Đáp án môn Đọc 6 ehou đại học mở (đầy đủ)

Đọc Tiếng Anh 6 EN40 Hướng dẫn cách tra đáp án: Những câu hỏi chung chung thì anh chị tra cứu bằng đáp án cho nhanh (phím tắt CTRL + F) Có nhiều đáp án giống nhau, hoặc trùng nhau, nhưng khác câu hỏi, anh chị đọc kỹ câu hỏi. Chúc anh chị thi tốt Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.An intellectual breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the transition is made from theory to practice. Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilisation until the twentieth century. Prodigious efforts, accelerated during two world wars, were required before the technology of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts. It is strange that the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the thirteenth century. The reason is that nobody associated the reaction principle with the idea of travelling through space to a neighbouring world. The impact of the reaction principle How the reaction principle The first use of steam Writers’ theories of the reaction principle Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.The concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two thousand years. However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop. Not only did it solve a problem that had intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe. The impact of the reaction principle Writers’ theories of the reaction principle How the reaction principle The first use of steam In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species. Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance. Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year. Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase. Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding. This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex. For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male. For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce. Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts. Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases. The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered. Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year. These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species. Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level. When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.An imblance of the sexes. Paragraph B Paragraph D Paragraph C Paragraph A In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species. Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance. Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year. Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase. Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding. This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex. For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male. For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce. Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts. Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases. The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered. Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year. These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species. Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level. When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.Loss of ability to adapt. Paragraph C Paragraph B Paragraph A Paragraph D

1

Đọc - Tiếng Anh 6 - EN40

Hướng dẫn cách tra đáp án: Những câu hỏ5i chung chung thì anh chị tra cứu bằng đáp án cho nhanh (phím tắt CTRL + F)

Có nhiều đáp án giống nhau, hoặc trùng nhau, nhưng khác câu hỏi, anh chị đọc kỹ câu hỏi Chúc anh chị thi tốt!

Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.An intellectual

breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the transition is made from theory to practice Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilisation until the twentieth century Prodigious efforts, accelerated during two world wars, were required before the technology of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts It is strange that the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the thirteenth century The reason is that

nobody associated the reaction principle with the idea of travelling through space

to a neighbouring world.

The impact of the reaction principle

How the reaction principle

The first use of steam

Writers’ theories of the reaction principle

Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.The concept of the rocket,

or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two thousand years However, it wasn’t until the

discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop Not only did it solve a problem that had intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.

The impact of the reaction principle

Writers’ theories of the reaction principle

How the reaction principle

The first use of steam

2

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter

of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account,

extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about

50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is

a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic

diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to

be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce

population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size

necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.An imblance of the sexes.

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter

of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account,

extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about

50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is

a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic

diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to

be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce

population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size

necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.Loss of ability to adapt.

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter

of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account,

extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about

50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is

a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic

diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to

be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce

population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size

necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.Natural disasters.

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter

of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account,

extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about

50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is

a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic

diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to

be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce

population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size

necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.The haphazard nature of reproduction.

systems In the paragraph, De Vany recommends that people should….

exercise harder but for less time.

learn more about how the human body reacts to exercise.

give their muscles more time to recover from exercise.

exercise less frequently.

6

Read the text and choose the best answer De Vany's advice to the modern

exercise freak is to cut duration and frequency, and increase intensity 'Our

muscle fibre composition reveals that we are adapted to extreme intensity of effort,' says De Vany, a professor of economics at the Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, Irvine His approach to fitness combines Darwinian thinking with his interest in chaos theory and complex

systems In the paragraph, De Vany recommends that people should….

exercise harder but for less time.

exercise less frequently.

give their muscles more time to recover from exercise.

learn more about how the human body reacts to exercise.

Read the text and choose the best answer These stories of killer bees in the news

in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as bees have made their way from South America to North America Killer bees are reputed to be extremely aggressive in nature, although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhatinflated The killer bee is a hybrid—or combination- of the very mild European strain of honeybee and the considerably more aggressive African bee, which was created when African strain was imported into Brazil in 1955 The African bees were brought into Brazil because their aggression was considered an advantage: they were far more productive than their European counterparts in that they spent a higher percentage of their time working and continued working longer in inclement weather than did the European bees These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is

actually not at all as aggressive as the pure African bee They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim In the vicera attached

to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting The new sting create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim Killer bees tend to travel in

largeclusteror swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate A “hybrid" in paragraph 2 is

Read the text and choose the best answer.‘People still tell me, “Children don’t read nowadays”,’ says David Almond, the award-winning author of children’s books such as Skellig The truth is that they are skilled, creative readers When I

do classroom visits, they ask me very sophisticated questions about use of

language, story structure, chapters and dialogue.’ No one is denying that books are competing with other forms of entertainment for children’s attention but it seems as though children find a special kind of mental nourishment within the printed page.What is the main idea of this paragraph?

the fact that children are able to identify and discuss the important elements of fiction

Children will read many books by an author that they like.

Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book

the undervaluing of children’s society

Read the text and choose the best answer.‘The dingo started out as a quiet

observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the

continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts

of Australia, an educated guess puts the population at more than a

million.Eventually government officials and graziers agreed that one

well-maintained fence, placed on the outer rim of sheep country and paid for by taxes levied on woolgrowers, should supplant the maze of private netting By 1960, three states joined their barriers to form a single dog fence.Dingoes have

flourished as a result of the sheep industry.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

Read the text and choose the best answer.A few years ago, publishers lost

confidence and wanted to make books more like television, the medium that frightened them most,’ says children’s book critic Julia Eccleshare ‘But books aren’t TV, and you will find that children always say that the good thing about books is that you can see them in your head Children are demanding readers,’ she says ‘If they don’t get it in two pages, they’ll drop it.’No more are children’s authors considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers 'Some feted adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in

1999 alone And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-Holland, the majority of which will go

to the author.Which company has just invested heavily in an unpublished

Read the text and choose the best answer.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes

up a whole room Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies But they have not yet come

up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he’s hoping for good news Bernstein predicts

‘an avalanche of interest and support’ if all goes well He expects to see zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.Other scientists could also benefit With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ - not just forecasting the weather but

cloud-controlling it ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says

Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

9

Read the text and choose the best answer.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes

up a whole room Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies But they have not yet come

up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he’s hoping for good news Bernstein predicts

‘an avalanche of interest and support’ if all goes well He expects to see zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.Other scientists could also benefit With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ - not just forecasting the weather but

cloud-controlling it ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says

Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……… the trigger

interactive meteorology

money

size

10

Read the text and choose the best answer.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes

up a whole room Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies But they have not yet come

up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he’s hoping for good news Bernstein predicts

‘an avalanche of interest and support’ if all goes well He expects to see zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.Other scientists could also benefit With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ - not just forecasting the weather but

cloud-controlling it ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says

Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s system.

to separate the sheep from the cattle

to stop the dingoes from being slaughtered by farmers

to act as a boundary between properties

to protect the Australian wool industry

11

Read the text and choose the best answer.Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking

or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent

struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-

gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip Women may have gathered food every two or three days There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as skinning animals and tool making, and probably dancing.Our ancestors must have evolved cardiovascular, metabolic and thermoregulatory systems capable of sustaining high-level aerobic exertion under the hot African sun, according to Loren Cordain of the Human Performance

Laboratory at Colorado State University And given that the Palaeolithic era

ended only an evolutionary blink of an eye ago, we ignore its legacy at our peril Cordain and his colleagues point out that in today's developed societies, inactivity

is associated with disease Contemporary hunter- gatherer societies rarely

experience these modern killers, they say.This is where De Vany's exercise ideas come in 'The primary objectives for any exercise and diet programme must be to counter hyper-insulinaemia (chronically elevated insulin) and hypoexertion

(wasting of the body's lean mass through inactivity),' he writes in his forthcoming book about evolutionary exercise Exercise and diet are linked For example, says

De Vany, our appetite control mechanisms work best when our activity mimics that of our ancestors But he feels that most modern exercise regimes are not hitting the mark.Cordain compares modern hunter-gatherer societies to

Paleolithic societies in terms of their…

healthy mix of work and leisure activities

resistance to certain fatal illnesses

ability to withstand high temperatures

refusal to change their way of life

Read the text and choose the best answer.Art De Vany is 62, but physical fitness tests three years ago showed he had the body of a 32-year-old Although De Vany

is sceptical of such assessments, he knows he's in good shape His former career

as a professional baseball player may have something to do with it, but he

attributes his physical prowess to an, exercise regime inspired by the lifestyles of our Palaeolithic ancestors What do you learn about Art De Vany in the

paragraph?

He believes he has inherited a strong body (Sai)

He works as a professional sports player.

He frequently tests his health.

He is older than he appears to be.

12

Read the text and choose the best answer.Avoiding pollution can be a fulltime job Try not to inhale traffic fumes; keep away from chemical plants and building- sites; wear a mask when cycling It is enough to make you want to stay at home But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea Research shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases,

particulate matter and other chemical ‘nasties’ are usually higher indoors than out, even in the most polluted cities Since the average American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour outside, it looks as though many environmentalists may be attacking the wrong target.In the paragraph the writer suggests that…….

people should avoid working in cities.

Americans spend too little time outdoors (Sai)

there are several ways to avoid city pollution.

hazardous gases are concentrated in industrial suburbs.

Read the text and choose the best answer.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at

a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan

‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says Bernstein ‘Occasionally, it will take

a branch and go someplace it wasn’t supposed to go.’And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ points out Jean-Claude Diels of the Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive

equipment at risk With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high- powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up

to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an

uncontrollable surge To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close

by Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm cloudsPower companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.

NOT GIVEN

TRUE

FALSE

13

Read the text and choose the best answer.Bees do not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species:

snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens

—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in

agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and

cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Bees rarely respond to scent.

snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens

—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in

agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and

cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Most grain crops are pollinated by insects.

FALSE

TRUE

NOT GIVEN

14

Read the text and choose the best answer.Bees do not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species:

snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens

—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in

agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and

cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Special markings on a flower help bees to locate the nectar.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, in what circumstances do hummingbirds build a second nest?

If the eggs are destroyed early in the season

If the winter is unusually warm

If the chicks in the first nest hatch early

If there is an unusually large supply of food

15

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, which of the following is true of the male broad- tailed hummingbird?

It is not involved in caring for the chicks.

It finds food for the female and the chicks.

It protects the nest while the female searches for food.

It shares nesting duties equally with the female.

16

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks It can be inferred from the passage that the broad-tailed hummingbirds' eggs and chicks are most vulnerable to attacks by …….

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "clear" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to…

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "counts" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to….

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to…….

Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest

in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000

kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of

an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is

unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only

on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is

painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and

camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks What aspect of broad-tailed hummingbird behavior does the passage mainly discuss?

Selection of nest sites

Mating habits

Caring for the young

Migration routes

Read the text and choose the best answer.By 870, the Vikings were settling

Iceland In 980, an Icelandic assembly found a man named Eric “the Red” Ericson guilty of murder and sent him into exile Eric the Red responded by sailing to a large island to the west, which he called “Greenland.” An Icelandic saga mentions that people would be attracted to go to Greenland if it had a favorable2 name Around 998, Eric the Red’s son, Leif “the Lucky” Ericson, and a small Viking fleet sailed west to North America There they established the first European

settlement in the New World, called “Vinland.”Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866, a Viking “Great Army”

landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They forced the English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so- called Danelaw To the west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in

841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city, but originally a Viking fort The Vikings remained a major power in Ireland until the early eleventh century.When did Vikings establish a fort in Ireland?

Read the text and choose the best answer.By 870, the Vikings were settling

Iceland In 980, an Icelandic assembly found a man named Eric “the Red” Ericson guilty of murder and sent him into exile Eric the Red responded by sailing to a large island to the west, which he called “Greenland.” An Icelandic saga mentions that people would be attracted to go to Greenland if it had a favorable2 name Around 998, Eric the Red’s son, Leif “the Lucky” Ericson, and a small Viking fleet sailed west to North America There they established the first European

settlement in the New World, called “Vinland.”Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866, a Viking “Great Army”

landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They forced the English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so- called Danelaw To the west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in

841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city, but originally a Viking fort The Vikings remained a major power in Ireland until the early eleventh century.When was Eric the Red convicted of a crime?

stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks.People who

consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly

Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.Some athletes use caffeine to…

increase their endurance.

improve their speed.

improve their reaction

maintain their alertness.

22

Read the text and choose the best answer.Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their

stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks.People who

consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly

Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.Symptoms of caffeine

withdrawal…….

are usually short-lived.

can become an ongoing problem.

may last as long as a week.

lasts 1 month.

Read the text and choose the best answer.Children’s books are surprisingly

relevant to contemporary life Provided they are handled with care, few topics are considered off-limits for children One senses that children’s writers relish the chance to discuss the whole area of topics and language But Anne Fine, author of many award- winning children’s books is concerned that the British literati still ignore children’s culture ‘It’s considered worthy but boring,’ she says.What is the main idea of this paragraph?

the undervaluing of children’s society

Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book

the impact of a particular fictional character on the sales of children’s books

Children will read many books by an author that they like.

23

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of booking the supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.If you want to sit at the front of the coach…….

book your seat well in advance

ask when you get on the coach.

arrive early on the departure date

avoid travelling at peak times.

24

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of booking the supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.Your air tickets……

may be held by your coach driver.

will be sent to your departure point.

must be collected before leaving

will be enclosed with other documents.

25

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.Entertainment is available…….Entertainment is available…… for an additional cost

If there is the demand

upon request.

at all hotels.

26

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.If you need a special diet you should……If you need a special diet you shouldRead the text and choose the best answer.

tell the coach company.

inform the hotel when you arrive.

pay extra with the booking

book tourist class.

27

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.It may be necessary to pay extra for……

Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break

informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized

suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach

breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown

in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure

page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not

guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.With every booking Classic Tours guarantee you will be able to……

use your own personal bathroom

see a film if you want to.

request high quality meals.

take hand luggage on the coach.

Read the text and choose the best answer.De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos 'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which is essential to health,' he says Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too timeconsuming He gives his own workout a

chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and

trekking with a grandson on his shoulders.Which TWO opposing factors does De Vany say an exercise programmeshould include?

order and chaos

ascending weights and descending repetitions

intensity and duration

non-linear and dynamic

29

Read the text and choose the best answer.De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos 'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which is essential to health,' he says Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too timeconsuming He gives his own workout a

chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and

trekking with a grandson on his shoulders.Which type of activity does de Vany criticise as being harmful?

chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and

trekking with a grandson on his shoulders.Which type of exercise does De Vany practise on a regular basis?

hitting softballs

trekking

weight training

aerobic exercise

Read the text and choose the best answer.De Vany's advice to the modern

exercise freak is to cut duration and frequency, and increase intensity 'Our muscle fibre composition reveals that we are adapted to extreme intensity of effort,' says De Vany, a professor of economics at the Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, Irvine His approach to fitness combines Darwinian thinking with his interest in chaos theory and complex

systems.This new science, which De Vany calls evolutionary fitness, is part of growing efforts to understand how the human body has been shaped by

evolution, and to use this knowledge to improve our health and fitness

Proponents believe the key lies in the lifestyle of our hunter-gatherer ancestors because, they say, the vast majority of the human genome is still adapted to an ancient rhythm of life which swung between intense periods of activity and long stretches of inertia.What term does De Vany use to describe his approach to physicalexercise?

Read the text and choose the best answer.Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of the brain are

generally conducted in an autopsy One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic

children suffer from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points When reading, for example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end This theory could explain why

dyslexics have difficulty reading Many dyslexic children read letters and words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw These reversals are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early elementary grades Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias and microgyria These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for

connecting visual and audio processing Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies, shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.People with dyslexia often read in reverse.

generally conducted in an autopsy One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic

children suffer from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points When reading, for example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end This theory could explain why

dyslexics have difficulty reading Many dyslexic children read letters and words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw These reversals are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early elementary grades Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias and microgyria These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for

connecting visual and audio processing Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies, shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.There is a

tendency for dyslexia between twins.

NOT GIVEN

TRUE

FALSE

31

Read the text and choose the best answer.Dyslexia is a type of learning disorder that can often be compensated for with therapy and motivational techniques Phonological training, which involves identifying and separating sound patterns,

is the most common form of therapy used in the school system Depending on the severity of the disorder, dyslexic children are pulled from regular classroom activities in order to work one-on-one with a language specialist Studies have shown that activity in the right temporoparietal cortex tends to increase after sufficient phonological training Improvements in visual focus can sometimes be achieved when students are given an eye patch to wear while they learn to read Encouraging children to use many senses while reading also has proven benefits Some teachers find that having students listen to a book on tape before reading the text can help with information processing as well.Scientists are looking for a drug treatment for dyslexia.

corresponding sounds Many people who suffer from dyslexia also have trouble with enunciation, organization, and short-term memory Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children It is not related to intellectual ability, vision, or access to education Approximately 5-10 percent of school-age children

in North America suffer from the condition, with each case varying in severity Children are generally diagnosed with dyslexia during the elementary school years when they are learning how to read and spell.Dyslexia is a disorder related

corresponding sounds Many people who suffer from dyslexia also have trouble with enunciation, organization, and short-term memory Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children It is not related to intellectual ability, vision, or access to education Approximately 5-10 percent of school-age children

in North America suffer from the condition, with each case varying in severity Children are generally diagnosed with dyslexia during the elementary school years when they are learning how to read and spell.Dyslexia is usually diagnosed during a child’s first years of school.

NOT GIVEN

TRUE

FALSE

32

Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a

variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing

platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas

to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip

nectar.Certain flowers have evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a

variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing

platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas

to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip

nectar.If an attractive flower is very small, a butterfly will land on its leaves NOT GIVEN

TRUE

FALSE

Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a

variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing

platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas

to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip

nectar.Moths are attracted by both color and scent.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

33

Read the text and choose the best answer.He also argues that most people do not train the right muscles for that ultimately attractive - and adaptive - quality of symmetry 'Symmetry is a reliable evolutionary clue to health,' he says 'Tumours and pathologies produce gross asymmetries, and our love of symmetry reflects the reproductive success of our ancestors, who were sensitive to these clues.' He strives for the X-look - a symmetrical balance of mass in the shoulder girdle, upper chest and back, the calves and lower quads, two of the four large muscles

at the front of the thighs This also makes men look taller, he adds, 'another reliable evolutionary clue that women use to find good genes'.The hunter-

gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].'Female exercise

programmes should vary according to the shape of the individual.

NOT GIVEN

TRUE

FALSE

Read the text and choose the best answer.Less than three years ago, doom

merchants were predicting that the growth in video games and the rise of the Internet would sound the death knell for children’s literature But contrary to popular myth, children are reading more books than ever A recent survey by Books Marketing found that children up to the age of 11 read on average for four hours a week, particularly girls.Moreover, the children’s book market, which traditionally was seen as a poor cousin to the more lucrative and successful adult market, has come into its own Publishing houses are now making considerable profits on the back of new children’s books and children’s authors can now

command significant advances ‘Children’s books are going through an incredibly fertile period,’ says Wendy Cooling, a children’s literature consultant ‘There’s a real buzz around them Book clubs are happening, sales are good, and people are much more willing to listen to children’s authors.’The main growth area has been the market for eight to fourteen-year-olds, and there is little doubt that the boom has been fuelled by the bespectacled apprentice, Harry Potter So influential has

J K Rowling’s series of books been that they have helped to make reading

fashionable for pre-teens ‘Harry made it OK to be seen on a bus reading a book,’ says Cooling ‘To a child, that is important.’ The current buzz around the

publication of the fourth Harry Potter beats anything in the world of adult

literature.For which age group have sales of books risen the most?

Read the text and choose the best answer.Less than three years ago, doom

merchants were predicting that the growth in video games and the rise of the Internet would sound the death knell for children’s literature But contrary to popular myth, children are reading more books than ever A recent survey by Books Marketing found that children up to the age of 11 read on average for four hours a week, particularly girls.What is the main idea of this paragraph?

an inaccurate forecast regarding the reading habits of children

Children will read many books by an author that they like.

We are experiencing a rise in the popularity of children’s literature.

Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.A "steamer” in paragraph 2 is probably

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.According to the passage, which of the following best describes Niagara Falls?

American Falls is considerably higher than Horseshoe Falls

Although the Niagara River flows through the United States and Canada, the falls are only in the United States.

Niagara Falls consists of two rivers, one Canadian and the other American (sai) The Niagara River has two falls, one in Canada and one in the United States

36

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.According to the passage, why was Niagara Park created?

To show off the natural beauty of Niagara Falls

To protect the area around Niagara Falls

To force Canada to open Queen Victoria Park

To encourage tourists to visit Niagara Falls

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.The expression “right up” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

turn to the right

travel upstream

all the way up

follow correct procedures

37

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.The passage implies that tourists prefer to

come to Niagara Falls for a winter vacation

visit Niagara Falls during warmer weather

see the falls from a great distance

take a ride over the falls

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.The word "flock” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

come in large numbers

come by plane

come without knowing what they will see

come out of boredom

38

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.The word “jurisdiction" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

Read the text and choose the best answer.Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite

a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point

or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up

to 500 feet.Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because

of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty

of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government

agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.What is the major point that the author is making in this passage?

Niagara Falls has had an interesting history.

A trip to the United States isn't complete without a visit to Niagara Falls.

It has been necessary to protect Niagara Falls from the many tourists who go there.

Niagara Falls can be viewed from either the American side or the Canadian side Read the text and choose the best answer.No more are children’s authors

considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers 'Some feted adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in 1999 alone And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-Holland, the majority of which will go to the author.It helps that once smitten, children are loyal and even fanatical

consumers Author Jacqueline Wilson says that children spread news of her books like a bushfire ‘My average reader is a girl of ten,’ she explains ‘They’re sociable and acquisitive They collect They have parties - where books are a good present.

If they like something, they have to pass it on.’ After Rowling, Wilson is currently the best-selling children’s writer, and her sales have boomed over the past three years She has sold more than three million books, but remains virtually invisible

to adults, although most ten- year-old girls know about her.Who is currently the best-selling children’s writer?