Wireless Sensor Networks Application Centric Design Part 1 pot

Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh Urban Microclimate and Traffic Monitoring with Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks 71 Francesco Chiti and Romano Fantacci Improving Greenhouse’s Automation and Data

Wireless sensor netWorks: ApplicAtion‐centric Design

Edited by Dr geoff V Merret and

Dr Yen kheng tan (Editor-in-Chief)

Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design

Edited by Dr Geoff V Merret and Dr Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief)

Published by InTech

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Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham

Wireless Sensor Networks for On-field Agricultural Management Process 17

Luca Bencini, Davide Di Palma, Giovanni Collodi, Gianfranco Manes and Antonio Manes

Wildlife Assessment using Wireless Sensor Networks 35

Harry Gros-Desormeaux, Philippe Hunel and Nicolas Vidot

Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Monitoring 51

Dr Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh

Urban Microclimate and Traffic Monitoring with Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks 71

Francesco Chiti and Romano Fantacci

Improving Greenhouse’s Automation and Data Acquisition with Mobile Robot Controlled system via Wireless Sensor Network 85

István Matijevics and Simon János

Model Based WSN System Implementations Using PN-WSNA for Aquarium Environment Control in a House 109

Ting-Shuo Chen and Chung-Hsien Kuo

Wireless Sensor Network for Ambient Assisted Living 127

Juan Zapata and Francisco J Fernández-Luque and Ramón RuizContents

VI

Monitoring of human movements for fall detection and activities recognition in elderly care using wireless sensor network: a survey 147

Stefano Abbate, Marco Avvenuti, Paolo Corsini, Alessio Vecchio and Janet Light

Odor Recognition and Localization Using Sensor Networks 167

Rabie A Ramadan

Communication and Networking Technologies 183 Modelling Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 185

Jesús Llor and Manuel P Malumbres

Prospects and Problems of Optical Diffuse Wireless Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) 205

Davide Anguita, Davide Brizzolara and Giancarlo Parodi

Estimation of Propagation Characteristics along Random Rough Surface for Sensor Networks 231

Kazunori Uchida and Junichi Honda

Design of Radio-Frequency Transceivers for Wireless Sensor Networks 249

Bo Zhao and Huazhong Yang

MAC & Mobility In Wireless Sensor Networks 271

Marwan Al-Jemeli, Vooi Voon Yap and Fawnizu Azmadi Bin Hussin

Hybrid Optical and Wireless Sensor Networks 297

Lianshan Yan, Xiaoyin Li, Zhen Zhang, Jiangtao Liu and Wei Pan

Range-free Area Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks 321

Vijay R Chandrasekhar, Winston K.G Seah, Zhi Ang Eu and Arumugam P Venkatesh

Contents VII

Information and Data Processing Technologies 351

Data Fusion Approach for Error

Correction in Wireless Sensor Networks 353

Maen Takruri and Subhash Challa

Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks 373

Jianxun LI and Yan ZHOU

A Gaussian Mixture Model-based Event-Driven Continuous Boundary Detection in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks 393

Jiehui Chen, Mariam B.Salim and Mitsuji Matsumoto

Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network

Performance by Tracking Node operational Deviation 413

Yaqoob J Y Al-raisi and Nazar E M Adam

Building Context Aware Network of Wireless

Sensors Using a Scalable Distributed Estimation

Scheme for Real-time Data Manipulation 427

Amir Hossein Basirat and Asad I Khan

Multimedia Data Processing and

Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks 449

Javier Molina, Javier M Mora-Merchan,

Julio Barbancho and Carlos Leon

Imaging in UWB Sensor Networks 469

Ole Hirsch, Rudolf Zetik, and Reiner S Thomä

About this Book

Over the past decade, there has been a prolific increase in the research, development and commercialisation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and their associated tech-nologies (see Figure 1) This rise has been a result of a number of contributing factors, including continued miniaturisation (leading towards an era of truly ‘pervasive’ and

‘invisible’ computing); low-power circuits, devices and computation (for example, the ultra-low-power sleep states now found in microcontrollers); and efficient short-range communication (such as ZigBee and Bluetooth) The dramatic rise in WSN activity, fuelled by the prospect of a new computing paradigm, has resulted in the topic being researched (and taught) in the electronics and computer science departments of Uni-versities around the world

Figure 1 The increase in research into WSNs, shown by the total number of lished papers (as catalogued on the ISI Web of Knowledge) matching the topic (sensor network*)

pub-Preface

X

While enabling technologies such as low-power circuitry have permitted the tion and growth of WSNs (for example a microcontroller’s ultra-low-power sleep states enable a vast reduction in the average power consumption obtained through duty cy-cled operation, a technique which underpins the operation of most implementations), the principal reason for the explosion of research is, in my opinion, due to the volume of WSN applications that can be conceived and realised To name a few, they have found use in healthcare, defence and security, environmental monitoring, process control, structural health monitoring, condition monitoring, building automation, multimedia provision and advertising However, as a result of the broad array of pertinent appli-cations, WSN researchers have also realised the application specificity of the domain;

concep-it is incredibly difficult, if not impossible, to find an application-independent solution

to most WSN problems (be it a routing algorithm, MAC protocol, energy harvesting architecture, or data processing algorithm) Hence, research into WSNs dictates the adoption of an application-centric design process

Research into WSN applications not only concerns the technical issues and system tegration strategies of deployment, but also the communication and processing of data, alongside the analysis, understanding and modelling of the application parameters that are of interest As such, this book is not intended to be a comprehensive review

in-of all WSN applications and deployments to date Instead, it is a collection in-of state-in-of-the-art research papers discussing current applications and deployment experiences, but also the communication and data processing technologies that are fundamental in further developing solutions to applications Whilst a common foundation is retained through all chapters, this book contains a broad array of often differing interpretations, configurations and limitations of WSNs I believe that these aid to highlight the rich diversity and sheer scale of this ever-changing research area

state-of-Organisation

The chapters of this book have been categorised into three distinct sections: tions and case studies (section A), communication and networking technologies (sec-tion B), and information and data processing technologies (section C) These are de-scribed below:

applica-Applications and Case Studies: The first chapter of this section serves as an tion to the book, providing a concise overview of WSNs, discussing their history, plat-forms and architectures, research challenges, and application The remainder of the section discusses current applications and their implementation, from experiences of monitoring agricultural processes to the different methods by which accidental falls of the elderly can be detected and classified

introduc-Contents VIICommunication and Networking Technologies: Alongside the predominant theme of this book, this section contains a collection of state-of-the-art technical papers on ap-plication-specific communication and networking problems These include modelling wireless propagation through water, routing strategies for hybrid radio frequency/fibre optic WSNs, through to an overview of radio transceiver design.

Information and Data Processing Technologies: The final section of this book provides

an insight into current research on information and data processing, including data fusion, target tracking, fault tolerance and multimedia provision in WSNs

The readership of this book is intended to be postgraduate/postdoctoral researchers, and professional engineers Some of the chapters may also be of interest to master’s level students that are undertaking modules that are particularly relevant to this field

Dr Geoff V Merret and Dr Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief)

Applications and Case Studies

Part 1 Applications and Case Studies

Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction 3

Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction

Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham

0 Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction

Norway

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the history and current state of the art with

regard to wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

1 History

The origins of the research on WSNs can be traced back to the Distributed Sensor Networks

(DSN) program at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) at around 1980

By this time, the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) had been

op-erational for a number of years, with about 200 hosts at universities and research institutes

(Chong & Kumar, 2003) DSNs were assumed to have many spatially distributed low-cost

sensing nodes that collaborated with each other but operated autonomously, with

informa-tion being routed to whichever node was best able to use the informainforma-tion At that time, this

was actually an ambitious program There were no personal computers and workstations;

processing was mainly performed on minicomputers and the Ethernet was just becoming

popular (Chong & Kumar, 2003) Technology components for a DSN were identified in a

Distributed Sensor Nets workshop in 1978 (Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Nets

Work-shop, 1978) These included sensors (acoustic), communication and processing modules, and

distributed software Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) even developed a

communication-oriented operating system called Accent (Rashid & Robertson, 1981), which

allowed flexible, transparent accesss to distributed resources required for a fault-tolerant DSN

A demonstrative application of DSN was a helicopter tracking system (Myers et al., 1984),

us-ing a distributed array of acoustic microphones by means of signal abstractions and matchus-ing

techniques, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Even though early researchers on sensor networks had in mind the vision of a DSN, the

tech-nology was not quite ready More specifically, the sensors were rather large (i.e shoe box and

This work was carried out during the tenure of an ERCIM “Alain Bensoussan” Fellowship

Pro-gramme and is part of the MELODY Project, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway under

the contract number 187857/S10.

1

Wireless Sensor Networks: Application-Centric Design4

up) which limited the number of potential applications Further, the earliest DSNs were not

tightly associated with wireless connectivity Recent advances in computing, communication

and microelectromechanical technology have caused a significant shift in WSN research and

brought it closer to achieving the original vision The new wave of research in WSNs started in

around 1998 and has been attracting more and more attention and international involvement

In the new wave of sensor network research, networking techniques and networked

informa-tion processing suitable for highly dynamic ad hoc environments and resource-constrained

sensor nodes have been the focus Further, the sensor nodes have been much smaller in size

(i.e pack of cards to dust particle) and much cheaper in price, and thus many new civilian

applications of sensor networks such as environment monitoring, vehicular sensor network

and body sensor network have emerged Again, DARPA acted as a pioneer in the new wave

of sensor network research by launching an initiative research program called SensIT (Kumar

& Shepherd, 2001) which provided the present sensor networks with new capabilities such

as ad hoc networking, dynamic querying and tasking, reprogramming and multi-tasking At

the same time, the IEEE noticed the low expense and high capabilities that sensor networks

offer The organization has defined the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group

4, n.d.) for low data rate wireless personal area networks Based on IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee

Alliance (ZigBee Alliance, n.d.) has published the ZigBee standard which specifies a suite of

high level communication protocols which can be used by WSNs Currently, WSN has been

viewed as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century (21 Ideas for the 21st

Cen-tury, 1999) Countries such as China have involved WSNs in their national strategic research

programmes (Ni, 2008) The commercialization of WSNs are also being accelerated by new

formed companies like Crossbow Technology (Crossbow Technology, n.d.) and Dust Networks

(Dust Networks, Inc., n.d.).

2 Hardware Platform

A WSN consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes In a WSN, each sensor node is able to

independently perform some processing and sensing tasks Furthermore, sensor nodes

com-municate with each other in order to forward their sensed information to a central processing

unit or conduct some local coordination such as data fusion One widely used sensor node

platform is the Mica2 Mote developed by Crossbow Technology (Crossbow Technology, n.d.).

The usual hardware components of a sensor node include a radio transceiver, an embedded

processor, internal and external memories, a power source and one or more sensors

2.1 Embedded Processor

In a sensor node, the functionality of an embedded processor is to schedule tasks, process

data and control the functionality of other hardware components The types of embedded

processors that can be used in a sensor node include Microcontroller, Digital Signal Processor

(DSP), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

(ASIC) Among all these alternatives, the Microcontroller has been the most used embedded

processor for sensor nodes because of its flexibility to connect to other devices and its cheap

price For example, the newest CC2531 development board provided by Chipcon (acquired

by Texas Instruments) uses 8051 microcontroller, and the Mica2 Mote platform provided by

Crossbow uses ATMega128L microcontroller

2.2 Transceiver

A transceiver is responsible for the wireless communication of a sensor node The variouschoices of wireless transmission media include Radio Frequency (RF), Laser and Infrared RFbased communication fits to most of WSN applications The operational states of a transceiverare Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep Mica2 Mote uses two kinds of RF radios: RFM TR1000and Chipcon CC1000 The outdoor transmission range of Mica2 Mote is about 150 meters

2.3 Memory

Memories in a sensor node include in-chip flash memory and RAM of a microcontroller andexternal flash memory For example, the ATMega128L microcontroller running on Mica2Mote has 128-Kbyte flash program memory and 4-Kbyte static RAM Further, a 4-Mbit AtemelAT45DB041B serial flash chip can provide external memories for Mica and Mica2 Motes (Hill,2003)

To remove the energy constraint, some preliminary research working on energy-harvestingtechniques for WSNs has also been conducted Energy-harvesting techniques convert ambi-ent energy (e.g solar, wind) to electrical energy and the aim is to revolutionize the powersupply on sensor nodes A survey about the energy-harvesting sensor nodes is provided by(Sudevalayam & Kulkarni, 2008)

2.5 Sensors

A sensor is a hardware device that produces a measurable response signal to a change in aphysical condition such as temperature, pressure and humidity The continual analog signalsensed by the sensors is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to the embeddedprocessor for further processing Because a sensor node is a micro-electronic device powered

by a limited power source, the attached sensors should also be small in size and consumeextremely low energy A sensor node can have one or several types of sensors integrated in orconnected to the node

3 Operating System

The role of any operating system (OS) is to promote the development of reliable applicationsoftware by providing a convenient and safe abstraction of hardware resources OSs for WSNnodes are typically less complex than general-purpose OSs both because of the special re-quirements of WSN applications and because of the resource constraints in WSN hardwareplatforms

TinyOS (TinyOS Community Forum, n.d.) is perhaps the first operating system specifically

de-signed for WSNs It features a component-based architecture which enables rapid innovationand implementation while minimizing code size as required by the severe memory constraintsinherent in WSNs TinyOS’s component library includes network protocols, distributed ser-vices, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools - all of which can be further refined for a