Earthquake Protection Systems_17 pptx

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Note: Figures and Tables are indicated by italic page numbers, footnotes by

suffix “n[X]” where “X” is the note number (e.g “32n[21]” is note 21 at the foot of page 32)

Acapulco (Mexico), risk category 12

accelerated reconstruction

assistance for 160 – 1

disadvantages 225

acceleration 267n[3]

see also peak ground acceleration

acceleration spectrum, effect of soil

conditions 254

acceptable risk 367 – 9

lowest level considered 368 – 9

active control systems 279

adobe (earthen brick) masonry 264

Agadir earthquake (Morocco, 1960) 7

agencies, coordination in emergency

92 – 4

agriculture

losses 143, 145 – 6

recovery of 145 – 6

Ahmedabad Study and Action Group

(ASAG), building programme 360

fatalities 4, 13

alternative risk transfer 63 – 4Ancash earthquake (Peru, 1970) 7,

126 – 7animal behaviour, earthquake predictionbased on 77

anisotropy of rocks, as prediction indicator76

Argentinaeconomic losses 13

305, 306

strengthening of buildings 308

Athens earthquake (Greece, 1999) 67

attenuation relationships 246 – 8Australia, fatalities 6

average return periods, estimation of 73Avezzano earthquake (Italy, 1915) 7

awareness programmes 87 – 8, 189Azerbaijan, fatalities 6

beams and columns, stiffness 276

Beijing (China), risk category 12

Belgium

fatalities 6

see also Li´ege

Belice earthquake (Sicily, Italy) 22

Bhopal disaster (India, 1984) 126

Bing¨ol earthquake (Turkey, 1971) 154,

245

blood supplies and transfusion centres

122

body seismic waves 17

Bogota (Colombia), risk category 12

Bolivia, fatalities 5

Bolu (Turkey), strengthening of buildings

300, 301

Boston (USA)

cost per life saved 372

death risk probability 369

see also International Building Code

building collapse see collapse of buildings

building construction techniques, and

self-protection measures 31 – 2, 172

building control 355 – 7recommended new provisions inTurkey 356

building improvement grants 208building improvement programmes

226 – 30builder training off-site 228 – 30communal building programmes

227 – 8incentive programmes 227reasons for failure 285technical assistance on-site 228building materials, for reconstruction

161, 164 – 5building response to earthquakes 267 – 71Building for Safety project 293, 359building stock data 194

building stock management 206 – 10and land-use planning 193building types 263 – 7

and vulnerability assessment

318 – 19vulnerability classification 264–5

buildingsalterations to existing 277improving earthquake resistance of

263 – 309natural frequency 197, 237, 269natural period 197, 269, 271

separation between 277ways of resisting earthquakes

272 – 4Bulgaria, fatalities 5

Burmaeconomic losses 13

fatalities 5, 13

Bursa (Turkey)

1970 earthquake 237n[6]

1885 earthquake 170reconstruction after 169 – 70planning of new suburbs 170, 196

businesseslosses by 46 – 7, 57 – 8

see also corporate businesses

buttressing 300, 302

Buyin Zhara earthquake (Iran, 1962) 7

Campania earthquake (Italy, 1980) 67,

99, 105n[13], 163, 236n[2]

Canada, fatalities 5

canine search 111

capital infusion model of reconstruction

156, 157

capital markets, effects on 44, 52, 53

Caracas earthquake (Venezuela, 1967)

cellular phone networks 96, 191

cement – lime– sand mortar 291

central business districts, recovery of

Chiba (Japan), risk category 12

Chichi earthquake (Taiwan, 1999) 67

Chile

1985 earthquake 237n[7]

economic losses 13, 67

fatalities 4, 7, 13

see also Chillan; Valparaiso

Chillan earthquake (Chile, 1939) 7

see also Beijing; Haicheng – Yingkou;

Kansu; Shanxi; Tangshan; Tianjin;

Tsinghai; Xi’an; Yunnan

see also urban

clients, persuading of need for protection

223

coastal earthquakes 78, 128codes of practice

for engineered buildings 281 – 5improving 354 – 5

in Quetta (Pakistan) 172, 355collapse of buildings

fatalities due to 8 – 10, 338making safe after 135 – 7speed of rescue 103 – 4survival times of trapped victims

101 – 3collateral hazards 123 – 8, 235 – 6, 343 – 6Colombia

economic losses 13, 67

fatalities 5, 13 see also Bogota; Papayan; Quindio

commercial premises 148 – 9emergency function 203

227 – 8compression seismic waves 17compulsory earthquake insurance 215,

261, 356 – 7computer mapping, for emergencymanagement 97, 98

concrete block masonry, vulnerabilityfunctions 329, 330

conflagrations 124congregation points 81construction control 213 – 17construction industry

and reconstruction 162 – 5training in earthquake resistanttechniques 218, 228 – 30construction standards, improving 353 – 8consumer confidence, effects on 43 – 4consumer demand, as means of upgradingbuildings 208 – 9

cooking facilities 133core houses, in incremental reconstruction

161 – 2

Corinth earthquake (Greece, 1981/1982)

structural safety of buildings 183 – 5

see also insurance companies

corporate risk management 183 – 92

cost – benefit analysis

alternative protection strategies

annual loss rate 37

loss per fatality 13

reason for need for data 41 – 2

San Francisco example 37 – 8

types of loss costs 39

cultural effects (of earthquake) 42 – 3

cumulative distribution function

326n[15]

Cyprus, fatalities 5

Czechoslovakia (former), fatalities 6

damage– attenuation relationships 346

damage distribution 322 – 3

brick masonry buildings 327

in HAZUS 336 – 7damage estimation/evaluation 97 – 8,

99 – 101and vulnerability assessment

319 – 22damage grades/levels (D0 to D5) 25,

debris flows 126 – 7, 236deconcentration of cities and services

175, 198 – 200demolition of collapsed buildings

116 – 17, 136de-sensationalising 87design loads, geographical distribution of

251 – 3design professionalseducation and training of 217 – 18supporting 222 – 3

destroyed settlements, reconstruction of

151 – 2developing countries, priorities for 380development incentives 208

development projects, earthquakeprotection in 231

Dhamar earthquake (Yemen, 1982) 9, 32n[21], 117n[27], 229, 285, 361

diaphragms (floor or roof), effect onvulnerability 273, 329, 330

disaster management 92, 94disaster mitigation measures 215, 217disaster mitigation skills 231 – 2

dollar loss, meaning of term 39

Dominican Republic, fatalities 5

earthquake protection strategies 177 – 232

and decision making 379 – 80

evaluating alternative strategies

and structural form 274 – 9

earthquake risk, meaning of term

147, 152economic losscountries compared 13

effect on national finances 65 – 6funding implications 65

as percentage of GNP 67

estimating 41, 345 – 6meaning of term 39

reason for need for data 41 – 2Ecuador

builder training project 360 – 1

1987 earthquakes 360economic losses 13

emergency planning 92, 94for businesses 189emergency preparedness 84 – 9, 181emergency shelters 130 – 2, 157, 158employee training 189 – 90

energy absorbers 279engineered buildingscodes of practice 281 – 5philosophy 281 – 3typical requirements 283 – 5structural types 265

engineering techniques, for

epicentre maps, example 241

EQSIM software tool 97n[5]

Erzincan earthquake (Turkey, 1939) 7,

Eurocode (EC8) for design of structures

for earthquake resistance 251, 282

European Community Humanitarian

exceedance probability (EP) curves 312

existing buildings, strengthening of

see also temporary relief camps

field hospitals 115, 122Fiji, fatalities 6

financial penalties, to encourage upgrading

of buildings 209fire brigades 125fire following earthquake 124 – 6fatalities due to 8

loss/risk prediction 344 – 5ways of minimising 125, 179, 188,200

fire sources, protection of 179, 188fire station 125, 202, 204

fires, as cause of fatalities 8, 8, 11

flooding hazards 236, 344follow-on disasters 123 – 8, 235 – 6

as cause of fatalities 8, 338

risks due to 343 – 6food supplies

emergency 133losses 146foreshock activity, as indicator of bigearthquake 75 – 6, 138n[52]

foundations 278fragile items, protection of 188fragility curves 323, 333, 337France, fatalities 5

frequency characteristics

of buildings 197, 269

of soils 197frequency of motion 268Friuli earthquake (Italy, 1976) 149, 150,

297, 339, 351n[42], 358

fuelreserves for businesses 190

in temporary relief camps 133functionally protected structures 186furniture, large/heavy 179, 187future challenges 383 – 4garden walls, collapse of 179gas networks 204

geodetic surveys 72geographical distribution of earthquakes,14-16, Plate I

geographical information systems (GIS)

97, 98

geological studies 72

Ghana, fatalities 6

glass fixtures 188, 189

global positioning systems (GPS),

geodetic surveys using 72

Global Seismic Hazard Assessment

relative seismic rates 316

see also Athens; Corinth; Kalamata

grid networks 204 – 5

ground acceleration, units 267n[4]

ground deformation, as prediction

Gutenberg – Richter relationship 242

applied to magnitude– recurrence plot

333 – 7advantages 334building type classification for 319,

321, 333

capacity curves 335, 336

damage distribution 336 – 7damage states 334, 335

demand curves 336fragility curves 337non-structural losses 345performance point defined 334, 335

damage to/destruction of 42 – 3,

149n[6], 306

protection of 210 – 11repair and strengthening of 149,

150, 304 – 9

historical earthquakesdata/studies 73, 239 – 40value-adjusted losses 37 – 8, 39

historical loss, meaning of term 39

historical monuments, restoration of

304 – 5historical urban centresrepair and strengthening of 149,

150, 305 – 9

evaluating alternative strategies

373, 375home safety 178 – 9homeowner insurance 56 – 7homeowners, losses by 45, 53, 54 – 7Honduras, fatalities 6

horticultural losses 146hospital capacities 121 – 2hospital emergency plans 121human casualty estimation 338 – 42Hungary, fatalities 6

Hurricane Andrew (USA, 1992) 61, 63

instrumental ground-motion parameters,

relationship with PSI scale 331

effects on culture and heritage 42 – 3effects on long-term economicdevelopment 43

integrated building materials plan 164 – 5integrated earthquake hazard studies

72 – 3integrated earthquake protection plan212

intensity – attenuation relationships 247,

248intensity of earthquakes 18, 21mapping of 21 – 2scales 22 – 6historical development of 27

international aid 223 – 4international aid and developmentorganisations 224 – 32costs of Kocaeli earthquake (Turkey,1999) 49, 53

International Association for EarthquakeEngineering (IAEE), on design codes354

International Association for Seismologyand Physics of the Earth’s Interior(IASPEI), guidelines on precursoryphenomena 77

international Building Code 249, 253,282

International Search and Rescue AdvisoryGroup (INSARAG), guidelines 105,109n[17]

international search and rescue assistance

104 – 6interrelated risks 53, 67 – 8intra-plate earthquakes 15 – 16, 18investor confidence, effects on 43 – 4iran

building construction techniques31nn[12-13]

death risk probability 368

economic losses 13, 67

fatalities 4, 7, 13 see also Buyin Zhara; Dasht-e-Bayaz;

Kermanshah; Manjil; Shiraz;Tabas; Tehran

Iraq, fatalities 6