Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References From Web pdf

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]... RF Cafe - Mathem

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & R eferences ◊◊

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site

Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

● Drill Sizes - Lettered

● Drill Sizes - Numbered

● Laws of Motion

● Laws Of Thermodynamics

● Tap & Drill - Metric

● Tap & Drill - SAE

● Temperature Conversions

● Visible Light

● Volume Conversions

● Work-Energy-Heat Conversions

● World Time Zone Map

Copyright, Acknowledgements,

Disclaimer & Terms of Use

Visitors since May 2000

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RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references I am confident

that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site Note: "#"

indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page.

Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

● Bessel Function Plots

● Bit Error Rate

● Coaxial Cable Chart

● Coaxial Cable Equations

● Frequency Bands

● Frequency Modulation

● Fuse Specs

● Fuse Package Outline

● GPIB / HPIB / 488

IEEE-● GSM Timeslot &

Frequency Specs

● History of Communications

● History of 50 Ω

● Impedance Matching

● Inductance#

● Inductance Conversions

● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order

● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order

● Magnetic Field Conversions

● Magnetic Flux Conversions

● RMS & Average Power & Voltage

● Serial Port Pinout

● Wireless Communication Specs

● Wireless Coverage Maps

● Wireless Data Rate Standards

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RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

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RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets

2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be only static and not interactive You can purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about

$100 here

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RF Cafe - Mathematical References

● Integrals, Inverse Trig

● Integrals, Natural Log

● Integrals, Square Root

● Integrals,

Trigonometric

● LaPlace Transform Pairs

● LaPlace Transform Properties

● Trig Identities, Inverse

● Trig Identities, Hyperbolic

● Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]

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RF Cafe - Area Conversion

◊◊ AREA CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).

square in square ft square cm square m circular mil

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RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set

◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊

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RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts

◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Size

Tap Drill (mm)

Clearance Drill (mm)

Counter Bore (mm)

Nut Points (mm)

Nut Flats (mm)

Washer I.D.

(mm)

Washer O.D (mm)

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference

2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts

3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

◊◊ SAE B olts, Nuts & W ashers ◊◊

Size & Threads/lnch Designation Series Drill Tap Clearance Drill Counter Bore Points Nut Flats Nut Washer I.D. Washer O.D.

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts

3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts

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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

◊◊ Carnot C ycle ◊◊

An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat engine—that is, all the heat would be converted

to mechanical work A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle that is the basic cycle of all heat engines He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist Any heat engine must expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust The second law of thermodynamics places an upper limit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent The limiting case is now known as a Carnot cycle.

The Carnot Cycle

(1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is

added from source Piston moves from V1 to V2,

doing work on the system.

(2) Heat source is removed and isolated Adiabatic

expansion continues until volume V3 is reached, performing additional work, at temperature T2.

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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

(4) Heat source is removed and isolated Adiabatic

compression continues until volume V4 is reached,

performing additional work, at temperature T2.

(3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as

work is done by the system on the piston Heat is be

transferred to T2.

Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change

occurs in a closed system Adiabatic: or out of a closed system Process in which no heat is transferred into

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RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

◊◊ Materials Properties ◊◊

MatWeb

Substance

Melting Temperature (ºC)

Density (g/cm 3 )

Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)

Thermal Expansion (10 -6 K)

Resistivity (µΩ·cm)

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RF Cafe - Density Conversion

◊◊ Density C onversions ◊◊

Standard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).

lb per in 3 lb per ft 3 slug per ft 3 g per cm 3 kg per m 3

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]

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RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: LETTERED ◊◊

Letter Diameter (in) Letter Diameter (in)

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RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED ◊◊

Number Diameter (in) Number Diameter (in) Number Diameter (in) Number Diameter (in)

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RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

◊◊ Electrochemical Potentials ◊◊

This table presents the electrochemical potential difference

(in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in the

presence of water with 2% salt content.

the "X" metal is attacked the contact is practically neutral the "Y" metal is attacked

Steel 250 110 0 90 100 160 200 320 350 415 450 520 550 590 690 750 840 850 950 1150 1220 1700 Titanium 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325 360 430 460 500 600 680 750 760 860 1060 1150 1610 Silver-

Mercury 350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315 350 420 450 490 590 650 740 750 850 1050 1120 1600 Nickel 430 300 180 90 80 0 20 140 170 235 270 340 370 410 510 570 650 670 770 970 1040 1520 Copper

Alloy 450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215 250 320 350 390 490 530 640 650 750 950 1020 1500 Copper 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95 130 200 230 270 370 430 520 530 630 830 900 1380 Aluminum-

Zinc 700 520 520 360 350 270 250 130 100 35 0 70 100 140 240 300 390 400 500 700 770 1250 Bronze 770 640 550 430 420 340 320 200 170 105 70 0 30 70 170 230 320 330 435 630 700 1180 Tin 800 670 590 460 450 370 350 230 200 135 100 30 0 40 140 200 290 300 400 600 670 1150 Lead 840 710 680 500 490 410 390 270 240 175 140 70 40 0 100 160 250 260 300 560 630 1110

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RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

Light alloy

NSA 3001 940 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 240 170 140 100 0 60 150 160 260 460 530 1010 Steels 1000 870 750 660 650 570 550 430 400 335 300 230 200 160 60 0 90 150 200 400 470 950 Aluminum

A5 1090 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425 390 320 290 250 150 90 0 100 110 310 380 860 Cadmium 1100 970 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435 400 330 300 260 160 150 100 0 100 300 370 850 Chromium 1200 1070 950 860 850 770 750 630 600 535 500 430 400 360 260 200 110 100 0 200 270 750 Zinc 1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970 950 830 800 735 700 630 600 560 460 400 310 300 200 0 70 550 Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900 870 805 770 700 670 630 530 470 380 370 270 70 0 480 Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950 860 850 750 550 480 0

Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"

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RF Cafe - Force Conversion

◊◊ FORCE CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Newton (N).

dyne newton pound poundal gram force kg force

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RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

◊◊ GALVANIC SERIES ◊◊

A galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment The list begins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of the galvanic series A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solution which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue In a galvanic couple, the metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in the environment This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of

Listed below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered according

to how they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment The table is the galvanic series of metals

in sea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."

29 Lead

30 Steel 1010

31 Iron (cast)

32 Stainless steel 410 (active)

33 Copper (plated, cast, or wrought)

43 Stainless steel 17-7PH (active)

44 Tungsten

45 Niobium (columbium) 1% Zr

54 Bronze 220

55 Copper 110

56 Red Brass

58 Molybdenum, Commercial pure

59 Copper-nickel 715

60 Admiralty brass

62 Bronze, Phosphor 534 (B-1)

63 Monel 400

65 Carpenter 20 (active)

69 Stainless steel 17-7PH (passive)

70 Silicone Bronze 655

71 Stainless steel 304 (passive)

76 Stainless steel 316L (passive)

77 AM355 (active)

84 Titanium 6Al, 4V (solution treated and aged)

85 Titanium 6Al, 4V (anneal)

86 Titanium 8Mn

87 Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al (solution heat treated and aged)

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RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

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RF Cafe - General Constants

◊◊ GENERAL CONSTANTS ◊◊

* : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2 π

Speed of light (in vacuum) c 2.9979 * 108 m/sMass-energy ratio c2 8.9876 * 1016 J/kgGravitational constant G 6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2

" G 3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2Universal gas constant R 8.3144 J/(mol * K)Avogadro constant N0 6.0220 * 1023 molecules/molBoltzmann constant k 1.3807 * 10-23 J/KPlanck constant* h 6.6262 * 10-34 J * sElectron rest mass me 9.1095 * 10-31 kgProton rest mass mp 1.6726 * 10-27 kg

Volume of ideal gas (@STP) V 2.2414 * 10-2 m3/molStefan Boltzmann constant s 5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)

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RF Cafe - General Units

◊◊ GENERAL UNITS ◊◊

Specific heat capacity joule/(kilogram * Kelvin) c

Thermal conductivity watt/(meter * Kelvin) l

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RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet

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RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit

◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

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RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit

◊◊ LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits

F = x1 x2 = eα {Lifetime Acceleration Factor}

Where:

x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1 x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2

T = Junction temperature in degrees K

E = Thermal activation energy in eV

k = Boltzmann's constant

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RF Cafe - Laws of Motion

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RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume It also takes in energy, heat, and work When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, a

thermodynamic process is said to take place The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th century through painstaking experimentation.

equilibrium with each

other This shared

of work done on the system must result in a corresponding increase of internal energy in the system Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another.

This First Law of thermodynamics identifies caloric, or heat, as a form

of energy.

Second Law

Entropy—that is, the disorder—of an isolated system can never decrease Therefore, when an isolated system achieves a configuration

of maximum entropy, it can no longer undergo change (it has reached equilibrium).

Additionally, it is not enough to conserve energy and thus obey the First Law A machine that would deliver work while violating the second law is called a "perpetual-motion machine of the second kind." In such a system, energy could then be continually drawn from a cold environment to do work in a hot environment

at no cost.

Third Law

The Third Law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot

be attained by any procedure in a finite number of steps Absolute zero can be approached arbitrarily closely, but it can never be reached.

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RF Cafe - Length Conversion

◊◊ LENGTH CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Meter (m).

inch foot mile centimeter meter kilometer

Non-Standard Length Units Conversions

1 league (nautical) = 3 nmi = 5 556 m

1 league (statute) = 3 stat mi

1 light year = 9.460 895 2 * 1015 m

1 link (engineers') = 1 ft = 0.304 8 m

1 link (surveyors') = 7.92 in = 0.201168 m

1 myriameter = 10 000 m

1 nautical mile (nmi) = 1 853.184 m

1 pale = 1 perch (linear) = 1 rod = 5.029 2 m

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RF Cafe - Mass Conversion

MASS CONVERSIONS

Standard units = Kilogram (kg) * = atomic mass unit.

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Units

MECHANICAL UNITS

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RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

◊◊ Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊

Legend

Alkali metals Actinide seriesAlkali earth metals Other metalsTransition metals NonmetalsLanthanide series Noble gases

WebElements - a great online source

1

Ia

180

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RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

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