SALMONELLA – A DIVERSIFIED SUPERBUG Edited by Yashwant Kumar Salmonella – A Diversified Superbug Edited by Yashwant Kumar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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DepositPhotos First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Salmonella – A Diversified Superbug, Edited by Yashwant Kumar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-781-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface XI Part 1 Environmental Interactions 1 Chapter 1 Invasion and Survival of Salmonella in the Environment: The Role of Biofilms 3 Cynthia L. Sheffield and Tawni L. Crippen Chapter 2 Motility and Energy Taxis of Salmonella spp. 29 Andreas E. Zautner Chapter 3 Influence of a Salt Water Regulator on the Survival Response of Salmonella Paratyphi in Vembanadu Lake: India 47 Chandran Abhirosh, Asit Mazumder, Sherin Varghese, A.P Thomas and A.A.M Hatha Part 2 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 63 Chapter 4 Antibiotic Resistance and the Prospects of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Salmonellosis 65 A.A. Aliero and A.D. Ibrahim Chapter 5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi in Jakarta and Surrounding Areas 91 Lucky H. Moehario, Enty Tjoa, Veronica N. K. D. Kalay and Angela Abidin Chapter 6 Salmonellas Antibiotic Sensibility and Resistance; The Sensitivity to Herb Extracts and New Synthesize Compounds 99 Birol Özkalp VI Contents Chapter 7 Xylariaceae Endophytic Fungi Metabolites Against Salmonella 119 Fernanda Pinheiro de Carvalho Ribeiro, Fernanda Carolina Sousa Fonseca, Isabella Alves Reis, Isabella Santos Araújo, Hélio Mitoshi Kamida, Alexsandro Branco and Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro Chapter 8 Nanotechnology Tools for Efficient Antibacterial Delivery to Salmonella 139 Ali Nokhodchi, Taravat Ghafourian and Ghobad Mohammadi Chapter 9 Mexican Plants Used in the Salmonellosis Treatment 169 Daniel Arrieta-Baez, Rosario Ruiz de Esparza and Manuel Jiménez-Estrada Chapter 10 Effect of Sanitizers and Oregano Essential Oils to Reduce the Incidence of Salmonella and Other Pathogens in Vegetables 185 Saul Ruiz-Cruz, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz, Luis A. Cira-Chávez and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala Chapter 11 Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella: A Risk for Tropical Aquaculture 195 Renata Albuquerque Costa, Fátima Cristiane Teles de Carvalho and Regine Helena Silva dos Fernandes Vieira Part 3 Genetics 207 Chapter 12 Reticulate Evolution Among the Group I Salmonellae: An Ongoing Role for Horizontal Gene Transfer 209 Eric W. Brown, Rebecca L. Bell, Marc W. Allard, Narjol Gonzalez- Escalona, Andrei Perlloni, Joseph E. LeClerc and Thomas A. Cebula Chapter 13 The Importance of Mobile Genetic Elements in the Evolution of Salmonella: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance and Host Adaptation 231 Claudia Silva, Magdalena Wiesner and Edmundo Calva Chapter 14 Salmonella as a Unique Tool for Genetic Toxicology 255 Mehmet Karadayı, Özlem Barış and Medine Güllüce Part 4 Immunology 277 Chapter 15 Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis (SE) Infection in Chickens and Its Public-Health-Risk Control Using an SE Vaccine in Layer Flocks 279 Hiroaki Ohta and Yukiko Toyota-Hanatani Contents VII Chapter 16 Salmonella as Live Carrier of Antigens in Vaccine Development 309 César Gonzalez Bonilla, Ericka Pompa Mera, Alberto Diaz Quiñonez and Sara Huerta Yepez Chapter 17 Neutrophil Cellular Responses to Various Salmonella typhimurium LPS Chemotypes 327 Anna N. Zagryazhskaya, Svetlana I. Galkina, Zoryana V. Grishina, Galina M. Viryasova, Julia M. Romanova, Michail I. Lazarenko, Dieter Steinhilber and Galina F. Sud’ina Chapter 18 Use of Isolation and Antibody Detection for Salmonella Assessment 351 Marina Štukelj, Vojka Bole-Hribovšek, Jasna Mićunović and Zdravko Valenčak Chapter 19 The Central Nervous System Modulates the Immune Response to Salmonella 375 Rafael Campos-Rodríguez, Andres Quintanar Stephano, Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano, Edgar Abarca-Rojano, Istvan Berczi, Javier Ventura-Juárez and Alexandre Kormanovski Chapter 20 Porins in the Inflammatory and Immunological Response Following Salmonella Infections 399 Emilia Galdiero, Aikaterini Kampanaraki, Eleonora Mignogna and Marilena Galdiero Chapter 21 Serology as an Epidemiological Tool for Salmonella Abortusovis Surveillance in the Wild-Domestic Ruminant Interface 413 Pablo Martín-Atance, Luis León and Mónica G. Candela Part 5 Pathogenesis 431 Chapter 22 Animal Models for Salmonella Pathogenesis: Studies on the Virulence Properties Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Host 433 Jeong Hoon Cho and Jaya Bandyopadhyay Chapter 23 Insect/Bacteria Association and Nosocomial Infection 449 Marcos Antônio Pesquero, Lílian Carla Carneiro and Débora De Jesus Pires Chapter 24 The Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and -2 Encoded Type III Secretion Systems 469 Amanda Wisner, Taseen Desin, Aaron White, Andrew Potter and Wolfgang Köster VIII Contents Part 6 Novel Techniques 495 Chapter 25 Immunoimmobilization of Living Salmonella for Fundamental Studies and Biosensor Applications 497 Zhiyong Suo, Muhammedin Deliorman, Sukriye Celikkol, Xinghong Yang and Recep Avci Chapter 26 New Options for Rapid Typing of Salmonella enterica Serovars for Outbreak Investigation 523 Ian L. Ross, Chun Chun Young and Michael W. Heuzenroeder Chapter 27 Multiplex TaqMan Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Assay Targeting prot6E and invA Genes for Fast and Accurate Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis 541 Narjol González-Escalona, Guodong Zhang and Eric W. Brown [...]... ciliate per hour, respectively (Lawrence and Snyder, 19 98), while Ayo et al (20 01) found that in general ciliates showed a grazing rate of ≤20 free swimming bacteria per ciliate per hour Amoebae protozoans feed almost exclusively on surface-bound bacteria (Parry, 2004) Amoebae species such as Hartmanella cantabrigiensis, Platyamoeba placida, Saccamoeba limax, Vahlkampfia avara eat attached Escherichia... various facets of Salmonella and provides an up-to-date insight into the research on this disease Yashwant Kumar Natinal Salmonella and Escherichia Center Central Research Institute India Part 1 Environmental Interactions 1 Invasion and Survival of Salmonella in the Environment: The Role of Biofilms Cynthia L Sheffield and Tawni L Crippen United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service... section 12 Salmonella – A Diversified Superbug In recent years, outbreaks Salmonellosis have often been traced back to contaminated plant sources (CDC, 2 011 ) Lately it has been determined that contamination of plants with Salmonella is not superficial, but due to specific attachment of the bacteria to plant tissues by surface molecules (Barak et al., 2005; 2002) Salmonella uses extracellular matrix components,... indistinguishable from patterns of strains from human clinical samples or foods (US PulseNet National database); indicating that the isolates could potentially infect humans and cause salmonellosis Patel & Sharma, (2 010 ) investigated the ability of five S enterica serovars to attach to and colonize intact and cut lettuce (Iceberg, Romaine) and cabbage surfaces They found that biofilm formation was significantly... flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae All three free-living groups efficiently graze on bacteria exposed on the biofilm surface Flagellates and ciliates contain feeding types primarily focused on suspended bacteria with only a few that preferably feed on surface-bound bacterial prey (Parry, 2004) For instance, the flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta feed on attached Pseudomonas spp at rates between 13 and 12 0...Preface The genus Salmonella comprises a diverse range of bacteria which contain a collective of some 2579 serovars in Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori Being the etiological agent across a spectrum of diseases, ranging from reptiles to humans, Salmonella presents an array of continuously emerging challenges in front of the researchers Salmonella is ubiquitous and possess the capability... potential therapeutic targets for alleviating asymptomatic gallbladder carriage of S enterica serovar Typhimurium 14 Salmonella – A Diversified Superbug 6 Biofilm and Salmonella survival Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a significant biofilm-forming pathogen The survival of Salmonella on equipment and instruments in the food industry might be one of the most important contributing factors... Serratia liquefacians, production of virulence factors in Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and biofilm formation in numerous species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea stewartii and Vibrio cholera (Bottomley et al., 2007; Davies et al., 19 97; Nadell et al., 2008; Ward et al., 2004) 4 Biofilm and virulence Many bacterial pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp.,... isolated pathogens associated with fresh produce (Wong et al., 2 011 ) Penteado & Leitao, (2004) demonstrated that low acid fruits are good substrates for the survival and growth of S enterica serovar Enteritidis, a known biofilm forming pathogen 8 Salmonella biofilm control measures Salmonella enterica is a major cause of bacterial food-borne diseases worldwide, and serovars, such as Typhimurium, can cause... resistance against these antimicrobials Further, Salmonella is able to form biofilms on a variety of biotic and abiotic surfaces, where they are a double threat in that they allow the Salmonella to survive and spread in the environment outside the host (Janssens et al., 2008) The Salmonella found in these biofilms show an even higher tolerance to antibiotics than most Salmonella and according to the National . Metabolites Against Salmonella 11 9 Fernanda Pinheiro de Carvalho Ribeiro, Fernanda Carolina Sousa Fonseca, Isabella Alves Reis, Isabella Santos Araújo, Hélio Mitoshi Kamida, Alexsandro Branco. Branco and Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro Chapter 8 Nanotechnology Tools for Efficient Antibacterial Delivery to Salmonella 13 9 Ali Nokhodchi, Taravat Ghafourian and Ghobad Mohammadi Chapter. of Salmonella and Other Pathogens in Vegetables 18 5 Saul Ruiz-Cruz, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz, Luis A. Cira-Chávez and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala Chapter 11 Antibiotic