-echelle meaning ladder Ahigh-resolution, stepped blazed optical grating structure used as a wavelength conditioner in certain spectrom-eters, telescopes, and optical communications com-
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around the equator at 2000 kilometers using CDMA
in the i-iS-band frequencies for down/uplink
trans-missions, and C- or Ku-band for feeders The target
service area is the equatorial belt between 23 ° north
and south latitudes, comprising over 75 countries and
a high proportion of the world's population In spite
of the large number ofpeople who live in this region
overall, many of them are in remote, small, rural
communities with few or no wired communications
services
From the user's point ofview, ECO-8 telephony
ser-vices are functionally similar to cellular The caller's
desired number is transmitted through the satellite
system to the local gateway where it is further relayed
to a public phone circuit, wireless system, or to
an-other ECCO satellite to link with anan-other subscriber
ECCO Working Group European Chapter on
Com-binatorial Optimization This is a EURO Working
Group that discusses recent and important issues in
combinatorial optimization, founded in 1987
echelle grating(Fr -echelle meaning ladder)
Ahigh-resolution, stepped (blazed) optical grating structure
used as a wavelength conditioner in certain
spectrom-eters, telescopes, and optical communications
com-ponents Aluminum is commonly used as a coating
on the grating to provide the reflective surface and
there may be an additional coating to prevent
corro-sion of the aluminum
An echelle grating has a broader groove than an
echelette grating and thus fewer grooves over a
speci-fied length It is used in near-iittrow, high reflection
angles in high diffraction orders In general, light is
reflected from a collimated light source or reflecting
mirror onto the blazed steps of the echelle grating
where it selectively reflects off the angled surfaces
of the grating to a detector or intermediary
compo-nent such as a cross-dispersion grating Since the
orders overlap, practical embodiments ofechelle
grat-ings in optical systems may include additional
ele-ments to optically separate these orders (e.g.,~prism
as shown in the accompanying diagram) Echelle
gratings have the advantage ofbeing compact, while
still providing relatively high resolution They also
affect a fairly wide spectrum of frequencies
There have been a number of patents for fiber optic
communication technologies incorporating gratings
to support dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) Bragg gratings have been cited in many
ofthese.In July 2000, A Sappey and G Murphy
sub-mitted a patent application for a dense wavelength
multiplexer/demultiplexer for propagating multiple
optical channels with a select channel spacing as a
single optical signal in the near-infrared range,
us-ing an echelle gratus-ing optically coupled to the
colli-mating/focusing component
A practical embodiment of the Sappey/Murphy
in-vention would incorporate an echelle grating with a
resolution of at least 20,000, with between about 50
to 300 grooves/mm, a blaze angle between 51 and
53°, and a free spectral range at least as large as the
near-infrared frequency range to yield a multiplexed
channel spacing of 0.4DInor less with a separation
ofat least 40IJ See diagram See blazed grating echellette grating Similar in structure and function
to an echelle grating, except that the reflection angles may be lower and the grating period finer Echellettes are associated with different dispersion characteris-tics compared to echelle gratings The pattern ofdis-persed wavelengths tends to be slightly broader for
an echellette grating, with less overlap of the orders than is found in echelle grating dispersion For de-tection instruments, it is useful to be able to switch between echelle and echellette grating reflectors in order to view the light phenomena from a slightly different statistical point of view
echo 1 Repetition ofa sound (or other reflective phe-nomenon) due to reflection, with the echo gradually dying away through attenuation Undesirable echo is sometimes experienced on phone lines and radio links where there is a delay or other technical problem Deliberately induced echo may be used as a testing strategy and is intrinsic to reflected signal detection schemes such as sonar and radar 2 Output to a com-mand line or output window on a computer Echo is
a command used by many batch and other scripting languages to echo or print to a terminal, whether that terminal is a window on a computer screen, a tele-type, or a printer
ECHO European Commission Host Organisation A noncommercial network host gateway to support and promote the use of network information services within the European Community (EC), established
in 1980 by DG XIII/E It is now managed by the In-formation Market Policy Actions (IMPACT) pro-gram ECHO provides a means for businesses to un-derstand the use and benefits ofmultilingual database information services It provides a demonstration host, training, online access to directories of elec-tronic information services, and a means to inter-communicate with associated individuals and orga-nizations
ECHO 1 A telecommunications and geodesic satel-lite launched into an orbit of 1600 Ian by the u.S on August 12, 1960 ECHO 1 is historically important because it provided the first government sateHite tele-phone links and television broadcasts on February 24,
1962 This satellite's orbit decayed in 1968 See ANIK for information on the first commercial tele-vision broadcast
echo cancellation A technique for isolating and fil-tering unwanted echo signals which may accompany and interfere with the main analog transmission Echo cancellation is often used on voice circuits, especially satellite transmissions, and may also be used in frame relay systems In general, echo cancellation attempts
to maintain a full-duplex circuit, although there are exceptions as in clear channel or ISDN calls See echo suppressor, interference, noise
echo check A diagnostic technique in whichdatais transmitted and then echoed back from the receiving end to the sender to check the completeness and in-tegrity of the data
ECHO satellites A series of satellites launched by the United States, beginning in 1960 The early
Trang 2loons capable of bouncing back radio signals
With-out active relays, the communications signals were
weak, but much was learned from these early
experi-ments The series included ECHO A-IO (never
achieved orbit), ECHO 1, ECHO 2 (delayed from
1962 to 1964) Improvements in active relays
super-seded the ECHO Project See ECHO 1, West Ford
satellites
echo suppression A means of reducing undesirable
echoes, especially in satellite voice communications
Echo suppression differs from echo cancellation, in
that echo suppression disables the reverse
transmis-sion while the person continues to talk, thus
function-ing more like a half-duplex line See echo
cancella-tion, interference, noise
echo suppression disabler A means to coordinate
echo suppression,the removal ofundesirable echoes,
sors limit the capability of the system to half-duplex transmission by suppressing the signal in the direc-tion opposite to the sending signal, it is important to
be able to disable the echo suppression to restore full-duplex operation Echo suppression is typically dis-abled by sending a high-pitched signaling tone from
an answering modem
Eel1 equipment catalog item 2 End Chain Indi-cator A boolean indicator signifying the end of a chain of data In Systems Network Architecture (SNA) systems, it is contained in the sna.rh.eci field
3 engineering change instruction.4.external call in-terface Generically, a hardware and/or software means to intercommunicate with a local or internal system and an outside or external system, as between
a local network and the Internet or between a private branch exchange (PBX) and a public switched
Echelle Grating Incorporated into DWDM Multimode Optical Communications System
This diagram illustrates the basic components assembled with an echelle grating in a D WDM system A pigtail harness (left) supports the structural output ofmultiple waveguides Lightpasses through a collimating/focusing lens (18) that is optically coupled to the echelle grating (20) The grating subdivides the incident light beam containing multiple channels and angularly disperses the output wavelengths with good spatial and channel separation.
The schematic on the left is a closeup cross-section ofthe echelle grating, illustrating the incident light interacting with the blazed grating structure The riser (a) and reflective step (b) combine to form a grating period In this DWDM embodiment, the system would have a groove density of<300 grooves/mm and a blaze angle (8J >45 0 to efficiently separate closely-spaced channels within a reasonbly compact area.
The schematic on the right illustrates the basic components ofan echelle grating multiplexer/demultiplexer Light from a single-mode opticalfiber (62) is reflected to the prism (68) by the collimating/focusing mi1Tor (64) The two-dimensionally dispersed wavelengths from the prism reflect offthe echelle grating (72) and are directed to a concave collimating/focusing mirror (74) which then directs the beams toward an outputfiber array (76) [Sappey and Murphy; U.S patent #6,415,080, July 2002.]
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telephone network (pSTN) 5 External Call Interface
On a CICS system, an application programming
in-terface (API) that enables a non-CICS client program
to communicate with a CICS program, calling it from
a CICS server Thus, the client can access server
rou-tines such as utilities and databases
ECIS1 European Committee for Interoperable
Sys-tems 2 European Computer Industry Research
Cen-tre 3 European Conference on Information Systems
4 European Council of International Schools
Eckert, John Presper(1919-1995)Anelectronics
inventor and collaborator with1.Mauchly on the
his-toric ENIAC computer project With Mauchly, he
formed the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
in 1946, which was acquired by Remington Rand
Corporation in 1950 When Remington Rand merged
with Sperry Corporation in 1955 to form Sperry
Rand,Eckert became an executive with the company
The firm eventually merged with Burroughs
Corpo-ration to become Unisys See BINAC, ENIAC
ECLSee emitter-coupled logic
ECMASee European Computer Manufacturers
As-sociation
ECMATC32Aproject ofthe Standardizing
Informa-tion and CommunicaInforma-tions Systems Technical
Com-mittee of the European Telecommunications
Stan-dards Institute jointly with ECMA, an international
standards association, with a working agreement
be-tween the two bodies signed in September 2000
ECMATC32 working groups include TG 14, for
pri-vate integrated services and corporate network
ser-vices and signaling, and TG 17, for corporate open
architecture and systems for IP-based services Thus,
the focus ofthe standardization efforts is private and
corporate telecommunications systems
ECNSee explicit congestion notification
ECOMEGSee E-commerce Experts Group
ECP1 electronic commerce platfonn 2 See
Encryp-tion Control Protocol 3 See Enhanced Call
Process-ing 4 See Executive Cellular Processor
ECPASee Electronic Communications Privacy Act
of 1986
ECSASee Exchange Carriers Standards Association
ECTexplicit call transfer (e.g., as in ISDN Q.82 or
Q.732 call offering services)
ECTRAEuropean Committee for
Telecommunica-tions Regulatory Affairs
ECTUASee European Council
ofTelecommunica-tion Users AssociaofTelecommunica-tions
ECTELSee European Telecommunications and
Pro-fessional Electronics Industry
ECTF1 See Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum
2 See European Community Telework Forum
ECTUASee European Council
ofTelecommunica-tions Users Association
EDACerror detection and correction
EDACSSee Enhanced Digital Access
Communica-tions System
EDDASee European Digital Dealers Association
eddy current Anelectrical current induced by an
al-ternating magnetic field, which can be found in good
conductors such as iron and may contribute to signal
loss in electrical circuits
EDFerbium-doped fiber See erbium doping EDFASee erbium-doped fiber amplifier
edge connectorA common type of thin, printed cir-cuit board foil-imprinted extension used for making
an electrical connection to a slot, usually inside a computer or in a peripheral card bay
edge-emittingA component that emits acoustic or electromagnetic waves through the structural or func-tional side of the component For example, in semi-conductor laser diodes, which are fabricated in lay-ers, the laser emission is from the side and thus each individual component must be stamped out beforeit
can be tested See vertical-cavity surface-emitting la-ser
EDHSee electronic document handling
EDISee Electronic Data Interchange
EDIFACT, UN/EDIFACTElectronic Data Inter-change for Administration, Commerce and Transport Arising out ofwork by ANSI and the United Nations, EDIFACT was developed during the 1970s and 1980s
by the United Nations Working Party on Facilitation
of International Trade Procedures to provide a stan-dardized means to facilitate data exchange EDIFACT provides internationally agreed-upon standards for platform-independent directories, syntax, and struc-tures for character-fonnat electronic documents The transmission of EDIFACT documents involves the creation of a flat file (e.g., through export from a compatible application such as a word processing program) that is passed to an EDIFACT translator where it is converted to an EDIFACT Message fol-lowing the U.N guidelines The file, which includes routing and destination information, is sent over the network and, when it reaches the destination, is de-coded according to the type of Message sent and stored or imported to a compatible application EDIFACT conventions are published by the United Nations in their Trade Data Interchange Directory (UNTDID) See Electronic Data Interchange, Trade Data Interchange
EDISSee Emergency Digital Information System!
Edison baseThe standard screw-in light bulb base common in North America
Edison cellAhistoric variable-storage nickel hydrate (positive) and iron oxide (negative) battery cell with
an electromotive force lower than that of a lead cell (about 1.2 volts) It was developed by Thomas Edi-son and became suitable for use in automobiles due
to its ruggedness See battery for a chart ofother types
of cells
Edison effectA phenomenon that Thomas Edison observed in 1883 and patented in 1884 While work-ing with electrical illumination, he sealed a metal wire into a bulb near the filament and noticed that elec-tricity flowed across the gap between the hot filament and the metal wire, a discovery that became impor-tant to later electronic researchers in the deve10pment
of broadcast technologies See Audion
Edison Electric InstituteEEL A professional asso-ciation supporting U.S shareholder-owned electric
Trang 4worldwide Members service about 70% of the U.S.
electric customer base The EEl advocates public
policies and provides strategic business and
market-ing support http://www.eei.org/
Edison General ElectricAcompany formed by
tho-mas Edison in 1889 Throughout his prolific career,
Edison sought practical, commercially viable
appli-cations of his ideas, and he actively marketed many
of the products that were invented in his laboratory
Thomas Alva Edison - Prolific Inventor
Thomas Alva Edison was a significant inventor of
audio recording and playing technologies [U.S
Na-tional Archives collection.]
Edison, Thomas Alva(1841-1931)AnAmerican
inventor who, at the age of 15, learned telegraphy and
soon became a very fast and competent telegrapher
In 1868, he invented a device to record votes, and
later, in New York, invented a stock ticker In 1876,
he set up a pioneer industrial research lab in Menlo
Park, New Jersey, where he turned out hundreds of
inventions, including the phonograph, electric
type-writer, and fluoroscope He developed the ideas of
others, as well, making practical improvements to
Bell's early telephone devices
Edison's inventive output was prodigious, and he
pursued his interests almost to the complete
exclu-sion ofhis business affairs, practical matters, and
fam-ily.In all, he received more than 1000 patents
Edison is probably best remembered for developing
the incandescent lamp in 1879, following the
inven-tion of the arc lamp by Humphry Davy early in the
century and a short-life incandescent bulb by Joseph
Wilson Swan His efforts were aided, in part, by the
earlier research of M.G Farmer, who supplied him
with advice and a number of materials that might be
useful in building a lamp Almost immediately
fol-lowing his historic invention, Edison began an
elec-trical utility company in New York City, in 1882,
called the Pearl Street Central Station This and other
which has since been almost universally superseded
by alternating current (AC), an approach promoted
by Nikola Tesla and denounced by Edison See Farmer, Moses; incandescent lamp; Tesla, Nikola editorA software program for manipulating infor-mation, particularly textual information While graph-ics can be edited online, the tools to do so are not usu-ally called editors, but rather paint or drawing
pro-grams or image processors The term editing is used
more in the context ofline-oriented information car-ried out with word processors, desktop publishing programs, and text editors
Programming editors are often optimized for the spe-cial formatting needs ofprogrammers For example, they may monitor parenthetical statements and alert the programmer if the parentheses or brackets are unbalanced, which would result in a syntax error in the program They may provide different colors for different kinds ofinformation, as for comments, vari-able names, or procedural labels They may also pro-vide the capability of telescoping or expanding the text (a feature also found in some word processors) Scriptwriting editors are often set up with templates that indicate the correct margins and line spacing re-quired by the theater and motion picture industries Word processors are optimized for document creation and basic formatting oftext Extensive formatting of text and graphics shouldn't be done with a word pro-cessor Yes, it's possible, and yes, individuals have created some great documents with word processors, but it's also possible to hammer with the backside of
a hatchet.Itjust isn't very efficient or comfortable Complex page layout should be done with a page lay-out program In a business environment, the extra cost
of the software is incidental compared to the extra hours, weeks, or months that have to be paid to some-one to use aword processor for an unintended purpose GNU-Emacs is one ofthe most powerful text editors
in existence, developed by Richard Stallman in the mid-1980s It is configurable, scriptable, full-fea-tured, and freely distributable
EDM electronic document management
Edmund Industrial OpticsA New Jersey-based designer and manufacturer of optical solutions for electronic imaging, biomedical and biometric appli-cations, telecommuniappli-cations, and semiconductor in-dustries Affiliated with Edmund Scientific, it is an international supplier of industrial optical compo-nents and devices, including coatings, lenses, illumi-nators, lasers, etc
Edmund ScientificA significant supplier of scien-tific professional and hobbyist lab supplies and opti-cal and robotics components If you like cool techie toys and great science projects, this company has a wide variety of interesting products
EDO RAM extended data-out random access memory A type of faster random access memory (RAM) that began to become prevalent around 1997 Many Intel-based desktop architectures were de-signed with expansion slots for EDD RAM, as it was less expensive than previous types of RAM
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EDP See electronic data processing.
EDRS European Data Relay Satellite See European
Space Agency
EDSACElectronic Delay Storage Automatic
Com-puter A historic large-scale, stored-program,
elec-tronic, digital computing machine developed in 1949
at Cambridge University, England, under the
leader-ship of Maurice Wilkes See EDVAC, ENIAC
EDTVSee enhanced-definition TV
EDVAC Vacuum-Tube Computer
Running the room-sized ED VACrequired staff to
operate and maintain hundreds ofvacuum tubes and
thousands offeet ofwires Modern handheld desktop
calculators are now faster and more powerful {US.
Army photo.]
Educational Technology BranchETB Abranch of
the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical
Com-munications that conducts research and development
in computer and multimedia technologies and
dis-seminates the information to theu.s.National
Li-brary of Medicine, the world's largest
biomedicalli-brary, which is located in Bethesda, MD
http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
EDUCAUSE A consolidation of CAUSE and
Educom, established in July 1998, EDUCAUSE is
an international, nonprofit association EDUCAUSE
administrates an extensive collection of higher
edu-cation information technology (IT) resources for
higher education institutions and firms supporting the
higher education information technology fields.
EDUCAUSE supports and participates in advocacy
projects, conferences, and seminars and other
profes-sional development activities It is affiliated with
vari-ous higher education and computing associations
throughout North America See CAUSE, Educom
http://www.educause.edu/
Educom Anassociation of colleges and universities
dedicated to the support and evolution ofeducational
computer network technologies In July 1998,
Educom was consolidated with CAUSE to form
EDUCAUSE See EDUCAUSE
EECEuropean Economic Community Now the Eu-ropean Union (EU) AEuEu-ropean common market that has been in development for several decades Gradu-ally, European currency, European passports, inter-country networks, and greatly reduced border restric-tions are being phased in See European Union EEl 1 See Edison Electric Institute 2 external en-gine interface 3 See external environment interface
4 See External Environment Interface
EESEarth exploration satellite
EEMASee European Electronic Messaging Associa-tion
EEPROMelectronically erasable programmable read-only memory See erasable programmable read only memory
EF&1engineer, furnish, and install
EFCISee explicit forward congestion indicator EFFSee Electronic Frontier Foundation
effective competitionA market regulation status level Broadcast cable providers must meet certain
criteria to claim effective competition status See cable
access
effective radiated powerERP The transmitting power ofa broadcasting antenna It is sometimes con-trolled by a directional antenna
EFI&Tengineer, furnish, install, and test
EFS1 See electronic filing system 2 See Electronic Filing System 3 electronic financial system 4 See Electronic Form System 5 See error-free seconds EFTSee electronic funds transfer
EFTASee European Free Trade Association
EGSee European Graphics Association
EGASee Enhanced Graphics Adapter
EGC1 Economic Growth Center A statistical and economic development archive at Yale University
2 See Enhanced Group Call
Eggebrecht, LewChiefofCommodore Engineering
at about the time Commodore-Amiga was sold to Amiga Technologies in Germany See Amiga EGNOSEuropean Geostationary Navigation Over-lay Service A European land and marine communi-cations service which augments the U.S Global Po-sitioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLONASS system (similar to U.s GPS), using the raw data to compute information and broadcast it through the GEO satellites The EGNOS system combines ground-based and satellite segments to comprise the European implementation of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) See Global Navigation Satellite System, Wide-Area Augmentation Service ego surfingslangSearching for your own name on the Net, in the media, orindatabases There are many legitimate reasons for ego surfing, and everyone should probably do it once in a while to make sure names or net addresses are not fraudulently distrib-uted or used by imposters to post to newsgroups Such misuse could result in misunderstandings and embar-rassment (and sometimes even litigation) directed at the legitimate owner of the name or address There are search engines on the Internet that allow
Trang 6ticular name Many Web directory services on the
Web give out phone, address, and sometimes even
personal information on individuals, drawn from
phone books and less legitimate sources You must
alert these services if your personal statistics are
be-ing used indiscreetly or illegally and request that they
stop (There is usually information about you on the
Net, whether or not you even use a computer.)
Ego surfing is routinely engaged in by those who
enjoy studying family histories and are on the
look-out for more information to add to their genealogy
databases Ego surfing also can help those who are
publishing scientific, political, or other information
with wider social implications to follow the
dissemi-nation, and sometimes the impact, of their
commu-nications, in order to engage in global dialog or to
correct misrepresentations or misunderstandings
EGPSee Exterior Gateway Protocol
egress1 Exit, way out 2 In frame relay networks,
frames that are exiting away from the frame relay
to-wards the destination The opposite of ingress
EIASee Electronic Industries Alliance
EIA Interface StandardsA collection of standards
describing configurations, signals, and other
commu-nications parameters for various electronic
connect-ing interfaces These are often used in conjunction
with ITU-T specifications for protocols and functions
Probably most familiar ofthe Interface Standards are
EIA-232-D and EIAffIA-232-E, which are 1987 and
1991 updates to the decades-old RS-232
specifica-tion for serial transmissions between data terminal
equipment (DTE) and data communications
equip-ment (DCE) This standard has been widely
imple-mented in desktop computers and other devices and
is commonly used for communicating with modems,
remote terminals, and printers
Most systems support EIA-232-D and
EIA!fIA-232-E through 25-pin D connectors, though minimally
nine pins are needed to implement the specification,
and 9-pin D connectors (EIA-574) are sometimes
used The EIA has also defined faster standards for
serial communications, including EIA-422 (balanced
signals), EIA-423 (unbalanced), EIA-485
(multi-point), and EIA-530 (EIA-422 with 25-pin D
con-nector)
EIA standards additionally encompass wiring
connec-tors and topology, including building wiring and
net-work backbones
cable transmission speeds See the EWTIA Trans-missions chart for categories
EICTASee European Information and Communica-tions Technology Association
EIGSee Electronic Information Group
eight hundred serviceSee 800 service
EllA1 Embedded Industrial Internet Appliance A commercial development kit offered by Arcom Con-trol Systems for adding TCP/IP connectivity to prod-ucts 2 European Information Industry Association EIMFEuropean Interactive Media Federation See European Multimedia Forum
Albert Einstein - Physicist
Albert Einstein was a patent clerk in Switzerland for seven years before he was able to find the type of position he desired in an academic research environ-ment.
Einstein, Albert(1879-1955) A German scientist who is considered one of the greatest in the history ofphysics, best known for his special theory ofrela-tivity Einstein moved first to Switzerland, where he was educated as a teacher of mathematics and phys-ics, and then later to the United States Unable to find
a teaching or research position, he worked in the Bern patent office for seven years Within two years of starting as ajunior clerk, Einstein had become a tech-nical expert in the patent office While there, he made EIA/TIACable Transmission Categories
Cat Transmission Speed Rating Typical installations
Cat 1 No performance criteria specified
Cat 3 Rated to 16MHz LAN, Ethernet, 10Base-T, UTPToken-Ring
Cat 4 Rated to 20MHz LAN, Token-Ring, 10Base-T, IEEE 802.5
Cat 5 Rated to 100MHz WAN, Fast Ethernet, 100Base-T, 10Base-T
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good use of his free time by writing a large volume
of theoretical physics articles
By 1905, Einstein was writing about his ideas in
elec-tromagnetic energy and the photoelectric effect,
building on and extending the work ofM Planck.In
the same year, he wrote his paper on the special theory
ofrelativity, reinterpreting classical physics, and
sup-ported Maxwell in hypothesizing that the speed of
light was constant in all frames ofreference His
con-cepts about the equivalence ofmass and energy were
tied in with the other writings at that time This
cre-ative intellectual output was astonishing, and the later
recognition and corroboration ofhis ideas catapulted
him into the history books and out of the patent
of-fice into a series of posts at universities in Eastern
Europe, Western Europe, and America In 1940, he
became a citizen of the United States
In1915, he published the definitive culmination of
his writings on relativity, and in 1917 he proposed
electromagnetic emission principles which led to the
development oflasers In 1924, he made further
dis-coveries concerning the relationships between waves
and matter
In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for his studies of the photoelectric effect A
crater on the moon has been named after him
EIPA 1 Electronic Information and Communication
for Pedagogical Academies (Austria) 2 European
Information Providers Association 3 See European
Institute of Public Administration
EIR 1 electronic incident report Areport on
anoma-lous or unauthorized activity on an electronic system
2 Equipment Identity Register A mobile services
security database that aids in tracking lost or stolen
communications devices
EIRP 1 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power An ideal
diator providing a de facto common reference for
ra-diated power See isotroRic, isotropic antenna
EIRPACEire (Telecom Eireann) packet network.An
X.75 packet-switched national data network in the
Irish Republic A number of charging bands provide
various degrees ofEIRPAC connectivity to other
na-tions Band 1 provides domestic communications,
Bands 2 and 3 service connections to a number of
European countries, Band 4 supports destinations in
NorthAmerica, and Band 5 services communications
with other countries Local access is provided in
ma-jor cities (e.g., Dublin) and dialup through the
pub-lic switched telephone network (PSTN) is available
to remote subscribers with modems approved by the
Department of Commerce
EIS1 Epidemic Intelligence Service A service of
the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2 See ESO Imaging Survey 3 See Expanded
Inter-connection Service
EISASee Extended Industry Standard Architecture
EISCATSee European Incoherent Scatter Scientific
Association
EITA1 enterprise information technology
architec-ture 2 See European Information Technology
As-sociation
EIU1 economic intelligence unit 2 Ethernet inter-face unit 3 external interinter-face unit
EKE1 See electronic key exchange 2 encrypted key exchange See Encrypted Key Exchange Proto-col, public key
EKTSSee Electronic Key Telephone Service Electric Telegraph to the Pacific ActA historic act
of the U.S Congress to solicit bids for construction ofa government communications line connecting San Francisco to major centers The line was to be open
to the use of all U.S citizens upon payment of the appropriate charges In July 1862, the Pacific Rail-way Act was enacted to " aid in the Construction
of a Railroad and Telegraph Line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean " The Central Pacific Railroad Photography History Museum is a good source of photographs and information on railroad and communications history http://cprr.org/Museum/ electrical wireAny conductive filament, usually metallic, that readily transmits current Copper is very commonly used for telecommunications wires One of the earliest documented long wires was a thread that conducted electric virtues over 600 feet
in 1729 The thread was strung during electrical ex-periments conducted by S Gray and G Wheler electricityA fundamental constituent of nature that
is observable as positive and negative charges and currents through materials according to their conduc-tivity The discovery and harnessing of electricity is the basis of our current technological society Elec-tricity arises from various sources, including friction (static electricity), light (photoelectricity), heat, chemical activity, piezoelectricity (pressure, espe-cially in crystalline substances), and mechanical en-ergy (as from a generator) Ancient observers were aware ofvarious electrical phenomena, but it was not until the last 200 years that we have begun to under-stand their various properties and the fundamental principles that underlie them
electroabsorptionEA A phenomenon in which the application of an electric field or voltage to a sub-stance causes a change in optical absorption that oc-curs very quickly The change is sufficiently strong
to be detected, which lends itself to practical appli-cations The time it takes to control and apply the elec-trical field is the chief limitation to the speed of the effect When this phenomenon is associated with quantum wells, it is called the quantum-confined Stark effect
Electroabsorption is exploited in the field ofspectros-copy and has been used to develop modulators for demultiplexing and detection Electroabsorption light modulators have been integrated with laser diodes See electroabsorption modulator, self-electro-optic effect device, quantum well, Stark effect
electroabsorption modulatorEAM Modulation of
an optical beam by exploiting the electroabsorption properties ofcertain substances such that continuous-wave laser output (e.g., in dense continuous-wavelength division mutliplex optical networks) can be externally modu-lated to send digital information with rapid light pulses
In the late 1990s, the University of California, Santa
Trang 8electroabsorption modulator at 18 GHz In March
2001, Alcatel announded the launch ofa new EAM
based upon the electroabsorptive properties ofindium
phosphide The component was capable ofoperating
at 40 Gbps with low power consumption
A number of commercial vendors are now
supply-ingSONET/OC-192EAM drivers for driving
EA-modulated lasers at speeds up to 12.5 Gbps For
ex-ample, in March 2002, Oki Semiconductor released
an EAM module monolithically integrated with a
DFB laser suitable for 10 Gbps over distances up to
about 40 Ian and Mitsubishi and Alcatel launched
new 10-Gbps EAM lasers
electrode1.Anessential component of an electron
tube Any ofthe basic components, the
electron-emit-ting cathode, controlling grid, or electron-attracelectron-emit-ting
anode, are considered electrodes Carbon arc
elec-trodes are used for generating precise heat utensils
for welding or fusing a variety ofmaterials They may
be handheld or incorporated into precision cutting
machines The carbon burns away as the electrode is
applied Depending upon the application, compressed
air may be used to blow away particles on the
sur-faces to be fused Carbon arc welding requires safety
shielding to protect eyes Electrode-based devices
require regular checking and cleaning and,
depend-ing upon the type and frequency of use, may require
oxidized parts to be replaced See fusion splicing 2 A
plate in a battery
electroluminescenceThe direct conversion of
elec-trical energy into light This process is used in
dis-play technologies, with electroluminescent materials
such as zinc sulfide doped with manganese See
elec-troluminescent display
electroluminescent displayEL display A gridded
display technology that incorporates an
electrolumi-nescent material sandwiched between outer panels
When exposed to high electrical fields, the inner
material emits light Like plasma panels, individual
points are selectively lit through matrix addressing
EL displays are brighter than passive LCD displays
but also require more power See liquid crystal
dis-play, plasma display
electrolysisThe production of chemical changes by
passing an electrical current through an electrolytic
material See electrolyte
electrolyteA nonmetallic substance that, when
chemically or electronically stimulated, becomes an
ionized conductor Electrolytic properties are widely
employed in electronics Electrolytes are used
elec-trical cells, rectifiers, etc Various acids were
com-monly used as electrolytes in early inventions
electrolytic cellA power-conducting (as opposed to
power-generating) cell comprised ofa conducting
liq-uid (the electrolyte) and two identical electrodes
Electrolytic cells are used in refining, reduction, and
electroplating processes
electrolytic detector, liquid detectorA radio wave
detecting device patented by R Fessenden in 1903
It was discovered accidentally when Fessenden was
seeking ways to improve on his hot-wire barretter A
be received better through the separate pieces offila-ment in an electrolytic solution than with a single piece of filament From this, Fessenden combined nitric acid and a platinum wire into a rectifier that could detect both continuous and damped waves The electrolytic detector was an important milestone
in radio history, as it provided a means to create a much more sensitive receiving instrument Most elec-trolytic detectors required an outside power source, though some were manufactured with a built-in bat-tery integral to the design See barretter, Shoemaker detector
electrolytic paper tapeAtype ofpaper tape used on some of the old telegraph systems in which a stylus passed an electrical signal onto the coated tape to pro-duce an image ofthe message being transmitted The image on early systems was often blue, though the amount of current on an electrolytic system can in-fluence the color of the image
electromagnetA device that has a significant mag-netic field only when current is flowing through it The strength of the wire is dependent on the size and type ofmaterials used, the amount ofcurrent, and the number ofcoils Electromagnets are used extensively
in appliances, industrial hoists, telephones, public address speakers, and bulk erasers You can make a simple electromagnet by wrapping a conductive wire around an iron nail and passing current through it (taking care not to touch any of the live wires) This
in tum can be used to magnetize the end of a screw-driver by stroking the nail in one direction over the screwdriver Quite handy for holding screws in place, but be wary of using magnetized screwdrivers near electronic components See bulk eraser; Faraday, Michael; solenoid
electromagneticEmbodying electric and magnetic properties See electromagnet
electromagnetic communicationsCommunications that employ the propagation of transmission waves through space Meaningful signals are sent in many ways, with light, radio waves, microwaves, etc., usu-ally by modulating the transmission of the radiant energy in some way
electromagnetic deflectionThe directing ofthe path ofan electron beam by means ofa magnetic field (of-ten in the form of a coil)
electromagnetic field 1 A field of magnetic influ-ence around a conductor produced by a current flow-ing through the conductor See electromagnet 2 To-gether, an electric field and its associated magnetic field The magnetic field is perpendicular to the lines and direction of force See right-hand rule
electromagnetic interferenceEMI Undesirable noise, degradation, overlap, or echo in an electromag-netic transmission
electromagnetic pulseEMP A large or fast-mov-ing electromagnetic transmission that is quicker, or burstier than the immediately preceding and succeed-ing transmission Sometimes a pulse is a natural phe-nomenon, such as lightning, or it can be a deliberate means of creating a signal or carrying information
Trang 9Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary
electromagnetic spectrumThe range, or
diagram-matic relationships, of the known types of
electro-magnetic radiation, organized by wavelength
electromagnetic waveThe radiant energy produced
by an oscillating electric charge Infrared,
ultravio-let, gamma, visible wavelengths, and cosmic rays are
some examples
electromotive forceemf Descriptive ofthe pressure
ofthe movement ofelectrons through a circuit,
some-times described as similar to the movement of liquid
through a closed piping system Indeed, for many
decades the two kinds of movement (electrical and
liquid) were assumed to be the same, and early
sci-entists spoke of emf as an electrical fluid The
dis-covery of the relationship between magnetic and
in-duced electrical forces helped scientists to understand
emf An external influence (battery, power supply,
etc.) can cause an electron charge to flow through a
conductive medium creating an electromotive force
See Faraday's laws, volt
electronAminute, elementary particle ofmatter,
car-rying a negative electrical charge Electrons are
nor-mally found surrounding a positively charged
nucleus The term is derived from the Greek word
elektron (amber) but was first used with this specific
meaning by GJ Storey in 1891 See positron
electron beamA stream of electrons traveling close
together in the same trajectory, directed by a
mag-netic field.Animportant constituent of cathode-ray
tube (CRT) technology widely used in TV and
com-puter monitors
electron microscopeAn optical-electronic
instru-ment that provides magnification of minute
struc-tures by means of recording the movement of a
fo-cused beam of electrons The results were originally
displayed on fluorescent screens or photographic
plates; computer monitors are also used Early
elec-tron microscopes could enlarge images 100 times
more than the finest optical microscopes ofthe time,
but the images were limited to black and white still
objects New techniques were continually sought to
increase the range ofobjects that could be imaged and
the ways in which they could be represented
Com-puter enhancement and interpretation has opened a
wide range ofpossibilities
electron tubeA device in which the movement of
electrons is conducted within a sealed glass or metal
container While electron tubes were made of glass
for many decades, some all-metal tubes came into use
in the mid-1930s The most common implementation
of the electron tube is thevacuum tube, since the life
of the electron-emitting materials could be extended
by removing the air or encasing a controlled mixture
of gases
The most important evolutionary development in the
history of the electron tube is theAudion, the
com-mercial name for atriode, a three-element tube with
a control grid invented by Lee de Forest One of the
most important adaptations ofthe vacuum tube is the
cathode-ray tube still widely used in television sets
and computer monitors See anode, Audion, cathode,
cathode-ray tube, vacuum tube
A Variety of Electron Tubes
The most common types of electron tubes used in electronics for many decades were three-element (or more) vacuum tubes Experimentation led to the de-velopment ofmany different types oftubes for differ-ent purposes, and numbering systems were set up to keep track ofparts so consumers could replace bro-ken or burnt out tubes For the most part, semicon-ductor components have replaced electron tubes, ex-ceptfor some highfrequency applications This inter-esting assortment is from an exhibit at the American Radio Museum.
electronic bulletin boardSee bulletin board system Electronic CertificationAn electronic signature that serves the same purpose as a written signature on a physical document (usually a letter, contract, or ad-ministrative approval) Electronic Certification is ac-complished through cryptography, typically key cryp-tography See DSS
Electronic ClassroomA commercial Macintosh-based distance-learning audiographics multimedia videoconferencing tool written by Robert Crago, an Australian developer Electronic Classroom provides images, QuickTime compressed video, and voice over public switched telephone networks (PSTN) electronic commerce, ecommerceFinancial and barter transactions conducted across data networks using electronic means ofcommunications and agree-ments, including the exchange of docuagree-ments, signa-tures, virtual money, etc
In the earliest ecommerce implementations, people used bank machines to carry out simple deposit, withdrawal, and balance inquiry transactions On the Internet, they simply communicated the terms of commercial transactions through email but, since then, some significant changes have occurred There
Trang 10check purchases and loan negotiations and provide
more complex information services Similarly, with
the dramatic growth of the World Wide Web, tens of
thousands of companies and individuals have
ex-pressed the desire to conduct remote financial
trans-actions, and sophisticated secured electronic
com-merce systems are being developed and promoted
Shopping cart systems have become common on the
Web, and online banking services are prevalent, along
with new services such as PayPal and Billpoint that
allow a user to manage funds within a virtual bank
through email and Web browsers By the mid-1990s,
there were initiatives to standardize transaction
mechanisms, efforts to promote private and secure
ecommerce, and many individual ways to exchange
money on the Internet See certificate, digital
signa-ture, Electronic Data Interchange, electronic mall,
en-cryption, JEPI, Pretty Good Privacy
Electronic Commerce Service ECS ECS is a set of
electronic mail and verification services developed
by the U.S Postal Service (USPS) to offer secure
electronic mail so that it becomes an electronic
ex-tension of the USPS physical mail system USPS is
cooperating with private firms to develop this
tech-nology
Various aspects of the USPS plans include personal
and professional certificate services through a
Certi-fication Authority (CA), time and date stamping (in
essence an electronic postmark), certified
email.re-turn receipt, verification, and archiving
It is important to consider that USPS email differs
from personally forwarded email in some of its legal
safeguards, and that USPS has a history of statutes
and precedences which may make it attractive to
busi-ness users
As with all major milestones in U.S postal history,
the USPS released a commemorative stamp, in early
1996, to launch their electronic venture The
com-puter whose birthdate was commemorated was the
ENIAC, which certainly deserves credit for its
his-torical importance, but the system that should
prob-ably have been honored as the first large-scale
com-puter is the Atanasoff-Berry Comcom-puter, which
pre-ceded the ENIAC
Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
ECPA.AnAct of the U.S Congress, adopted to
ad-dress issues ofprivacy related to the growing
preva-lence and use of computers and related digital
tech-nologies, especially for communication The ECPA
was passed to address more specifically issues
ofpri-vacy pertaining to electronic surveillance
Prior to the ECPA, privacy and electronic surveillance
issues were generally covered in Title III of the
Om-nibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.
This Act was established a decade before personal
computers began to be widely distributed and three
decades before the use of the Web and inexpensive
surveillance devices were widely available to
con-sumers Thus, it was felt that issues not clarified by
Title III as to new and emerging technologies needed
to be re-evaluated The issues were and are complex
law enforcement agencies were concerned about criminals using new technologies as a means to fa-cilitate criminal communications and acts Private citizens, on the other hand, were concerned that too much power in the hands ofauthorities could lead to invasion ofthe privacy oflaw-abiding citizens Thus, the Act needed to be able to satisfy the needs of law enforcement officers without impinging on those who were not involved with criminal activities
~!:~!i:!f;~;X~lf:~~~~~~;Jtfy~E::. tronic mail, and it extended the concept and
defini-tion of intercept to apply to electronic textual data (prior to this, most privacy laws pertained to spoken voice communications over phone lines, e.g., wire-tapping) Controversy followed the lawmaking, with detractors saying that the final version differed from the proposed version and that it did not go far enough
to protect civil liberties See American Civil Liber-ties Union, Cyberspace Electronic Security Act of
1999, Electronic Freedom Foundation, Encrypted Communications Privacy Act
Electronic Data Interchange ED! A series of stan-dards developed primarily for business communica-tions, EDI is a scheme for network interchange of electronic messages and documents, often between different companies or government agencies EDI software works in conjunction with applications soft-ware Files are extracted from an application, con-verted into a standard EDI format, and passed on to the communications software for transmission EDI
is not secure in and of itself and may be combined with authentication and encryption schemes Practi-cal applications include the interchange of invoices, purchase orders, policy documents, RFQs, waybills, cost estimates, etc
The primary international standard for formatting EDI messages is Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (EDIFACT) EDIFACT messages are included within
an EDI envelope The interchange IDs of sender and receiver must be agreed upon Their addresses are described in the X.400 standard (ITU-T X.400/
X.435) See X Series Recommendations
electronic data processing EDP Asystem for receiv-ing, manipulatreceiv-ing, translatreceiv-ing, and storing data, some-times in large amounts For example, numbers may
go in, and paychecks, employee statistical informa-tion, or sales demographics may come out
Electronic Directory ED An informational database based on a directory standard, such asX.SOO or LDAP, intended to help integrate various directories
on a network Thus, access is improved over that of searching and querying various directories, and dif-ferent formats and protocols are made transparent to the user EDs are ofinterest especially to corporations, educational institutions and libraries See X.500
electronic filing system EFS A generic phrase for various means ofsubmitting forms and other admin-istrative information or applications via computer