DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUREDESIGN PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUREDESIGN PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Definition of Landscape architecture and its products
Definition of Landscape architecture (LA)
Landscape architecture is a multidisciplinary field focused on the planning, design, and management of outdoor spaces such as parks, gardens, and urban areas Landscape architects integrate art, science, design, and ecology to craft landscapes that are visually appealing and functional, prioritizing environmental sustainability and the well-being of users.
The products of landscape architecture encompass a variety of elements and documents, including:
Landscape architects develop comprehensive site plans and designs that outline the organization of elements in outdoor spaces These designs often incorporate pathways, planting beds, water features, seating areas, and recreational zones.
Landscape architects develop planting plans that detail the selection of plants, trees, shrubs, and ground cover for a specific area These plans take into account essential factors such as climate, soil conditions, and aesthetic appeal to ensure a cohesive and sustainable plant palette.
– Construction Documents: Landscape architects produce comprehensive construction documents that provide contractors with the information needed to build the designed landscape accurately These documents include detailed drawings, specifications, and instructions
Landscape architects are increasingly prioritizing environmental sustainability in their designs They incorporate features such as rainwater harvesting systems, energy-efficient lighting, and native plants to minimize environmental impact and enhance sustainability.
Landscape architects create master plans for extensive projects like public parks and university campuses, detailing the long-term development and management of the site These plans serve as a strategic roadmap for future expansions and enhancements.
Landscape architects utilize computer-aided design (CAD) software to develop 3D models and realistic renderings of their projects, enabling clients and stakeholders to gain a clearer understanding of the proposed landscapes.
– Cost Estimates: Landscape architects provide cost estimates and budgets for the implementation of their designs This information helps clients determine the feasibility of their projects
– Site Analysis Reports: Before beginning a project, landscape architects conduct site analyses to assess existing conditions, including topography, soil quality, drainage, and environmental factors These reports inform the design process
Landscape architects create maintenance plans to keep landscapes healthy and visually appealing over time These plans include essential care recommendations, such as pruning, fertilization, and irrigation, ensuring the longevity and attractiveness of the environment For more detailed guidance, visit [Design for Ebb's Fleet Public Realm](https://www.designforebbsfleet-publicrealm.org/technical-planting-guidance).
– Urban Design and Planning: Landscape architects often contribute to urban planning and design projects, including the layout and aesthetics of public spaces, streetscapes, and transportation corridors within cities
Landscape architects focus on environmental rehabilitation and restoration by undertaking projects that aim to restore degraded landscapes, including wetlands, riverbanks, and brownfield sites, prioritizing ecological and environmental preservation.
7 – Historic Preservation: Preservation of culturally significant landscapes and gardens
– Recreational Space Design: Designing parks, sports fields, and recreational areas
– Green Roof and Living Wall Design: Incorporating vegetation into architectural elements
9 – Community Engagement: Involving stakeholders and the community in the design process to ensure it meets their needs and preferences
Landscape architecture is a profession dedicated to designing and managing outdoor spaces It produces various documents, plans, designs, and physical landscapes that improve the beauty, functionality, and sustainability of the built environment.
History of landscape architecture
Prehistoric Architecture
Prehistoric builders moved earth and stone into geometric forms, creating our earliest human-made formations Humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures
Gübekli Tepe in modern-day Turkey exemplifies remarkable archaeological architecture, showcasing the ingenuity of prehistoric humans Long before the advent of recorded history, these early societies built earthen mounds, stone circles, and megalithic structures that continue to intrigue contemporary archaeologists.
Prehistoric Architecture Includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures
Many fine examples of well-preserved prehistoric architecture are found in southern England Stonehenge in Amesbury, United Kingdom is a well-known example of the prehistoric stone circle
Ancient Egyptian Architecture (3500 BCE to 900 AD )
This architectural style ranges from 3,050 B.C to 900 B.C It depicts the prominent period of Egyptian architecture
The Egyptians created the most impressive structures of the ancient world The period saw the construction of some of the prominent pyramids with several noticeable architectural characteristics
Wood was not widely available in the arid Egyptian landscape Houses in ancient Egypt were made with blocks of sun-baked mud
The flooding of the Nile River and the passage of time have led to the destruction of many ancient homes in Egypt Our understanding of ancient Egyptian civilization largely stems from the impressive temples and tombs constructed from granite and limestone, adorned with intricate hieroglyphics, carvings, and vibrant frescoes.
The ancient Egyptians didn’t use mortar, so the stones were carefully cut to fit together
Classical Architecture (850 AD TO 476 AD )
Classical architecture refers to the style and design of buildings in ancient Greece and ancient Rome Classical architecture shaped our approach to building in Western colonies around the world
The era spanning the rise of the Greek Empire to the fall of the Roman Empire witnessed the construction of numerous significant buildings, with the column on the façade serving as a key architectural feature that defines this style.
The identifiable features of classical aesthetic include symmetry, proportion, rational order, the relationship of individual parts to the whole and calm logic
From 700 to 323 BCE, the Doric column emerged in Greece, prominently featured in grand temples like the Parthenon in Athens In contrast, simpler Ionic columns were utilized for smaller temples and interior spaces.
From 323 to 146 BCE, the Hellenistic period marked the peak of Greek power in Europe and Asia, characterized by the construction of grand temples and secular structures featuring Ionic and Corinthian columns This era concluded with the conquests of the Roman Empire.
From 44 BCE to 476 CE, Roman architecture was characterized by its heavy borrowing from Greek and Hellenistic styles, yet it featured more elaborate ornamentation The use of Corinthian and composite columns, along with decorative brackets, defined their structures The invention of concrete enabled the construction of impressive arches, vaults, and domes Notable examples of this architectural style include the iconic Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon in Rome.
Much of this ancient architecture is in ruins or partially rebuilt Virtual reality programs like Romereborn.org attempt to digitally recreate the environment of this important civilization
Early Christian Architecture (373 AD TO 500 AD)
The Early Christian architecture started in two prominent locations centered at Rome and Constantinople
The Position of Rome as the center of a world-wide empire was an important factor Christianity to become universal
The quarry of the ruins of roman buildings influenced the architectural treatment of the style, both in regard to construction and decoration
Early Christian architecture at Rome was influenced by, and was the logical outcome of, existing Roman architecture
Columns and other architectural features and marbles from the older buildings were worked into the design of new Basilican churches of the Christians
Spread of the Early Christian Architecture Architectural Characteristics:
With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion in Rome it was necessary for architecture to respond to the demands of the religion for worship space
Mode of worship was the most important determinant of the form of the church
The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early Christian churches of the roman era
As Christianity gained recognition as the state religion in Rome and its influence grew, there arose a need for architecture to adapt to the spatial requirements of this emerging faith.
A path for processional entry and exit of the clergy
An altar area, where the clergy celebrate mass
A space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during procession and communion
Romanesque Architecture (500 AD TO 1200 AD)
Romanesque is inspired by What is Romanesque Roman architecture
Similarities between Roman and Romanesque include round arches, stone materials, and the basilica-style plan (used for secular purposes by the Romans)
Influences that led to the Romanesque style are far more complex – Romanesque architecture also shows influences from gothic, Carolingian, Byzantine and Islamic architecture
The Romanesque period cannot be precisely defined – but Romanesque architecture generally dates from 1000 to 1150
Romanesque was at its height between about 1075 and 1125
Romanesque architecture, characterized by its massive structure and thick walls, blends elements from contemporary Western Roman and Byzantine buildings Key features include round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading.
Buildings from this period feature distinct forms and often exhibit regular, symmetrical plans, resulting in a simplistic overall appearance in contrast to the more complex Gothic structures that emerged later.
The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials
Byzantine Architecture (A.D 527 and 565)
By the time Constantine became the Caesar of the Roman empire, the Empire had split in half
The Western Roman Empire centered in Rome, speaking Latin
The Eastern Roman Empire of Byzantium (Constantinople), today Istanbul
Byzantium, “New Rome”, was later renamed Constantinople and is now called Istanbul
The empire lasted over a thousand years, significantly shaping Medieval and Renaissance architecture in Europe Its influence continued after the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, directly impacting the architectural style of the Ottoman Empire.
The Eastern Empire, or Byzantine Empire became strong and stable in the sixth century under Emperor Justinian: lasting 1000 years, with a great cultural history
It fell to the Turks in 1453
The borders were breached and the Emperor was forced to abandon Rome, moving the center northward, first to Milan then to Ravenna
Barbarians spilled over the rest of the Roman Empire, Germany, Spain, Italy, Gaul, and Africa
By the end of the sixth century, numerous barbarian kingdoms emerged, replacing the central authority of the Roman Emperor This led to a decline in sea trade, the abandonment of great cities, and a significant reduction in Rome's influence While most governmental institutions fell into disarray, one entity remained resilient: the Church.
Characterized especially by massive domes with square bases and Architecture rounded arches and spires and extensive use of glass mosaics
Early Byzantine architecture was built as a continuation of Roman architecture
The emergence of a unique architectural style was influenced by stylistic drift, technological advancements, and political and territorial changes, incorporating elements from the Near East and utilizing the Greek cross plan in church design.
Greek cross plan in church architecture – A cross with four equal arms at right angles
Buildings evolved with greater geometric complexity, incorporating brick and plaster alongside stone for the decoration of significant public structures Classical orders were applied more liberally, while mosaics took the place of carved decorations featuring the Greek and Latin crosses Additionally, intricate domes were supported by robust piers, and windows allowed light to gently illuminate interiors through thin alabaster sheets.
22 Angelo Hornak/Getty Images (cropped)
Gothic Architecture (1100 AD TO 1450 AD)
Gothic architecture began mainly in France, where architects were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the pointed arches of Spanish Moorish architecture
It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture
Gothic architecture, originally referred to as "French Style," is characterized by its distinctive features such as pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, intricate sculptures like gargoyles, and vibrant stained glass windows.
As an architectural style, Gothic developed primarily in ecclesiastical architecture, and its principles and characteristic forms were applied to other types of buildings
In the 12th and 13th centuries, advances in engineering enabled architects to design and complete increasingly huge buildings
Renaissance Architecture (1400 AD TO 1600 AD)
The Renaissance was fueled by the commercial success and rivalry among city-states like Florence, Rome, and Venice, alongside the influence of affluent families such as the Medici in Florence and the Fuggers in Germany Ultimately, it represented a remarkable victory of human determination over the challenges posed by historical events.
Not long before, there had been a run of disastrous European harvests (1315-19); the Black Death plague (1346) which wiped out one third of the European population; the
100 Years War between England and France (1339-1439), and the Christian Church was polarized by schism
The 16th century marked a challenging period for the Church in Rome, as the Popes nearly bankrupted it through extravagant spending on magnificent buildings and the visual arts, setting the stage for a cultural rebirth known as the rinacimento.
Baroque Architecture (1600 AD TO 1830 AD)
The Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation
In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint
Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St Petersburg
Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe
Russian aristocrats were inspired by the grandeur of the Palace of Versailles in France, leading them to integrate Baroque architectural elements into the construction of St Petersburg This elaborate Baroque style can be observed across various regions in Europe.
Rococo Architecture (1650 AD TO 1790 AD)
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves
Rococo art and architecture is characterized by elegant decorative designs with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns
Rococo perfectly reflected the decadent indolence and degeneracy of the French Royal Court and High Society
Unlike other major architectural movements, like Romanesque, Gothic or Baroque, Rococo was really concerned with interior design
The style originated and thrived in France, as affluent patrons opted to renovate interiors rather than reconstruct houses and châteaux Its whimsical and light-hearted nature was deemed unsuitable for the exteriors of religious and civic structures.
The spread of this movement from France to Germany saw greater popularity among Catholics than Protestants, yet it faced limited acceptance in other European nations such as England, the Low Countries, Spain, and Italy.
The French Revolution and the rise of Neoclassicism marked a significant shift towards Classical values and styles, aligning with the principles of the Age of Enlightenment and Reason.
St PeCatherine Palace Near Saint Petersburg, Russiater's Basilica
American Colonial (1600 AD TO 1780 AD)
Colonial architecture characteristics include: Symmetrical front and rectangular shape
The article describes a two-story structure featuring a lean-to addition characterized by a saltbox roof design, where the rear roof slopes down nearly to the ground, reminiscent of traditional saltbox architecture.
Art Nouveau (1890 AD TO 1940 AD)
Known as the New Style in France, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design
The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s as a revolt against industrialization turned people’s attention to the natural forms and personal craftsmanship of the Arts and Crafts Movement
Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches, and decorative Japanese-like surfaces with curved, plant-like designs and mosaics
The period is often confused with Art Deco, which has an entirely different visual look and philosophical origin
Neo-Gothic (1905 AD TO 1930 AD )
In the early 20th century, medieval Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings, both private homes and the new type of architecture called skyscrapers
The Gothic Revival was a Victorian architectural style that drew inspiration from Gothic cathedrals and medieval structures This design movement originated in the United Kingdom during the 1700s, initiated by Sir Horace Walpole's remodeling of his home, Strawberry Hill By the early 20th century, Gothic Revival concepts evolved to influence modern skyscrapers, commonly referred to as Neo-Gothic architecture.
Neo-Gothic skyscrapers often have strong vertical lines and a sense of great height; arched and pointed windows with decorative tracery; gargoyles and other medieval carvings; and pinnacles
The Neo-Gothic 1924 Tribune Tower in Chicago Glowimage/Getty Images (cropped)
The differences between Urban Planning (UP), Urban Design (UD), Landscape
Differences between Urban Planning (UP), Urban Design (UD) and Building
Urban planning is a strategic process aimed at the comprehensive development of cities and regions, integrating land use planning, infrastructure development, transportation systems, and environmental management It emphasizes long-term vision and broader scale considerations, addressing both social and economic factors to create sustainable urban environments.
Urban design focuses on the physical and aesthetic elements of urban areas, emphasizing the arrangement and functionality of buildings, public spaces, streetscapes, and landscapes Its goal is to create cohesive and visually appealing environments that enhance sustainability, livability, and social interaction, operating on a more localized scale than urban planning.
Building design encompasses the architectural and structural planning of individual structures, integrating elements of architectural design, interior design, and structural engineering This discipline prioritizes creating functional, safe, and visually appealing buildings while addressing the unique needs and specifications of each project As the most focused of the three design disciplines, building design emphasizes the intricate details necessary for successful construction.
Urban planning is a strategic process focused on the long-term development and sustainability of cities and regions It includes creating master plans, establishing zoning regulations, and developing policy frameworks, all while engaging the public in decision-making This comprehensive approach aims to address future growth and ensure the effective management of urban spaces.
Urban design is a multifaceted process that encompasses both long-term and short-term strategies It functions within the guidelines established by urban planning, focusing on the intricate design of specific areas, streetscapes, public spaces, and redevelopment initiatives.
31 may address immediate improvement projects as well as contribute to the long-term vision of the city
Building design is a structured and time-sensitive process that encompasses the design development, construction documentation, and execution of a specific project This process typically follows a linear timeline, which includes stages such as concept design, schematic design, design development, construction documents, and construction administration.
Urban planning is a collaborative process that brings together urban planners, policymakers, government agencies, community groups, private developers, and residents It necessitates effective coordination and negotiation among diverse interests to realize a shared vision for the city.
Urban design involves a collaborative effort among various professionals, including urban designers, architects, landscape architects, engineers, and urban planners This teamwork is essential for effectively integrating design elements, ensuring functionality, and incorporating public input into the urban environment.
Building Design: Building design typically involves collaboration between architects, engineers, interior designers, and clients The design team works closely with the client
32 to understand their needs and preferences and translate them into a functional and aesthetically pleasing building
3.1.4 Impact and Scale of influence
Urban planning plays a crucial role in the development of cities and regions by integrating social, economic, and environmental considerations It shapes the long-term growth and sustainability of urban areas, influencing land use patterns, transportation systems, infrastructure development, and resource allocation.
Urban design plays a crucial role in shaping the physical form, character, and functionality of urban areas It emphasizes the design of buildings, public spaces, streetscapes, and landscapes, which enhances the quality of the urban environment and fosters community interaction By contributing to the visual identity and livability of a city, effective urban design is essential for creating vibrant and engaging urban spaces.
Building design significantly impacts the functionality, safety, and aesthetics of structures, shaping user experience and energy efficiency It plays a crucial role in the spatial organization of buildings and contributes to the architectural character of an area, affecting the immediate environment.
Urban planning, urban design, and building design are interconnected disciplines that collectively shape our built environments Urban planning establishes the strategic framework, while urban design translates the city's vision into physical form, and building design brings that vision to life at the individual structure level Effective collaboration among these fields is essential for developing sustainable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing spaces.
Differences between Landscape design and Landscape architecture
Landscape design involves the strategic arrangement and modification of features in gardens, urban areas, and landscapes This process encompasses the planning, designing, and management of open spaces to enhance both urban and rural environments.
Landscape architecture encompasses the design and planning of various environments, including streetscapes, parks, playgrounds, wetlands, and restored river systems It also involves developing transit solutions, tourism strategies, and designing private backyards, as well as planning new suburbs and cities.
Landscape Design: Some essential key landscape design elements are as follows:
– Mass (the measure of the visual size of the landscape design)
– Form (the shape of the objects that are involved in landscapes)
– Line (a physical flow and connectivity of the landscape)
Landscape Architecture: Some essential key landscape architecture elements are as follows:
Greenscape refers to a natural landscape enriched with a dense layer of greenery, while hardscape encompasses human-made elements in landscape architecture, such as walls and pathways Additionally, waterscape highlights landscapes where water plays a central role, whether in natural or artificial forms.
– Set organizational meetings with the clients to understand the project entirely – Need to make 3D models with craft materials
– Discuss the plants and preferences according to the budget with his clients – Discuss the overall aesthetics and designs of landscapes with his clients
– Look for the issues of water usage and soil irrigation
– They have to research the site and consider every difficulty and limitation posed by the environment
– They should know how to make plans using CADD technology
– They may spend some time on the job site
– They have to research about the permissions that are required for construction
In short, the differences between landscape architecture and landscape design are:
– Landscape architect needs a degree while landscape designer does not require any certifications
– Landscape architect works on more public and larger projects while landscape designer works on residential and smaller projects
– Landscape architects deal with complex projects, while landscape designers deal with more transactional projects
– Landscape architects are considered authoritative experts in their field as compare to a landscape designer
REFEERENCE https://www.wiley.com/enfr/Landscape+Architectural+Graphic+Standards,+Student+ Edition-p-9780470067970 https://www.amazon.com/Engineering-Landscape-Architects-Steven-
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Timeline Of The History Of Architecture (urbandesignlab.in)
Difference between Urban Design and Architecture
(https://urbandesignlab.in/difference-between-urban-design-and- architecture/#:~:text=Urban%20design%20is%20concerned%20with%20the%20desig n%20of%20cities%20and,focuses%20on%20the%20individual%20buildings.)
Scope of Urban Design (https://pdfcoffee.com/11-scope-of-urban-design-pdf- free.html)
Scope and design (https://www.building.govt.nz/projects-and-consents/planning-a- successful-build/scope-and-design/)
What is Urban Planning (https://www.archdaily.com/984049/what-is-urban-planning0 Building design - Designing Buildings
What is Urban Design? | Urban Design Group (udg.org.uk)
What is Landscape Architecture? | CSLA (csla-aapc.ca)