Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future_6 pdf

Many people might arguethat increasing income inequality is caused primarily by a “skill premium.” In other words, in the modern, gical economy, people who are highly educated and skille

implement policies to address the situation The naturalincentives in the private sector would tend to accelerate,rather than resolve, the crisis.

There is an ongoing trend toward concentration ofincome that is driven largely by the continuing advance ofautomation technology and globalization, and also by alack of progressive tax policies Many people might arguethat increasing income inequality is caused primarily by a

“skill premium.” In other words, in the modern, gical economy, people who are highly educated and skilledhave a significant advantage in the labor force While thishas been true so far, it is largely because relatively low skill

technolo-jobs have been the first to be automated and also the first to

be subjected to the full force of globalization As we saw

in Chapter 2, advancing automation technology will creasingly threaten highly paid knowledge workers withcollege educations These jobs will also, of course, be sub-ject to offshoring Clear evidence of these trends is alreadyapparent in information technology (IT) jobs, and we canexpect this to become much more broad- based in the fu-ture We can expect that income will become even moreconcentrated in the hands of those who are positioned tobenefit directly from the increasing value of technologicalcapital relative to labor

in-Extreme income inequality is generally presented as asocial problem or an issue of basic fairness While it may

be these things, it is also—more critically—a mathematical

problem in terms of the viability of the mass market.When purchasing power is taken from thousands of aver-age consumers and concentrated in the hands of one weal-

thy individual, that purchasing power is effectively lized: it no longer plays a vibrant role in generating massmarket demand for products and services As we haveseen, this will ultimately cause the market “river” to rundry.

steri-We often hear that income in the United States is day more concentrated than at any time since the 1920s.The reality is that the risks from this concentration areprobably even higher today because the rise of the massmarket has changed the nature of our economy Today,virtually everyone in industrialized society—including es-pecially the most wealthy individuals—derives his or herincome directly or indirectly from the mass market

to-The social impact resulting from the permanent mination of a large fraction of the jobs held by averagepeople would obviously be dramatic History shows thatonce unemployment reaches a certain level, the very foun-dations of democratic society may be threatened Duringthe Great Depression, unemployment reached 25 percent

eli-in the United States Joseph P Kennedy, the founder ofthe Kennedy dynasty, famously said that during this pe-riod, he would have gladly given up half of everything hehad, if he could have been certain of retaining the otherhalf of his fortune under the rule of law Clearly, the risksare very real, not just for the bulk of people whose in-comes may be threatened, but also for those wealthy indi-viduals who may be likely to resist the idea of governmentpolicies that include more progressive taxation

My purpose in writing this book is to try to give theseissues more visibility in the hope that a constructive dis-

cussion and debate can occur Perhaps the arguments that

I have presented here will turn out to be wrong But ifthey are even partially correct, then we cannot afford to betaken by surprise; it will be essential to have a plan

In the next chapter, we will fast forward to a point inthe future where the trend toward widespread job automa-tion has become clear Once this happens, there will really

be no choice except to come up with some modifications

to our system so that the free market can continue tofunction and thrive

Chapter 4

In the previous chapters of this book, we have seen thatmachine automation is likely to someday eliminate a sub-stantial fraction of the jobs nowperformed by people Au-tomation is poised to advance on two broad fronts First,machines and robots will increasingly take over the routinejobs in factories, retail stores, offices and warehouses thatare nowheld by workers

Second, the existing trend toward technology-enabledself-service will accelerate We already see this trend withATMs, automated checkout aisles, online banking, andautomated telephone answering systems All of theserepresent areas where machines allow consumers to inde-pendently perform tasks that once required the involve-ment of human workers In the future, we can expect thatthis trend will be extended to include cell phones and oth-

er mobile devices so that consumers will be able performtasks and get automated assistance almost anywhere

In addition, the drive toward self-service will also

oc-cur within businesses New automation tools will enable

managers in both large corporations and small businesses

to directly do the jobs and perform the analysis that oncerequired human employees.

As we saw in the last chapter, if these trends becomeunambiguous and are allowed to impact in an uncontrolledmanner, the result is likely to be a severe economic down-turn as workers (who are also consumers) begin to fear fortheir long-term employment prospects In Chapter 3, Iproposed some initiatives which might help to stabilize thesituation and delay the onset of this scenario; however, wecannot escape the fact that technological advance is relent-less and that free market incentives will continue to pushthe private sector toward the elimination of jobs Once weaccept the fact that a large fraction of jobs will be auto-mated in the future, then we really have no choice but toalso accept the reality that our economic system, as it ex-ists today, cannot continue to function indefinitely withoutmodification

In this chapter, we are going to fast forward far intothe future; we will imagine a time when at least three quar-ters of the jobs which exist in our current economy havebeen permanently automated away In other words, theunemployment rate will be at least 75 percent—an almost

unimaginably high level—and there will be no realistic

hope that more jobs will be created in the future Is itpossible to have a prosperous economy and a civil society

tomation advances in the coming years and decades ward that end, let’s begin by looking at the basic elements

To-of our existing free market economy

The Basis of the Free Market Economy:

Incentives

The free market economy is a natural system that pushesconsumers, businesses, investors and workers to act inways that ultimately propel society as a whole toward ad-vancement and greater prosperity In other words, as each

of us pursues our own self-interest, collectively we moveeveryone forward Through the logic of the market, thesecollective actions automatically allocate resources in themost efficient way so that economic output is maximized.This, of course, is the “invisible hand” that Adam Smithspoke of

We can divide the logic of the free market into threebroad sets of incentives:

1 Individual consumers act to find the best values forproducts and services In other words, consumersshop around No one wants to overpay, and no onewants to end up with an inferior product

2 The owners of businesses and capital compete to imize profits by providing the best possible value toconsumers As they do so, they invest in ways thatdrive innovation and create newproducts, services andindustries

max-3 Individual workers act to maximize their income Theyseek the best possible job, invest in education and

training to enhance their future career prospects, and

do their current job to the best of their ability

Historically, these three incentives have worked inconcert to drive society toward ever increasing prosperity

As we have seen, the problem we face if automation minates a large fraction of the jobs held by workers is that

eli-consumers and workers are the same individuals Without

reliable income from employment, there will no longer be

a critical mass of viable consumers And it is consumerswho ultimately drive the mass market economy Withoutthe expectation of sufficient market demand, no rationalbusiness owner will invest in increased production or in-novation

Preserving the Market

Clearly, in order to preserve the mass market in a largelyautomated economy, we need to provide an alternative tojobs We need a mechanism that can get a reliable incomestream into the hands of consumers This of course, is aproposition that will be very difficult for most of us to ac-cept; the idea that we must work for a living is one of ourmost basic core values The current alternatives to job-based income, such as unemployment insurance or welfarepayments, come with highly negative connotations and arepurposely designed to provide minimal support so that adisincentive to work is not established

Our current value system celebrates the importance

of our labor We believe that work is essential and thatconsumption is a privilege that derives from that work.However, this is a belief system that is fundamentally

based on the historical reality that human labor is pensable to the production process What happens whentechnology reaches the point where most human labor is

indis-no longer essential?

At that point, we will have to undergo a quantumshift in our value system In order to preserve the freemarket system, we will have to come to the realization thatwhile work (at least for most people) may no longer be

essential, broad-based consumption is essential In the developed

world, our mass market economy has grown far beyondwhat is required to simply provide individuals with basicnecessities In order to maintain the global economy anddrive it toward future growth, we must have a very largenumber of consumers with adequate purchasing power—all of whom have confidence in their future continuity ofincome Without that critical mass of viable consumers,economic decline is mathematically inescapable

There is really no way to envision how the privatesector can solve this problem There is simply no real al-ternative except for the government to provide some type

of income mechanism for consumers While this idea willinitially, of course, be vehemently opposed, I believe that

in time, this will have to be accepted as a basic function ofgovernment

Consider the viewpoint of an economically tive or libertarian thinker This person is likely to advocatethe smallest possible government and a market that is asfree and unregulated as possible Nonetheless, this per-son—if he or she is reasonable—is very unlikely to pro-pose eliminating government entirely because he or she

conserva-understands that there is one core function of governmentwhich is critical to the operation of the free market: theprotection of property rights The government must main-tain a national defense, a police force and a judicial system,and it must enforce and protect clearly defined rights toown and trade property Without these governmentalfunctions, the free market could not operate effectivelyand civil society would erode into jungle warfare.

In a future, largely automated economy, the tion of robust market demand by providing an incomestream to individual consumers will also have to become acore function of government This is an idea that will nodoubt initially elicit derision or outrage In the long run,however, I believe that there will simply be no alternative.Market demand powers our economy No rationalbusiness owner will invest in increased production in theabsence of an expectation of demand In the economicenvironment of 2009, consumerism is very much out offashion, and this is really not a good thing The media isreplete with stories about how Americans have gone outand spent too much on big screen TVs These stories missthe point While there will always be some individuals whoact irresponsibly, the overall problem is really not thatAmericans have spent too much The problem is that theirspending has been sustained by borrowing rather than bygrowth in real income And this is because, for most aver-age people, there has been little or no growth in income,while at the same time, health care costs have been ex-ploding

preserva-In the long run, onlysustained consumer spending can

turn the economy around and return us to economicgrowth Everything produced by our economy is ultimate-

ly consumed by individual people; we cannot have term prosperity unless enormous numbers of people havesufficient income—and sufficient confidence in the fu-ture—to power sustained consumption

long-Again, conservative economic thinkers may

reflexive-ly object to this view Conservatives tend to emphasize theimportance of production (or the “supply side”) in thenatural cycle that occurs between production and con-sumption Conservatives generally favor low taxes andminimum regulation of producers in the expectation thatthis will result in increased economic activity and job crea-tion, which will then lead to strong consumer demand.The problem with that way of thinking, of course, is that,

in an increasingly automated economy, the job creationwill not occur Consumers will have little opportunity toparticipate in the production process as workers and willlose access to the wages that sustain them In the absence

of an alternate income mechanism, a collapse in consumerspending must be the inevitable result

Recapturing Wages

As we begin to envision how it might be possible to sign an alternative income stream for consumers, let’s be-gin by considering howthe wages from a job that has beenautomated away could be recaptured by the government.When a business eliminates a job as the result of automa-tion technology, the income that was previously paid to

de-that worker does not simply vaporize In fact, it is rected in two ways: (1) Some of the income accrues to theowners and managers of the business, and (2) some of theincome is redirected to the consumers of the business’sproducts or services in the form of lower prices.

redi-Therefore, the government can recapture the wagesfrom the automated job with some combination of twotypes of taxes First, higher business taxes, capital gainstaxes and more progressive income taxes on wealthy indi-viduals can be used to recapture the income that goes tothe business’s owners The gross margin tax proposed inthe previous chapter or a carbon tax might also provideeffective mechanisms for recapturing some of this income.Secondly, some form of consumption tax could be used torecapture that portion of the lost wages that results inlower prices This consumption tax might be a simple salestax*or a value added tax (VAT) similar to the ones alreadypopular in Europe

Once again, these ideas will probably be met withstrong resistance Wealthy individuals and business ownerswill initially be very unhappy However, a business manag-

er in the future will ultimately have to face two tives: (1) A new form of taxation designed to redirect in-come to consumers, or (2) catastrophically falling demand.This is really not a difficult choice In an automated econ-omy, low tax rates and robust demand are going to befundamentally incompatible In the absence of the jobs

alterna-* If a sales tax is used it should certainly be an internal tax that is corporated into the total price (similar to gasoline taxes) rather than an external tax that is tacked onto the total (like state sales taxes).

in-that currently power consumers, some new form of tion will be essential for creating an income mechanismthat leads to sustained demand for products and services.

taxa-It is very important to note that I am not advocating

taxes so high that all value from technological progress is

recaptured As technology advances, it provides benefitsfar beyond simply eliminating jobs Innovation results innew products and services and creates entirely new andvery lucrative markets Consider the case of a fully auto-mated factory As technology progresses, the factory willcontinue to become even more efficient and produceproducts at lower prices, even though all the jobs havealready been eliminated The taxes I have proposed are

intended only to recapture the wages from jobs that have

been automated away In other words, the higher taxes willsimply replace the wages that would have been paid in theabsence of automation Beyond this, the owners of thebusiness will continue to benefit from their investments inimproved technology To see this, consider the table thatfollows

Unit Cost Breakdown for a Hypothetical Product or Service

Current Cost

Future Cost (no wage recapture)

Future Cost (with wage recapture)

Total Unit Cost $100 $60 $90

The table above offers a hypothetical and admittedlysimplistic example of a product or service that has a cur-rent unit cost of $100.* The table shows that $40 of thiscurrently represents wages paid to non-executive em-ployees Over time, as automation progresses, the portion

of the unit cost allocated to wages falls to $10 Notice,however, that the “other costs” category also falls Thisrepresents the cost benefits of advancing technology,which are distinct from the elimination of wages The goalshould be to impose a tax that recaptures the lost wages,without also capturing the additional non-wage relatedbenefits of innovation In this example, we have recap-tured all of the lost wages In reality, we might want to im-

* For simplicity, I have expressed this idea in terms of per-unit cost In practice, it would be better to base the wage recapture scheme on

wages as a percentage of total revenue for the business.