electron volt See volt
eventIn computer processing, a signal or other indi-cator that a device or process requires attention, is relinquishing resources, or otherwise needs to com-municate its activities to a central processor or other control unit
event drivenAn event-driven hardware device, pro-cess, application, or network communication topol-ogy is one that proceeds when triggered by an external event, such as a token, trigger, tickler, interrupt, or alert Many telecommunications devices, appliances,