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The most visual method for doing this is to use the Timeline Window, found in the center of the default Animation Screen, but easily accessible in any window from the Window Type pop-up

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Chapter 3: Object Animation Basics

By Roland Hess

Animation is a change over time in some aspect of your Scene That change can be something simple, like a change in the color or intensity of a light, or it could be something complicated, like the changes in position and shape of an entire group of characters dancing in time to music, while the camera whirls around the dance floor Regardless of what happens in your Scene, there must be a way to track and record those changes

In Blender, as in most animation software, these changes are recorded as "keyframes" or "keys" for short A key is just a marker in time of some state, value or setting

Tip:

Animation information is stored in "keys"

Time

Before we review the keying tools, you should learn how to navigate in time

The most visual method for doing this is to use the Timeline Window, found in the center of the default Animation Screen, but easily accessible in any window from the Window Type pop-up menu (Remember: to access the default Animation Screen, use the Screens menu from the header at the very top of the Blender window.)

Figure OAD.1: The View menu on the Timeline window header

The timeline can be viewed in either seconds or in frames Blender's default is to break each second into 25 frames, the PAL video standard (Most film/movie work uses 24 frames per second, while the North American video standard, called NTSC, uses roughly 30 frames per second) To change the display method of the timeline, you go through the Timeline Window header's View menu, or simply press the T-key with the mouse over the timeline Frames per second can be set either with the "Set Frames/sec" entry in the Playback menu, or on the

"Frs/sec" spinner in the Render buttons (F10)

The vertical green marker in the Timeline indicates the current frame Using LMB in the timeline sets the marker and the current frame The current frame is also displayed in the lower left hand corner of the 3D view, and in the header of the buttons window

Figure OAD.1.1: The current frame number can be found in many places on the default

Figure OAD.2: The arrow keys can be used to change the current frame

The Right and Left arrow keys step forward and backward one frame Up and down arrows step forward and backward by ten frames Shift-Left arrow moves to the Start frame, while Shift-Right arrow moves to the End frame

Tip:

Right and Left arrow keys change the frame by one Up and

Down arrow keys change the frame number by ten

The Start and End frames, which can be set in either the timeline's header or in the Render

buttons, indicate the range of frames that will be shown when you give a "play back" command You can tell Blender to play the animation between the Start and End frames in a couple of ways: the "play" button on the timeline header or with Alt-A in a 3D Window

Tip:

Alt-A with the mouse over a 3D view plays the animation

in that view

Creating Animation Keys

Keys can be set throughout Blender with the I-key Pressing the I-key will almost always pop up

an "Insert Key" menu, with entries appropriate to the mouse's location

If the mouse is over the 3D window when the I-key is pressed, a key will be set for the active object

Figure OAD.3: The Insert Key menu for the active object

Blender's basic animation workflow is simple:

1 Use the time tools to find the frame where you would like to record a setting for

animation;

2 Adjust your object how you want it to be at this point in time (location, colors, shapes, etc.);

3 Use the I-key to bring up the "Insert Key" menu, then select the appropriate key

All objects can have Rotation, Location or Scale keys The Insert Key menu shows several

different combinations of those choices In the menu, Loc stands for Location and Rot for

Rotation Thus, the LocRot entry in the menu creates a key for both Location and Rotation LocRotScale creates keys for Location, Rotation and Scale If you are only changing the location

of an object in your animation, just use the Loc type key Likewise, if you are only rotating an object, you would choose LocRot

The Layer entry on the I-key menu sets an animation key for the layer settings of an object You can make objects appear and disappear from a scene by keying them to move to a hidden layer at

a certain frame

Explanations for the rest of the entries in the object I-key menu wouldn't make much sense to you

at this point, so we'll leave them for a more advanced text

Tip:

I-key brings up the "Insert Key" menu that lets you save

states and settings for animation

Once you have inserted a key for an object, you continue throughout the timeline to create your animation: pick a frame, adjust your object, set a key Pick, adjust, set

Many settings in Blender are keyable beyond simple object transformations You can consult the documentation to find a comprehensive list of which settings and values can be keyed, but a better way to find out is to hover the mouse over the window of the item you would like to key and press the I-key

Figure OAD.4: The I-key brings up a keying menu appropriate to the window you are working

in

Ipos and Ipo Curves

The upper right portion of the default Animation screen is used as an Ipo Window Many new and migrating users are confused by the term Ipo, but it's simple, really In order to create the animation between different keys, Blender (like any other 3D program) must "interpolate"

between the keys "Ipo" is just an abbreviation of InterPOlation So the Ipo Window is just a window in which you can view the actual interpolation between animation keys

Figure OAD.5: The Ipo window

Once you have created keys for an object, they will show up, along with some curves, in the Ipo window Each different setting gets its own curve, and in the illustration you can see that there are curves for LocX, LocY and LocZ - the x, y and z locations of the object The Ipo window will show the curves for the active object in the 3D window, so if you want to see the Ipo curves of a different object, select that object in the 3D view

You can drag with the LMB in the Ipo window to scrub through the animation, just like you could in the Timeline window In fact, the horizontal axis in the Ipo window is the timeline, in frames, with current time marked by the vertical green line The vertical axis shows the actual values of the keys

Rotation Key Values

The exception to the rule about the vertical axis in the Ipo window is rotation keys Rotation keys are represented in the Ipo window as one tenth of their actual value In other words, a cube with a

Y rotation of 125.25 degrees will show in the Ipo window as 12.52 This is done simply to keep the scales of the different curves in the Ipo window relatively similar Although confusing at first, you'll soon not think twice about it

Working with Ipo Curves

The Ipo window shares controls with other areas of Blender The scroll wheel and MMB function

as zoom and view changing controls like they do in the 3D view (MMB only pans the view here) Also, the Home key automatically zooms and translates to show all the available objects, which

in this case are keys Curves can be selected with the RMB, and the G-key and S-key will move and scale the entire curve With a curve selected, the Tab key can be used to enter Edit mode, allowing you direct access to the key points which you may move as you choose

Tip:

The Ipo window shares hotkeys and functions with the 3D

window RMB, and G-key and S-key for selecting and

transforming curves Tab key for Edit mode on curves

Like the 3D window, the N-key brings up a Transform Properties panel that shows the exact values of selected curves and key points, and lets you edit them directly by typing in new values

Figure OAD.5.1: The Transform Properties panel for the Ipo window

Although you can use these tools to change the actual key values (like changing an x location key from x=5 to x=10), you will most often use the Ipo window to change curve interpolation styles,

to set the extend mode and to adjust key timing, as you'll see next

Tip:

N-key brings up Transform Properties panel for curves and

keys

Interpolation Styles

Blender allows three different ways for values to change from key to key

The default, which you've seen in the illustrations so far, is called "Bezier" mode, and refers to the style of curve in the preceding section This mode leads to smooth transitions between key values, slower at the beginning and end of the change, and faster in the middle Using the

example of a ball moving between two locations, Bezier interpolation would have the ball start

out slowly, reaching its maximum velocity halfway between the keyed locations, then slowing down before coming to a stop on the last key

Linear mode moves between keys at a constant velocity This interpolation type is useful when animating mechanical or non-natural motion

Constant mode is of limited use It causes values to stay the same (constant!) until the next key is reached, at which point they immediately change to the new value It would be used, for example,

to cause an object to seem to "teleport" from one location to another

Figure OAD.6: The different interpolation types

Interpolation styles can be set by selecting the curves whose style you wish to change, then

selecting the appropriate style from the Interpolation Mode entry in the Curves menu of the Ipo Window header Alternately, you can use the T-key shortcut (think "inTerpolation") to pop up a menu directly within the Ipo window

Figure OAD.6.1: Choosing interpolation types from the Curve menu on the Ipo window header

Tip:

T-key brings up the Interpolation mode menu, letting you

choose from Bezier, Linear and Constant

Figure OAD.7

Then this illustration represents that same motion repeating over and over

Figure OAD.8: The same Ipo curves in Cyclic mode

You access Extend Modes by selecting the Ipo curves you wish to extend, then choosing the extend style you would like from the Extend Mode entry in the Curve menu on the header

Figure OAD.8.1: Choosing an Extend mode from the Curve menu on the Ipo window header

Constant: this is the default Extend Mode that all Ipo curves have This is what you would

consider "normal" Ipo curve behavior, and the only one you have seen so far

Extrapolation: this mode takes the slope of the curve at the first and last keys and simply extends them, forward and backward in time, forever

Cyclic: cyclic extend causes the animation between the first and last keys to repeat over and over, resetting each time

Cyclic Extrapolation: this mode repeats the animation like cyclic mode, but instead of resetting, it uses the last repetition's endpoint as its starting point

Figure OAD.9: The Extend modes

Tip:

Extend modes can be set through the Curves menu on the

Ipo window header

Key Timing

When you are setting keys for your animations, you probably will be guessing as to how long certain actions should take How quickly should the ball fall toward the floor? How long does it take for a character to turn his head in surprise? The odds are that you won't know the answer until you play back your animations to see what looks right Although the proper location and rotation keys may be in place for such things, their correct timing is just as crucial

Adjusting key timing in the Ipo window is quick and easy

Within the Ipo window, press the K-key to enter Key mode Every frame that has a key now shows a vertical line that is selectable with the RMB Using the G-Key to move that vertical line will move all keys that fall along it to the left or right (backward or forward) along the timeline

This illustration shows the circular motion animation curves in Key mode The keys on Frame 16 have been RMB selected

Figure OAD.10: The Ipo window in Key mode

Using the G-key, you can move the entire set of keys from Frame 16 to the left or the right to adjust their timing As you do this, the curves update in real time

Figure OAD.11: The curves adjust to follow the movement of keys

Tip:

The K-key toggles Key mode in the Ipo window, which lets

you quickly adjust the timing of your keys

While this chapter has shown you the mechanics of moving and animating objects in Blender, it hasn't even touched on the artistic aspects of animation Indeed, entire books have been written

on the subject Once you are comfortable with the mechanics of animation in Blender, you're encouraged to start practicing and improving your art

Chapter 3: Object Manipulation Basics

functionality This book is really just a primer - there is a lot more depth to be found, and the menus are a nice way to start experimenting once you've mastered the basics

Coordinates

Understanding the coordinate system is the absolute baseline of 3D manipulation If you have any experience with this at all, you can skip to the next section without fear

Image:Dummy.png

Figure OMD.1: [no text]

In the illustration, you'll see a line labeled "X", with value markings along it, and a circle whose center is a dot The circle's center dot rests on the marker labeled "3" In graphics terminology, you would say that the location of the circle is, simply, 3

Image:Dummy.png

Figure OMD.2: [no text]

Now, we've added another dimension to the illustration This time, the center of the circle can be traced down to the "3" on the "X" line and to the "2" on the "Y" line Each of these lines is called

an "axis" When you talk about the location of the circle, you say that its x and y coordinates are

3 and 2 This is commonly written as "(3,2)"

Image:Dummy.png

Figure OMD.3: [no text]

We're in 3D now (3 Dimensions: x, y and z) The center of the circle is still at (3,2) along the x and y axes, but we've added a third axis, z The circle's center point is four units up on the z axis,

so it's final coordinate is (3,2,4)

As you can see on the axes in the illustrations, the coordinate systems go off into both positive and negative directions, so (x,y,z) values will not always be positive