Mobile and wireless communications physical layer development and implementation Part 1 docx

It is divided into two parts with a total of thirty-four stand-alone chapters covering various areas of wireless communications of special topics including: physical layer and network la

Mobile and Wireless Communications:

Physical layer development

and implementation

Mobile and Wireless Communications:

Physical layer development

and implementation

Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi

In-Tech

intechweb.org

Published by In-Teh

In-Teh

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Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work

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First published January 2010

Printed in India

Technical Editor: Zeljko Debeljuh

Mobile and Wireless Communications: Physical layer development and implementation,

Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi

p cm

ISBN 978-953-307-043-8

Preface

Mobile and Wireless Communications have been one of the major revolutions of the late twentieth century We are witnessing a very fast growth in these technologies where mobile and wireless communications have become so ubiquitous in our society and indispensable for our daily lives The relentless demand for higher data rates with better quality of services

to comply with state-of-the art applications has revolutionized the wireless communication field and led to the emergence of new technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Wimax, Ultra wideband, OFDMA Moreover, the market tendency confirms that this revolution is not ready to stop in the foreseen future

Mobile and wireless communications applications cover diverse areas including entertainment, industrialist, biomedical, medicine, safety and security, and others, which definitely are improving our daily life Wireless communication network is a multidisciplinary field addressing different aspects raging from theoretical analysis, system architecture design, and hardware and software implementations While different new applications are requiring higher data rates and better quality of service and prolonging the mobile battery life, new development and advance research studies and systems and circuits design are necessary

to keep pace with the market requirements This book covers the most advanced research and development topics in mobile and wireless communication networks It is divided into two parts with a total of thirty-four stand-alone chapters covering various areas of wireless communications of special topics including: physical layer and network layer, access methods and scheduling, techniques and technologies, antenna and amplifier design, integrate circuit design, applications and systems These chapters present advanced novel and cutting-edge results and development related to wireless communication offering the readers the opportunity to enrich their knowledge in specific topics as well as to explore the whole field

of rapidly emerging mobile and wireless networks We hope that this book will be useful for the students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies

This first part of the book addresses mainly the physical layer design of mobile and wireless communication and consists of sixteen chapters classified in four corresponding sections:

1 Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and Modeling.

2 Multiple Antenna Systems and Space-Time Processing

3 OFDM Systems

4 Modeling and Performance Characterization

The first section contains three chapters related to Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and Modeling The focus of the contributions in this section, are channel characterization in tunnels wireless communication, novel approach to modeling MIMO wireless communication channels and a review of the high altitude platforms technology The second section contains five chapters related to Multiple Antenna Systems and Space-Time Processing The focus of the contributions in this section, are new beamforming and diversity combining techniques, and space-time code techniques for MIMO systems The third section contains four chapters related to OFDM Systems This section addresses frequency-domain equalization technique in single carrier wireless communication systems, advanced technique for PAPR reduction of OFDM Signals and subcarrier allocation in OFDMA in cellular and relay networks

The forth section contains four chapters related to Modeling and Performance Characterization

In this section, a unified data and energy model for wireless communication and a new system level mathematical performance analysis of mobile cellular CDMA networks are presented

In addition, novel approach to modeling MIMO wireless communication channels and a review of the in high altitude platforms technology are proposed

Section 1: Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and modeling

Chapter 1 presents a review of the theoretical early and recent studies done on communication within tunnels The theory of mode propagation in straight tunnels of circular, rectangular and arched cross sections has been studied Comparison of the theory with existing experimental measurements in real tunnels has been also covered

Chapter 2 reviews the applications of the Thomson Multitaper, for problems encountered in communications In particular it focuses on issues related to channel modeling, estimation and prediction for MIMO wireless communication channels

Chapter 3 presents an overview of the HAP (High Altitude Platforms) concept development and HAP trails to show the worldwide interest in this emerging novel technology A comparison of the HAP system has been given based on the basic characteristics of HAP, terrestrial and satellite systems

Section 2: Multiple antenna systems and space-time processing

Chapter 4 discusses the performance analysis of wireless communication systems where the receiver is equipped with maximal–ratio–combining (MRC), for performance improvement,

in the Nakagami-m fading environment

Chapter 5 presents a new approach using sequential blind beamforming to remedy both the inter-symbol interference and intra-symbol interference problems in underground wireless communication networks using jointly CMA, LMS and adaptive fractional time delay estimation filtering

Chapter 6 examines the possibility of multiple HAP (High Altitude Platforms) coverage of

a common cell area in WCDMA systems with and without space-time diversity techniques Chapter 7 presents an overview of space-time block codes, with a focus on hybrid codes, and analyzes two hybrid MIMO space-time codes with arbitrary number of STBC/ABBA and spatial layers, and a receiver algorithm with very low complexity

Chapter 8 discusses the MIMO channel performance in the LOS environment, classified into two cases: the pure LOS propagation and the LOS propagation with a typical scatter The MIMO channel capacity and the condition number of the matrix were also investigated

Section 3: OFDM Systems

Chapter 9 proposes an iterative optimization method of transmit/receive frequency domain equalization (TR-FDE) based on MMSE criterion, where both transmit and receive FDE weights are iteratively determined with a recursive algorithm so as to minimize the mean square error at a virtual receiver

Chapter 10 proposes an enhanced version of the iterative flipping algorithm to efficiently reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal

Chapter 11 discusses the problem of allocating resources to multiple users on the downlink

in an LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular communication system in order to maximize system throughput A reduced complexity sub-optimal scheduler was proposed and found

to perform quite well relative to the optimal scheduler

Chapter 12 introduces the DTB (distributed transmit beamforming) approach to JCDS (joint cooperative diversity and scheduling) OFDMA-based relay network in multi source-destination pair’s environment and highlights its potential to increase the diversity order and the system throughput performance In addition, to trade-off a small quantity of the system throughput in return for significant improvement in the user throughput, a fixed cyclic delay diversity approach has been introduced at relay stations to the proposed JCDS-DTB

Section 4: Modeling and Performance Characterization

Chapter 13 presents the mathematical analysis of mobile cellular CDMA networks considering link unreliability in a system level analysis Wireless channel unreliability was modeled by means of a Poisson call interruption process which allows an elegant teletraffic analysis considering both wireless link unreliability and resource insufficiency

Chapter 14 presents a developed energy model to conduct simulations which describe the energy consumption by sending a well defined amount of data over a wireless link with fixed properties The main aim in this study was to maximize the amount of successfully transmitted data in surroundings where energy is a scarce resource

Chapter 15 reviews the performance strengths and weaknesses of various short range wireless communications e.g RadioMetrix, IEEE 802.11a/b, IEEE 802.15.4, DECT, Linx, etc, which are commonly used nowadays in different RoboCup SSL wireless communication implementations An adaptive error correction and frequency hopping scheme has been proposed to improve its immunity to interference and enhance the wireless communication performance

Chapter 16 reviews the capacity dimensioning methods exploited for system capacity performance evaluation and wireless network planning used in development process of any generation of mobile communications system

Editors

Salma Ait Fares

Graduate School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering

Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Email: aitfares@mobile.ecei.tohoku.ac.jp

Fumiyuki Adachi

Graduate School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering

Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Email: adachi@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp

Contents

Section 1: Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and modeling

Samir F Mahmoud

2 Wireless Communications and Multitaper Analysis: Applications to Channel

Sahar Javaher Haghighi, Serguei Primak, Valeri Kontorovich and Ervin Sejdić

3 High Altitude Platforms for Wireless Mobile Communication Applications 057 Zhe Yang and Abbas Mohammed

Section 2: Multiple antenna systems and space-time processing

4 Performance of Wireless Communication Systems with MRC over Nakagami–m

Tuan A Tran and Abu B Sesay

5 Sequential Blind Beamforming for Wireless Multipath Communications in

Salma Ait Fares, Tayeb Denidni, Sofiene Affes and Charles Despins

6 Space-Time Diversity Techniques for WCDMA High Altitude Platform Systems 113 Abbas Mohammed and Tommy Hult

7 High-Rate, Reliable Communications with Hybrid Space-Time Codes 129 Joaquín Cortez and Miguel Bazdresch

8 MIMO Channel Characteristics in Line-of-Sight Environments 157 Leilei Liu, Wei Hong, Nianzu Zhang, Haiming Wang and Guangqi Yang

Section 3: OFDM Systems

9 Iterative Joint Optimization of Transmit/Receive Frequency-Domain Equalization

in Single Carrier Wireless Communication Systems 175 Xiaogeng Yuan, Osamu Muta and Yoshihiko Akaiwa

10 An Enhanced Iterative Flipping PTS Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM

Byung Moo Lee and Rui J P de Figueiredo

11 Downlink Resource Scheduling in an LTE System 199 Raymond Kwan, Cyril Leung and Jie Zhang

12 Joint Cooperative Diversity and Scheduling in OFDMA Relay System 219 Salma Ait Fares, Fumiyuki Adachi and Eisuke Kudoh

Section 4: Modeling and Performance Characterization

13 Performance Modelling and Analysis of Mobile Wireless Networks 237 Carmen B Rodríguez-Estrello, Genaro Hernández Valdez and Felipe A Cruz Pérez

14 A Unified Data and Energy Model for Wireless Communication with Moving

Armin Veichtlbauer and Peter Dorfinger

15 Towards Performance Enhancement of Short Range Wireless Communications

in Reliability - and Delay-Critical Applications 279 Yang Liu and Ye Liu

16 Capacity Dimensioning for Wireless Communications System 293 Xinsheng Zhao and Hao Liang

Wireless Transmission in Tunnels 1

Wireless Transmission in Tunnels

Samir F Mahmoud

X Wireless Transmission in Tunnels

Samir F Mahmoud

Kuwait University

Kuwait

1 Introduction

Study of electromagnetic wave propagation within tunnels was driven in the early seventies

by the need for communication among workers in mine tunnels Such tunnels are found in

the form of a grid of crossing tunnels running for several kilometers, which called for

reliable means of communication Since then a great number of contributions have appeared

in the open literature studying the mechanisms of communication in tunnels Much

experimental and theoretical work was done in USA and Europe concerning the

development of wireless and wire communication in tunnels A typical straight tunnel with

cross sectional linear dimensions of few meters can act as a waveguide to electromagnetic

waves at UHF and the upper VHF bands; i.e at wavelengths in the range of a fraction of a

meter to few meters In this range, a tunnel is wide enough to support free propagation of

electromagnetic waves, hence provides communication over ranges of up to several

kilometers At those high frequencies, the tunnel walls act as good dielectric with small loss

tangent For example at a frequency of 1000 MHz, the rocky wall with 10-2 Siemens/m

conductivity and relative permittivity of about 10 has a loss tangent equal to 0.018 So the

electromagnetic wave losses will be caused mainly by radiation or refraction through the

walls with little or negligible ohmic losses as deduced by Glaser (1967, 1969)

Goddard (1973) performed some experiments on UHF and VHF wave propagation in mine

tunnels in USA His work was presented in the Thru-Earth Workshop held in Golden,

Colorado in August 1973 Goddard’s experimental results show that small attenuation is

attained in the UHF band He also measured wave losses around corners and detected high

coupling loss between crossing tunnels The theory of mode propagation of electromagnetic

waves in tunnels of rectangular cross section was reported by Emslie et al (1973) in the same

workshop and later in (1975) in the IEEE, AP journal Their presentation extended the theory

given earlier by (Marcatelli and Schmeltzer, 1964) and have shown, among other things, that

the modal attenuation decreases with the applied frequency squared Chiba et al (1978)

presented experimental results on the attenuation in a tunnel with a cross section close to

circular except for a flat base They have shown that the measured attenuation closely match

the theoretical attenuation of the dominant modes in a circular tunnel of equal cross section

Mahmoud and Wait (1974a) applied geometrical ray theory to obtain the fields of a dipole

source in a tunnel with rectangular cross section of linear dimensions of several

wavelengths The same authors (Mahmoud and Wait, 1974b) studied the attenuation in a

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