Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 76 docx

Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy SDH.. Synchronous digital hierarchy SDH management information model for the network element view.. Management capabilities o

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

C.1

C.1.1

C.1.2

International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T)

These standards can be ordered through www.itu.ch

Fiber

G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable

G.653 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber cable G.655 Characteristics of a nonzero-dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber cable

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

G.691 Optical interfaces for single-channel STM-64, STM-256 systems, and other SDH systems with optical amplifiers

G.707 Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) G.708 Sub STM-0 network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

G.774 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) management information model for the network element view Several addendums exist

G.780 Vocabulary of terms for synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks and equipment

721

722 STANDARDS

C.1.3

C.1.4

G.781 Synchronization layer functions

G.783 Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks

G.784 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) management

G.803 Architecture of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierar- chy (SDH)

G.805 Generic functional architecture of transport networks

G.831 Management capabilities of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

G.841 Types and characteristics of SDH network protection architectures

G.842 Interworking of SDH network protection architectures

G.957 Optical interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy

Optical Networking

G.692 Optical interfaces for multichannel systems with optical amplifiers

G.709 Interface for the optical ~ransport network (OTN)

G.798 Characteristics for the OTN equipment functional blocks

G.871 Framework for recommendations

G.872 Architecture for optical transport networks (OTN)

G.874 Management aspect of optical transport network elements

G.875 OTN management information model for the network element view G.957 Optical interfaces for equipment and systems related to SDH

G.959 Optical networking physical layer interfaces

G.983 Broadband optical access systems based on passive optical networks (PON) G.astn Automatic switched networks

G.vsr Optical interfaces for intraoffice systems

Management

M.3000 Overview of TMN recommendations

M.3010 Principles for a telecommunications management network

M.3100 Generic network information model

Q.822 Stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 description for the Q3 interface~performance management

x.744 Information technologymopen systems interconnectionmsystems manage- ment: Software management function

C.2

C.2.1

C.2.2

Telcordia

These standards can be ordered through www.telcordia.com

Physical and Environmental

FR-2063 Network Equipment-Building System (NEBS) family of requirements (NEBSFR)

SONET

GR-253 Synchronous optical network (SONET) transport systems: Common generic criteria

GR-496 SONET add-drop multiplexer (SONET ADM) generic criteria

GR-1230 SONET Bi-directional line-switched ring equipment generic criteria GR-1244 Clocks for the synchronized network: Common generic criteria

GR-1250 Generic requirements for synchronous optical network (SONET) file transfer

GR-1365 SONET private line service interface generic criteria for end users GR-1374 SONET inter-carrier interface physical layer generic criteria for carriers GR-1377 SONET OC-192 transport system generic criteria

GR-1400 SONET dual-fed unidirectional path switched ring (UPSR) equipment generic criteria

GR-2875 Generic requirements for digital interface systems

GR-2899 Generic criteria for SONET two-channel (1310/1550-nm) wavelength division multiplexed systems

GR-2900 SONET asymmetric multiplex functional criteria

GR-2950 Information model for SONET digital cross-connect systems (DCSs) GR-2954 Transport performance management based on the TMN architecture

724 STANDARDS

GR-2996 Generic criteria for SONET digital cross-connect systems

GR-3000 Generic requirements for SONET element management systems (EMSs) GR-3001 Generic requirements for SONET network management systems (NMSs)

GR-1209 Generic requirements for fiber optic branching components

GR-1377 SONET OC-192 transport system generic criteria

GR-2918 DWDM network transport systems with digital tributaries for use in metropolitan area applications: Common generic criteria

GR-2979 Common generic requirements for optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) and optical terminal multiplexers (OTMs)

GR-2998 Generic requirements for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) element management systems (EMSs)

GR-2999 Generic requirements for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network management systems (NMSs)

GR-3009 Optical cross-connect generic requirements

C.3 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

These can be ordered from www.ansi.org

T1.105 Telecommunications~synchronous optical network (SONET)~basic de- scription including multiplex structures, rates, and formats

T1.105.01 Telecommunications~synchronous optical network (SONET)~auto- matic protection switching See also all the other T1.105.::" documents

X3.289 Information technology~Fibre Channel~fabric generic requirements (FC-FG)

X3.296 Information technologymsingle byte command code connection (SBCON) architecture (This is the ANSI version of IBM's ESCON)

X3.303 Fibre Channel physical and signaling interface-3 (FC-PH-3)

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

T r t E P R O P A G A T I O N of electromagnetic waves is governed by the following

Maxwell s equations:

8B

8t 8D

8t Here, p is the charge density, and J is the current density We assume that there are

no free charges in the medium so that p = 0 For such a medium, J = erE, where cr

is the conductivity of the medium Since the conductivity of silica is extremely low (or ~ 0), we assume that J = 0; this amounts to assuming a lossless medium

In any medium, we also have, from (2.5) and (2.6),

D - ~oE + P,

where P is the electric polarization of the medium and

B - # o ( H + M ) ,

where M is the magnetic polarization of the medium Since silica is a nonmagnetic material, we set M - 0

7 2 7

728 WAVE EQUATIONS

Using these relations, we can eliminate the flux densities from Maxwell's curl equations (D.3) and (D.4) and write them only in terms of the field vectors E and H, and the electric polarization P For example,

O2E 02p

To solve this equation for E, we have to relate P to E If we neglect nonlinear effects, we can assume the linear relation between P and E given by (2.7) and further, because of the homogeneity assumption, we can write X (t) for X (r, t) We relax this assumption when we discuss nonlinear effects in Section 2.4

We can solve (D.5) for E most conveniently by using Fourier transforms The Fourier transform 1~ of E is defined by (2.4); P and I2I are defined similarly It follows from the properties of Fourier transforms that

1 F l~(r, co) exp(-iwt) do)

E ( r , t ) = ~ oo

By differentiating this equation with respect to t, we obtain the Fourier transform of

OE/Ot as-ico]~

Taking the Fourier transform of (D.5), we get

V • %7 • ~ /Z0~00)2]~ _+_ ~0o)2p

Using (2.8) to express P in terms of E, this reduces to

V • %7 • E ~ ./z060(_.02]~ +/z060(.02)~]~

We denote c - I/x/#060; c is the speed of light in a vacuum When losses are neglected, as we have neglected them, ~ is real, and we can write n(co) = v/1 + )~ (oo), where n is the refractive index Note that this is the same as (2.9), which we used as the definition for the refractive index With this notation,

~ o)21/2

By using the identity,

V X V X E ' - - V ( V E ) - V 2 E ,

(D.6) can be rewritten as

m2n 2 V2E -'}- c2 ~ - V ( V E) (D.7)

Because of our assumption of a homogeneous medium (;( independent of r) and using (D.1) and (2.9), we get

0 V fi = 60V (1 + )~)E - 60n2V 9 E (D.8) This enables us to simplify (D.7) and obtain the wave equation (2.10) for 1~ Following similar steps, the wave equation (2.11) can be derived for I2I