Insecticides Basic and Other Applications Part 2 potx

Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds Daucus carota L.. Root length cm of seedlings of four seed lots of carrot, cultivar Brasilia, without A and with B water stre

Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota L.) 9

balance of the plant, tolerating water deficit better (Castro, 2006) As observed in soybean root development increases the absorption of nutrients, increases the expression of leaf area and plant vigor (Tavares and Castro, 2005)

The data speed of germination, without (Figure 5A) and with (Figure 5B) stress show that the treated seeds had a higher rate compared to control The concentrations used had similar results Treated seeds germinated on average one day soon if they have not been subjected

to water stress and two days are subject to stress This effect is very promising because carrot seeds in field conditions have poor germination, slow and irregular resulting in uneven emergence (Corbineau et al., 1994) This increased speed of germination is caused by physiological changes that occur in the plant indirectly stimulating the production of hormones, resulting in increased vigor, root growth, water absorption and primary and secondary metabolism, as observed in the sugarcane crop (Castro, 2007)

*

*

*

1 3 5 7 9 11 13

Lotes

0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

(A)

*

0 2 4 6 8 10

Lotes

0,4mL/l 0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

(B) Fig 3 Root length (cm) of seedlings of four seed lots of carrot, cultivar Brasilia, without (A) and with (B) water stress * Different from the control by Dunnet test at probability level

of 5%

Lots

Lots

(A)

mL of product/ 3g of seed

Fig 4 Root length (cm) of seedlings of four seed lots of carrot, cultivar Brasilia, without (A) and with (B) water stress

Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota L.) 11

*

*

*

*

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Lotes

0,4mL/l 0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

(A)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lotes

0,4mL/l 0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

(B)

Fig 5 Speed of germination (days) of four seed lots of carrot cultivar Brasilia, without (A) and with (B) water stress.* It differs from the control by Dunnet test at probability level of 5%

* * * * * * * *

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Lotes

0,4mL/l 0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

(A)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Lotes

0,4mL/l 0,05mL/l 0,0mL/l

Fig 6 Emergence of seedlings in the greenhouse for four seed lots of carrot, cultivar Brasilia without (A) and with (B) water stress * Different from the control by Dunnet test at

probability level of 5%

Lots

Lots

Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota L.) 13

In Figure 6, without (Figure 6A) and with (Figure 6B) water stress, it was observed that the emergence of seedlings in the greenhouse was stimulated, and the seeds treated with thiamethoxam showed significant differences compared to control The positive differences compared to control vary according to lots, 9 to 17 percentage points if the seeds have not been subjected to water stress and 20 to 10 percentage points when subjected to stress The two concentrations showed similar responses These results confirm those found in soybean, to be seen increase in the root system and the percentage

of seedling emergence also in water deficit conditions (Castro et al., 2006) According to the literature, soybean seeds treated with thiamethoxam have higher levels of amino acids, enzyme activity and synthesis of plant hormones that increase the plant responses

to these proteins and these events provide significant increases in production and reducing the time of establishment of culture in the field, making it more tolerant to stress factors (Castro, 2006)

The results obtained can be described that the product stimulated the performance of carrot seeds in all parameters evaluated, both in seeds subjected to water stress or not Carrot seeds treated with the product thiamethoxam showed significant increases in germination and vigor for all lots Among the aspects of vigor, the product stimulated the growth of the root length, which is of great importance to the culture of carrots and this result was obtained in the laboratory confirmed in the greenhouse

The product was more effective in stimulating the quality of seeds not subjected to water stress, with the exception of root length which positive change was similar for seeds subjected to stress or not In all parameters evaluated, increases in the quality varied according to the lot Concentrations of the product for most tests evaluated did not differ, however there was a trend of higher concentration to the higher values

The application of thiamethoxam has strong interest for the culture of carrot, whose edible portion is the root and, moreover, by presenting, in field conditions, poor germination, slow, irregular with uneven emergence, the product acts as an enhancer, by allowing the expression of seed germination potential, accelerate the growth of roots and increase the absorption of nutrients by the plant These features of thiamethoxam combined with the use

of genetics and physiological high-quality seed powers the productive capacity of the culture

5 Conclusions

Thiamethoxam product stimulates the physiological performance of carrot seeds subjected

to water stress or not, with variable intensity according to lot

Concentrations of 0.05 and 0.4 mL of the product is effective, however there is a tendency of higher concentration to the higher increases in quality

6 References

ALMEIDA, A.S.; TILLMANN, M.A.A.; VILLELA, F A.; PINHO, M.S Bioativador no

desempenho fisiológico de sementes de cenoura Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Brasília,v.31, n 3, p 87-95, 2009

ANANIA, F.R.; TEIXEIRA, N.T.; CALAFIORI, M.H.; ZAMBON,S Influência de inseticidas

granulados sistêmicos nos teores de N-P-K nas folhas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) Ecossistema, Espírito Santo do Pinhal, v 13, p 121-124, 1988a

ANANIA, P,F.R.; TEIXEIRA, N.T.; CALAFIORI, M.H.; ZAMBON,S Influência de inseticidas

granulados sistêmicos nos teores de N-P-K nas folhas de limoeiro Taiti (Citrus aurantifolia.) cv Peruano Ecossistema, Espírito Santo do Pinhal, v 13, p 121-124,

1988b

CALAFIORI, M.H; TEIXEIRA, N.T; SCHMIDT, H A P.; ANANIA, P.F.R.; GRANDO, F.I.;

PALAZZINI, R.; MARTINS, R.C.; OLIVEIRA, C.L.; ZAMBON, S Efeitos nutricionais de inseticidas sistêmicos granulados sobre cafeeiros Ecossistema Espírito Santo do Pinhal, v.14.p 132-14, 1989

CASTRO, P.R.C.; PITELLI, A M.C.M.; PERES, L.E.P.; ARAMAKI, P.H Análise da atividade

hormonal de thiametoxam através de biotestes Publicatio, UEPG, 2007

CASTRO, P.R.C Agroquimicos de controle hormonal na agricultura tropical Boletim, n.32,

Série Produtor Rural, USP/ ESALQ/ DIBD, Piracicaba, 46p., 2006

CASTRO, P.R.C.; PITELLI, AM.C.M.; PERES, L.E.P Avaliação do crescimento da raiz e parte

aérea de plântulas de tomateiro MT, DGT E BRT germinadas em diferentes concentrações do inseticida thiametoxan In ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA “LUIZ DE QUEIROZ” Relatório técnico ESALQ/Syngenta Piracicaba, p.14-25, 2005

CASTRO, P.R.C.; SOARES, F.C.; ZAMBON, S.; MARTINS, A N.; Efeito do aldicarb no

desenvolvimento do feijoeiro cultivar Carioca Ecossistema Espírito Santo do Pinhal, v.20, p 63-68, 1995

CATANEO, A C.; ANDRÉO, Y.; SEIFFERT, M.; BÚFALO,J.; FERREIRA,L.C Ação do

inseticida Cruiser sobre a germinação do soja em condições de estresse In: IVCONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE SOJA, Resumos, Londrina, p.90,

2006

CORBINEAU, F.; PICARDE, M.A.; CÔME, D Effects of temperature, oxigen and osmotic

pressure on germination of carrot seeds: evaluation of seed quality Acta Horticulturae, The Hague, v.354, p.9-15, 1994

De GRANDE, P.E Influência de aldicarb e carbofuran na soja (Glycine max L.) Merrill 137f

Dissertação (Mestrado em Entomologia) - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 1992

DENARDIN, N.D Ação do thiametoxan sobre a fixação biológica do nitrogênio e na

promoção de ativadores de crescimento vegetal In: Universidade de Passo Fundo Relatório técnico, Passo Fundo, 2005

HORII, A; McCUE, P.; SHETTY, K Enhancement of seed vigour following and phenolic

elicitor treatment Bioresource Technology, United States, v.98, n.3, p.623-632,

2007

JUNQUEIRA, F.M.A; FORNER, M.A; CALAFIORI, M.H.; TEIXEIRA, N.T.; ZAMBON, S.;

Aplicação de aldicarb em diferentes dosagens e tipos de adubação influenciando a

produtividade na cultura da batata (Solarium tuberosum L.) Ecossistema, Espírito

Santo do Pinhal, v 13, p 101-107, 1988

Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota L.) 15

LAUXEN, L.R.; VILLELA, F A.; SOARES, R C Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de

algodão tratadas com tiametoxam Revista Brasileira de Sementes Brasília, v 32, n

3, p 61-68 , 2010

LUBUS, C.A.F.; FERRAZ, J.A.D.P.; CALAFIORI, M.H.; ZAMBON, S.; BUENO, B.F Ensaio

com diferentes dosagens de aldicard e de adubo visando a produtividade na

cultura da batata (Solarium tuberosum L.), Ecossistema, Espírito Santo do Pinhal, v

10, p 64-66, 1985

MAGUIRE, J.D Speed of germination and in selection and evaluation for

seedling emergence and vigor Crop Science, Madison, v.2, n.2, p.176-177,

1962

NUNES, J.C Bioativador de plantas: uma utilidade adicional para um produto

desenvolvido originalmente como inseticida Revista SEEDNews, Pelotas, v.10, n.5, p.30-31, 2006

OLIVEIRA, V.S.; LIMA, J.M.; CARVALHO, R.F.; RIGITANO, R.L.O Absorção do inseticida

tiametoxam em latossolos sob efeito de fosfato e vinhaça Revista Química Nova, Lavras, v 32, n 6, p 1432-1435, 2009

PEREIRA, M.A.; CASTRO, P.R.C.; GARCIA, E.O; REIS, A R Efeitos fisiológicos de

Thiametoxan em plantas de feijoeiro In: XI CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL, Resumos, Gramado: Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 2007

REDDY, K.R.; REDDY, V.R.; BAKER, D.N.; McKINION, J.M Effects of aldicarb on

photosynthesis, root growth and flowering of cotton In: PLANT GROWTH REGULATION SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ANNUAL MEETING, 16., Arlington Proceedings… Arligton: Plant Regulation Society of American, p.168-169,

1989

REDDY, K.R.; REDDY, V.R.; BAKER, D.N.; McKINION, J.M Is aldicarb a plant growth

regulator In PLANT GROWTH REGULATION SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ANNUAL MEETING, 17., Proceedings… Saint Paul: Plant Regulation Society of American, p.79-80, 1990

TAVARES, S.; CASTRO, P.R.C.; RIBEIRO, R.V.; ARAMAKI, P.H Avaliação dos efeitos

fisiológicos do tiametoxam no tratamento de sementes de soja Revista da Agricultura, Piracicaba, 2007

TAVARES, S.; CASTRO, P.R.C Avaliação dos efeitos fisiológicos de Cruiser 35FS após

tratamento de sementes de soja In: ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA

“LUIZ DE QUEIROZ” Relatório técnico ESALQ/Syngenta Piracicaba, p 1-13,

2005

TEIXEIRA, N.T.; ZAMBON, S.; BOLLELA, E.R,; NAKANO; OLIVEIRA, D.A; CALAFIORI,

M.H Adubação e aldicarb influenciando os teores de N, P e K, nas folhas da

cultura da batata (Solarium tuberosum L) Ecossistema, Espírito Santo do Pinhal,

v.16, p.120-125, 1991

VILLELA, F.A; DONI-FILHO,L,; SEQUEIRA,E.L Tabela de potencial osmótico em função

da concentração de polietileno glicol 6000 e da temperatura Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v.26,n.11/12,p.1957-1968, 1991

WHEATON, T A; CHILDERS, C.C.; TIMMER, L.W.; DUNCAN, L.W.; NIKDEL, S Effects of

aldicarb on the production, quality of fruits and situation of citrus plants in Florida Proceedings of the Florida State for Horticultural Society, Tallahasse, v 98, p 6-10,

1985

2

The Pyrethroid Knockdown Resistance

Ademir Jesus Martins and Denise Valle

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/ Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores

Brazil

1 Introduction

New promising insect control efforts are now being evaluated such as biological alternatives

or even transgenic insects and Wolbachia based strategies Although it is increasingly clear

that successful approaches must involve integrated actions, chemical insecticides unfortunately still play a central role in pest and vector control (Raghavendra et al., 2011) Development of new safe and effective compounds in conjunction with preservation of those currently being utilized are important measures to insure insecticide availability and efficiency for arthropod control In this sense, understanding the interaction of insecticides with the insect organism (at physiological and molecular levels), the selected resistance mechanisms and their dynamics in and among natural populations is obligatory

Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds derived from pyrethrum, present in Chrysanthemum

flowers Currently, pyrethroids are the most used insecticides against arthropod plagues in agriculture and livestock as well as in the control of vectors of veterinary and human health importance They are chemically distinguished as type I (such as permethrin, compounds that lack an alpha-ciano group) and type II (with an alpha-ciano group, like deltamethrin) (T G Davies et al., 2007b) Pyrethroid insecticides have been largely adopted against vector mosquitoes through indoor, perifocal or ultra-low volume (ULV) applications As of yet pyrethroids are the only class of insecticides approved for insecticide treated nets (ITNs), an important tool under expansion against malaria, mainly in the African continent (Ranson et al., 2011) The consequence of intense and uncontrolled pyrethroid use is the extremely rapid selection of resistant populations throughout the world

Just like DDT, pyrethroids act very fast in the central nervous system of the insects, leading to

convulsions, paralysis and eventually death, an effect known as knockdown However, unlike

DDT, pyrethroids are not claimed to cause severe risks to the environment or to animal or human health, hence its widespread use The main pyrethroid resistance mechanism (the

knockdown resistance phenotype, kdr) occurs due to a point mutation in the voltage gated

sodium channel in the central nervous system, the target of pyrethroids and DDT

Herein we aim to discuss the main mechanism of pyrethroid resistance, the knockdown

resistance (kdr) mutation, its effect and its particularities among arthropods The most common methods presently employed to detect the kdr mutation are also discussed Some

aspects regarding the other main pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, like alterations in behaviour, cuticle and detoxifying enzymes will be only briefly addressed The proposal of this chapter is to review knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, nowadays the preferred insecticide class worldwide This topic discusses aspects of general biology, physiology,

biochemistry, genetics and evolution, with focus on disease vector mosquitoes It is expected that the amount and diversity of material available on this subject may well illustrate insecticide resistance in a broader context

2 Insecticide resistance mechanisms

Besides the resistance to chemical insecticides caused by modifications in the target site (also called phenotypic resistance), other mechanisms commonly associated are: metabolic resistance, behavioral modification and alterations in the integument In the first case, endogenous detoxifying enzymes become more efficient in metabolizing the insecticide, preventing it from reaching its target in the nervous system This occurs due to 1) increase in the number of available molecules (by gene amplification or expression activation) or 2) mutation in the enzyme coding portion of the gene, so that its product metabolizes the insecticide more efficiently These processes can be very complex and involve three major enzyme superfamilies: Esterases, Multi function Oxidases P450 and Glutathion-S-Transferases (Hemingway & Ranson, 2000; Montella et al., 2007) In contrast, there are few examples in literature regarding insect behavioral changes and tegument alterations

Resistance to insecticides may be functionally defined as the ability of an insect population

to survive exposure to dosages of a given compound that are lethal to the majority of individuals of a susceptible lineage of the same species (Beaty & Marquardt, 1996) Resistance is based on the genetic variability of natural populations Under insecticide selection pressure, specific phenotypes are selected and consequently increase in frequency Resistance can result from the selection of one or more mechanisms In order to elucidate the molecular nature of resistance, many studies report laboratory controlled selection of different species (Chang et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2002; Paeoporn et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2003; Saavedra-Rodriguez et al., 2007) With selected lineages, it becomes easier to separate the role of each distinct mechanism In a more direct approach, the current availability of a series of molecular tools enables detection of expression of altered molecules

in model organisms so that the effect of the insecticide can be evaluated under specific and controlled circumstances (Smith et al., 1997)

Regardless of the mono or multi-factorial character of resistance, this phenomenon may be didactically divided into four categories: behavioral, cuticular, metabolic and phenotypic resistance In the first case the insect simply avoids contact with the insecticide through behavioral adaptations, which are presumably related to genetic inheritance (Sparks et al., 1989) Among arthropods, mosquitoes are by far the group most intensely investigated in

relation to behavioral resistance (Lockwood et al., 1984) For instance, Anopheles malaria

vector mosquitoes from the Amazon Region had the habit of resting in the walls after a blood meal There are registers that some populations changed their behavior after a period

of indoor residual application of DDT to the dwelling walls (Roberts & Alecrim, 1991) Behavioral changes that minimize contact between insect and insecticide may cause a severe impact in the insecticide application efficacy, especially if resistance is selected by physiological features (Ranson et al., 2011)

Certain alterations in the insect cuticle may reduce insecticide penetration However, these effects are unspecific, leading to resistance to a series of xenobiotic compounds This mechanism is known as reduced penetration or cuticle resistance It is probably not related

to high levels of resistance by itself, but it can interact synergistically with other mechanisms The physiological processes or molecular pathways which describe this type of