Bioethanol Part 5 ppt

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4

Simultaneous Production of Sugar and Ethanol from Sugarcane in China, the Development, Research and Prospect Aspects

Lei Liang, Riyi Xu, Qiwei Li, Xiangyang Huang, Yuxing An, Yuanping Zhang and Yishan Guo

Bio-engineering Institute, Guangdong Academy of Industrial Technology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Sugarcane

Improvement and Biorefinery, Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute

P R China

1 Introduction

With the ever growing concern on the speed at which fossil fuel reserves are being used up and the damage that burning them does to the environment, the development of sustainable fuels has become an increasingly attractive topic (Wyman & Hinman, 1990; Lynd & Wang, 2004; Herrera, 2004; Tanaka, 2006; Chandel et al., 2007; Dien et al., 2006; Marèlne Cot, et al., 2007) The interest partially caused by environment concern, especially global warming due

to emission of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Other factors include the rise of oil prices due to its unrenewability, interest in diversifying the energy matrix, security of energy supply and, in some cases, rural development (Walter et al., 2008) The bioethanol such as sugarcane ethanol is an important part of energy substitutes (Wheals et al., 1999) This chapter was focused on the development and trends of the sugarcane ethanol in China Based on the analysis of the challenge and the chance during the development of the sugarcane ethanol in China, it introduced a novel process which is suitable for China, and mainly talked about simultaneous production of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane, the development of sugarcane varieties ,ethanol production technology, and prospect aspects We hope it will provide references for evaluation the feasibility of sugarcane ethanol in China, and will be helpful to the fuel ethanol development in China

2 Sugarcane for bioethanol - A new highlight of sugar industry development

The technology of producing fuel ethanol using sugarcane, which has a characteristic of high rate of energy conversion, wide adaptability, and strong resistance, etc, has received extensive attention (Watanabe, 2009) Brazil, Australia and other countries have made breakthroughs in the sugarcane improvement, ethanol fermentation process and its application (Goldemberg et al., 2008; International Energy Agency (IEA), 2004) Brazil is the world's largest sugar producer and exporter of fuel ethanol, which is expected that annual

output of 65 billion liters by 2020(Walter et al., 2008) Energy security and environmental stress force China to seek and develop biofuels as a substitute of fossil energy Meanwhile, China has also introduced policies that encourage the development of fuel ethanol using sugarcane and other non-food crop, to ease pressure on energy demand Recently, the study and the industrial-scale production of biofuels, particularly, fuel ethanol and biodiesel, have progressed remarkably in China as a result of government preferential policies and funding supports (Zhong et al., 2010)

Fig 1 Highlight of sugarcane for bioethanol

3 Benefits of sugarcane for ethanol

The reasons why we choose ethanol from sugarcane as the most promising biofuels are illustrated below Firstly, the balance of GHG emissions of sugarcane ethanol is the best among all biofuels currently produced (Macedo et al., 2008; Cerri et al., 2009; Oliveira et al., 2005) As reviewed in several studies, bioethanol based on sugarcane can achieve greenhouse gas reductions of more than 80% compared to fossil fuel use (Macedo et al., 2008) Figure 2 (BNDES, 2008) showed correspond to the consumption of ethanol produced from maize (USA), from wheat (Canada and Europe) and from sugarcane (produced in Brazil and consumed in Brazil or in Europe) Sugarcane ethanol is much better than ethanol from maize and wheat (a maximum of 35%) in case of the avoided emissions

Secondly, as we known, cropland is very limited for planting in China So it is very important that the land use is keeping in a high efficient level Ethanol from sugarcane is the most productive among different crops The fortunate experience of ethanol use in Brazil may also be coupled with a superior sucrose yield and a higher potential of biomass production of sugarcane – an average of 87 tons per hectare in South Central Brazil – than observed in other crops As shown in figure 3, only beets can be compared with sugarcane

in terms of ethanol production per cultivated hectare However, the industrial process of ethanol production from beets depends on an external power input (electricity and fuel) while sugarcane electricity is provided by bagasse burning at the mill (BNDES, 2008) Ethanol produced from sugarcane is the biofuel with the best energy balance (see table1) This can be illustrated as the ratio between renewable products and the energy input as fossil fuel for Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is 9.3 (compared with 1.2-1.4 in the case of ethanol produced from American maize, and approximately 2.0 in the case of ethanol produced from European wheat) Apart from these above, other environmental impacts of the sugarcane sector, such as water consumption, contamination of soils and water shields due

Simultaneous Production of Sugar and Ethanol

from Sugarcane in China, the Development, Research and Prospect Aspects 77

to the use of fertilizers and chemicals, and loss of biodiversity, are less important in

comparison to other crops (Watanabe, 2009) Above in all, Sugarcane is by far the best

alternative from the economical, energy and environmental point of view, for bio-fuel

production

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Fig 2 Avoided GHG emissions in comparison with full life-cycle of gasoline

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Sugarcane Beet Corn Cassava Sugar

sorghum

Wheat

Ethanol produced from cellulosic

Fig 3 Average ethanol productivity per area for different crops Source: BENDES(2008)

Lignocellulosic residues 8.3~8.4

Cassava 1.6~1.7

Beet 1.2~1.8

Wheat 0.9~1.1

Corn 0.6~2.0

Table 1 Comparison of different feedstock for biofuel production Source:BNDES(2008)

4 The challenge and perspectives to develop sugarcane ethanol in China

Sugarcane is mainly planted in southern China, such as Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan et al, Its total planting areas were about 20 million acres in 2010 statistically, and Guangxi contribute about 60 percent of the total Lands suitability for sugarcane is limited It

is very difficult to expand the land for sugarcane production because of the industrialization

in China An additional challenge is the harvesting High investment requirements and difficulties with mechanization on, for example steep land, increase the risks of the implementation of mechanized harvest About over 90 percent of the China sugarcane area was still manually harvested Expansion of sugarcane areas will be affected by the cost/benefit of manual labor Under the driving of the market opportunities, national policies giving incentives to the sugarcane agri-business, the further expansion of sugarcane areas forecasted for China is expected to about 2 million acres, which mustn't reduce the availability of arable land for the cultivation of food and feed crops

There are risks of environmental degradation in different stages of sugarcane ethanol production and processing Negative impacts have been caused by the lack of implementation of best management practices and ineffective legislation and control Nevertheless, further improvements are necessary

A major concern of developing sugarcane ethanol in China is the threat to sugar security Rapid expansion of bioethanol production could potentially reduce the availability of sugar production, causing a reduction in its supply and increase of sugar price In recent years, the sugar productions are stably at about 12 million tons, the max exceeded 14.84 million tons in

2008 While the total demand for sugar is about 12 million tons in China With the combination of the further expansion of about 2 million acres sugarcane areas, and applying the advanced technology, for example: genetically modified sugarcane and improved cultivation techniques, yields can be increased from 5 tons to about 6-7 tons So the sugar productions in China are expected to over 16 million tons Based on these estimates, without affecting the supply of sugar, the current potential of sugarcane ethanol production reached over 2 million tons

5 Simultaneous production of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane

As the major raw material, most of sugarcanes are refined into sugar in China now Also the international sugar price is running in high level, and it needs to balance the domestic sugar supply and demand through imports, so it is impossible to produce large amounts of ethanol by sugarcane However, it is unfavorable to sugar price stability and its healthy development if only refining sugar To achieve more economic benefits, a viable option is to explore the "Simultaneous production of sugar and ethanol " mode In recent years, we have made some progress on the sugarcane breeding, ethanol production technologies and process optimization for simultaneous production of sugar and ethanol

5.1 Material distribution

At present, sugar is produced following the three stage boiling technology or the three and a half stage boiling technology It takes a long time and high energy consumption to boil the B sugar and C sugar The value the by-product is low There are high costs and weak adaptability to the market

Generally, it is advantage to regulate sugar production and ethanol production according to market demand the flexibility while applying the “Simultaneous production of sugar and