2.2 The Olfish System: A Short Overview Olfish is a third-generation, data logging and data management, software tool which was initially developed for the commercial fishing industry,
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evaluate spectral featureless constituents in soils Soil Sci, Vol.4, pp.259-270
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Trang 3OLFISH - A complete, paperless solution for the collection, management and dissemination of marine data
Dr Amos Barkai, Fatima Felaar, Karl Geggus, Zahrah Dantie and Arno Hayes
X
OLFISH - A complete, paperless solution
for the collection, management and dissemination of marine data
Dr Amos Barkai, Fatima Felaar, Karl Geggus,
Zahrah Dantie and Arno Hayes
Olrac (Ocean Land Resource Assessment Consultants)
South Africa
1 Introduction
Fisheries management is continually frustrated by the lack, or poor quality, of critical data
on fishing operations (catches, duration, gear, locations and relevant environmental
conditions) While quantitative methods for managing fisheries have developed with
considerable complexity, the quality of the available data remains an obstacle for
meaningful advances in fisheries management There are a number of aspects to the
problem, not all of which are technical A culture of protecting catch data and
disinformation is common amongst fishers, fishing companies and even formal state-run
offices, and significant education is needed in order to change this culture
Another problem is the poor quality of historic data in many fisheries around the world
Much energy is wasted and important opportunities lost because of the uncertainty
surrounding crucial historic data For example, there are typically many factors related to
catch-per-unit-effort data, a key index of trends in resource abundance, which are not
recorded, and hence cannot be incorporated into statistical analyses Frequently, these
missing data are crucial to management decisions For scientists, unreliable data leads to a
poor basis for stock assessment models and management programs For industry, the lack of
sound data significantly reduces its fishing efficiency, since past performance cannot be
studied properly As a result, poor management decisions based on unreliable analyses are
made, often with substantial cost and risk to fish resources and the fishing industry
Although there is presently greater awareness amongst scientists and fisheries managers
about the importance of collecting fishing data, there is still confusion about exactly which
data are needed, and how to collect and store them It is common for skippers to record
scientific data on one form, for shore managers to use another for commercial purposes, and
for skippers to keep separate fishing logbooks These data are then transferred to different
computer systems, often complex spreadsheets, or, sometimes, are left in paper format in
large, inaccessible books and files There is a degradation in the quality of data because of
the multi-stage process of transcription from handwritten logbook sheets to paper forms
and then to computer databases
11
Trang 4So even when good will is present, technically, the absence of a flexible and comprehensive
system for capturing essential data during fishing operations is a major obstacle A large
amount of logistical and environmental data is lost simply because of the difficulty of
recording this information easily in real time This is despite the advent of a complex array
of sensory equipment available in the bridge of modern fishing vessels As a result,
environmental patterns become part of a skipper’s experience and seldom, if ever, become
formally available to scientists or managers of fishing operations
The most logical first point of data entry, through the fishing vessel skipper, should occur in
digital format directly into a computer One of the difficulties with fisheries data is the
complexity of the logical linkages between the different types of data Any reasonable
approach to the problem requires the use of modern relational databases which are able to
address the multidimensional complexity of the problem
In order to address many of the problems described above, Olrac (www.olrac.com) a South
African company, has developed a data collection and management system it has named
Olfish (www.olfish.com) for the specific use of operators and managers in the marine
environment with a special focus on the commercial fishing industry
2.1 Benefits
An obvious approach to the “data crises” is to bring modern data and information
technology (Elog) to the marine environment in general, and to the commercial and
recreational fishing industry in particular Providing fishers with accurate yet easy to use
data logging tools could potentially transform the entire fishing fleet and the fishers
community into the largest surveyors group of the marine environment in the world The
calibre of data produced through electronic logbooks has the potential to benefit all sectors
of the fishing industry, from the fishers themselves to seafood consumers, resource
managers, scientists and government enforcement agencies in between In addition, the
international shift towards a greater emphasis on output control measures, such as annual
catch limits (ACL’s) and total allowable catches (TAC’s), requires the implementation of
sophisticated catch monitoring tools in order to allow for a near-real-time auditing of catch
versus TAC However, it is important to note that the benefits of electronic data logging go
beyond merely adhering to regulations It is crucial for the industry to realise that it will
ultimately be the greatest beneficiary of accumulated good quality data A few obvious
benefits derived from the collection of a large amount of accurate data in a near-real-time
environment are:
2.1.1 Better Stock Assessments
The accuracy and timely delivery of electronically recorded data will allow for more exact
indications of catch in a current year In the past, due to the delays of paper-based reporting,
incomplete data from preceding years has been used to estimate the TAC of the following
year The uncertainty associated with such calculations has resulted in conservative stock
assessments which lead to overly restrictive TAC’s This means that there is often an
over-discard of fish which would otherwise be commercially viable Electronic data logging
would allow for up-to-date and accurate data to be used for TAC estimation, thus
eliminating much uncertainty and adding weight and justification to the TAC’s allocated
2.1.2 Better Targeting and Gear Utilization
The security and verification features of electronic logbooks, (see Security and Data Integrity – 5.4.7 below), as well as multimedia photographic and video utilities (see Multinote Taker and Notebook – 6.2 below), can potentially replace the role of an observer onboard a vessel This can then be adapted into an incentive scheme for improved gear and fishing-ground selectivity, thus reducing unintended bycatch Capturing target species may also lead to a decrease in days at sea, which is often beneficial for the skipper
is practically pointless Faster transmission will have a substantially positive effect on, for example, quota management, conservation and even commercial decision-making
2.1.4 Catch Prediction and Management
Built-in analytical tools available within electronic logbook software (see Olfish Explorer - 6.4 below) are able to harness historical information stored in their electronic databases to help fishers calculate and predict fish migration, fishing hotspots etc This greatly increases efficiency in a number of fields, such as targeting areas and the selection of fishing grounds and techniques Similarly, fishers will be able to avoid “dry” areas, maximizing their time at sea and ultimately reducing discarding rates
2.1.5 Traceability
Traceability is the ability to locate the source and “journey” of a fish from ocean to supermarket shelf Legal organizations, such as the Marine Stewardship Council, prohibit fish without certification logos from entering the market Such logos are obtained through traceability, i.e proving that the fish in question had been caught in a certified area under certified conditions Electronic data logging makes traceability a simple and speedy process Information from the vessel at sea can be efficiently transmitted to market authorities who can then clear the catch for sale Furthermore, electronic data logging allows for a highly detailed recording of catch information Thus, catch freshness can easily be proven, increasing its market value Buyers then benefits from being able to accurately estimate the shelf-life of the product they have bought None of this would be possible without verifiable and immediate traceability
2.2 The Olfish System: A Short Overview
Olfish is a third-generation, data logging and data management, software tool which was initially developed for the commercial fishing industry, but now provides a complete solution for the collection, management and reporting of other vessel-based activities, such
as commercial and recreational fishing trips, oceanographic surveys, marine inspections, cargo and service trips, surveillance missions, etc
Trang 5So even when good will is present, technically, the absence of a flexible and comprehensive
system for capturing essential data during fishing operations is a major obstacle A large
amount of logistical and environmental data is lost simply because of the difficulty of
recording this information easily in real time This is despite the advent of a complex array
of sensory equipment available in the bridge of modern fishing vessels As a result,
environmental patterns become part of a skipper’s experience and seldom, if ever, become
formally available to scientists or managers of fishing operations
The most logical first point of data entry, through the fishing vessel skipper, should occur in
digital format directly into a computer One of the difficulties with fisheries data is the
complexity of the logical linkages between the different types of data Any reasonable
approach to the problem requires the use of modern relational databases which are able to
address the multidimensional complexity of the problem
In order to address many of the problems described above, Olrac (www.olrac.com) a South
African company, has developed a data collection and management system it has named
Olfish (www.olfish.com) for the specific use of operators and managers in the marine
environment with a special focus on the commercial fishing industry
2.1 Benefits
An obvious approach to the “data crises” is to bring modern data and information
technology (Elog) to the marine environment in general, and to the commercial and
recreational fishing industry in particular Providing fishers with accurate yet easy to use
data logging tools could potentially transform the entire fishing fleet and the fishers
community into the largest surveyors group of the marine environment in the world The
calibre of data produced through electronic logbooks has the potential to benefit all sectors
of the fishing industry, from the fishers themselves to seafood consumers, resource
managers, scientists and government enforcement agencies in between In addition, the
international shift towards a greater emphasis on output control measures, such as annual
catch limits (ACL’s) and total allowable catches (TAC’s), requires the implementation of
sophisticated catch monitoring tools in order to allow for a near-real-time auditing of catch
versus TAC However, it is important to note that the benefits of electronic data logging go
beyond merely adhering to regulations It is crucial for the industry to realise that it will
ultimately be the greatest beneficiary of accumulated good quality data A few obvious
benefits derived from the collection of a large amount of accurate data in a near-real-time
environment are:
2.1.1 Better Stock Assessments
The accuracy and timely delivery of electronically recorded data will allow for more exact
indications of catch in a current year In the past, due to the delays of paper-based reporting,
incomplete data from preceding years has been used to estimate the TAC of the following
year The uncertainty associated with such calculations has resulted in conservative stock
assessments which lead to overly restrictive TAC’s This means that there is often an
over-discard of fish which would otherwise be commercially viable Electronic data logging
would allow for up-to-date and accurate data to be used for TAC estimation, thus
eliminating much uncertainty and adding weight and justification to the TAC’s allocated
2.1.2 Better Targeting and Gear Utilization
The security and verification features of electronic logbooks, (see Security and Data Integrity – 5.4.7 below), as well as multimedia photographic and video utilities (see Multinote Taker and Notebook – 6.2 below), can potentially replace the role of an observer onboard a vessel This can then be adapted into an incentive scheme for improved gear and fishing-ground selectivity, thus reducing unintended bycatch Capturing target species may also lead to a decrease in days at sea, which is often beneficial for the skipper
is practically pointless Faster transmission will have a substantially positive effect on, for example, quota management, conservation and even commercial decision-making
2.1.4 Catch Prediction and Management
Built-in analytical tools available within electronic logbook software (see Olfish Explorer - 6.4 below) are able to harness historical information stored in their electronic databases to help fishers calculate and predict fish migration, fishing hotspots etc This greatly increases efficiency in a number of fields, such as targeting areas and the selection of fishing grounds and techniques Similarly, fishers will be able to avoid “dry” areas, maximizing their time at sea and ultimately reducing discarding rates
2.1.5 Traceability
Traceability is the ability to locate the source and “journey” of a fish from ocean to supermarket shelf Legal organizations, such as the Marine Stewardship Council, prohibit fish without certification logos from entering the market Such logos are obtained through traceability, i.e proving that the fish in question had been caught in a certified area under certified conditions Electronic data logging makes traceability a simple and speedy process Information from the vessel at sea can be efficiently transmitted to market authorities who can then clear the catch for sale Furthermore, electronic data logging allows for a highly detailed recording of catch information Thus, catch freshness can easily be proven, increasing its market value Buyers then benefits from being able to accurately estimate the shelf-life of the product they have bought None of this would be possible without verifiable and immediate traceability
2.2 The Olfish System: A Short Overview
Olfish is a third-generation, data logging and data management, software tool which was initially developed for the commercial fishing industry, but now provides a complete solution for the collection, management and reporting of other vessel-based activities, such
as commercial and recreational fishing trips, oceanographic surveys, marine inspections, cargo and service trips, surveillance missions, etc
Trang 6The present version of Olfish includes three basic components in order to cater for the entire
data flow, from at-sea collection to the generation and dissemination of reports
The onboard, data collection component named Olfish Dynamic Data Logger (Olfish-DDL)
is a standalone data collection tool installed onboard the vessel’s PC
Olfish-DDL also has a shore component which is identical to the vessel version but allows
data from many vessels to be stored and viewed on one user-interface This component is
available in two versions:
a A Single Fleet unit that aggregates operational data from vessels of a single
company or organisation
b A Meta-Shore unit, which can aggregate operational data received from many
shore units The Meta-Shore unit can be used by a government agency, fishing
association or even a union of states to manage data from a number of
countries/states
Database Server
Other Permitted Data Recipients
Reports Management System (RMS)XML SchemaValidation
Web Server
XML
Web Services
RMS Web Portal
VMS SATCOM
GPS
First Sales
www.olfish.com
Fig 1 Overall structure of the Olfish data collection and management system
The third component of Olfish is a web application named Olfish- Report Management
System (Olfish-RMS™) and its main function is to receive, store and disseminate reports
coming from DDL (or, if necessary, other, third party, data logging systems) RMS also allows for the direct entry of data via an internet interface for cases where the use
Olfish-of an onboard data-logger is not practical (cost or unsuitable working environment) With Olfish-RMS the entire fleet of vessels can be managed It includes a vessel registry, a full quota management system and an elaborate administrative component which allows Olfish-RMS to be customised to satisfy many needs
2.3 Olfish Dynamic Data Logger 2.3.1 Basic Functionality
Olfish-DDL is a touch-screen-ready utility that captures data in real-time and/or after the fishing activity has taken place Olfish-DDL can read GPS input via an additional GPS logging utility and it incorporates GIS capabilities for easy viewing of vessel movements and other operational fishing data With Olfish-DDL, the user can collect any type of data in any form These include images, video clips, numerical and alphanumeric fields, free text comments, date, time, location, etc Olfish allows data to be inserted from guiding images (“infograph”) to guide it through complex data entry needs Each mode of data entry has its own unique data entry interface, specifically designed for the type of data recorded Olfish- DDL is highly customisable and can be easily modified to address vastly different data recording and reporting needs
Fig 2 Olfish vessel unit on a tablet PC
Trang 7The present version of Olfish includes three basic components in order to cater for the entire
data flow, from at-sea collection to the generation and dissemination of reports
The onboard, data collection component named Olfish Dynamic Data Logger (Olfish-DDL)
is a standalone data collection tool installed onboard the vessel’s PC
Olfish-DDL also has a shore component which is identical to the vessel version but allows
data from many vessels to be stored and viewed on one user-interface This component is
available in two versions:
a A Single Fleet unit that aggregates operational data from vessels of a single
company or organisation
b A Meta-Shore unit, which can aggregate operational data received from many
shore units The Meta-Shore unit can be used by a government agency, fishing
association or even a union of states to manage data from a number of
countries/states
Database Server
Other Permitted Data Recipients
Reports Management
System (RMS)XML SchemaValidation
Web Server
XML
Web Services
RMS Web Portal
VMS SATCOM
GPS
First Sales
www.olfish.com
Fig 1 Overall structure of the Olfish data collection and management system
The third component of Olfish is a web application named Olfish- Report Management
System (Olfish-RMS™) and its main function is to receive, store and disseminate reports
coming from DDL (or, if necessary, other, third party, data logging systems) RMS also allows for the direct entry of data via an internet interface for cases where the use
Olfish-of an onboard data-logger is not practical (cost or unsuitable working environment) With Olfish-RMS the entire fleet of vessels can be managed It includes a vessel registry, a full quota management system and an elaborate administrative component which allows Olfish-RMS to be customised to satisfy many needs
2.3 Olfish Dynamic Data Logger 2.3.1 Basic Functionality
Olfish-DDL is a touch-screen-ready utility that captures data in real-time and/or after the fishing activity has taken place Olfish-DDL can read GPS input via an additional GPS logging utility and it incorporates GIS capabilities for easy viewing of vessel movements and other operational fishing data With Olfish-DDL, the user can collect any type of data in any form These include images, video clips, numerical and alphanumeric fields, free text comments, date, time, location, etc Olfish allows data to be inserted from guiding images (“infograph”) to guide it through complex data entry needs Each mode of data entry has its own unique data entry interface, specifically designed for the type of data recorded Olfish- DDL is highly customisable and can be easily modified to address vastly different data recording and reporting needs
Fig 2 Olfish vessel unit on a tablet PC
Trang 82.3.2 Overall Structure
Olfish-DDL consists of the following:
Configuration files defining levels, fields, parameters
Database for working data
Database for archived data
User interface elements: Data Entry, Data Browser, Mapper, Data Centre, Mini
Reporter, Explorer
Input/output modules for the following types of data:
a Reports to specific agencies and third-parties
b Import / export of operational data
c Backup of the complete system
d Error / exception handling reports to Olfish Support
There are two main levels of configuration in Olfish-DDL:
User interface: This is a developer-level configuration which governs the way the command
bar menu (Dynamic Commands Bar – DCB) functions, based on client specific needs
Field and lookup values: As a business model, Olrac ships Olfish-DDL with as many
predefined fields as possible However, within Olfish-DDL, the user can:
modify field parameters, such as: display names, maximum and minimum values,
set mandatory and carry over fields, capture on start/on end, make visible etc
Olfish-DDL ensures that changes which could affect underlying data capture logic
are not allowed
hide and show lookup table records
add, edit and delete lookup table records
add fields – these fields have as much functionality and legitimacy as any original
Mapper Data
Browser
Data Entry
Data Centre Explorer
User Config.
IP SMTO MAPI Satellite Physical Media
Reports (to agencies etc.)
Import/
Export (to other Olfish Units)
‘triuse
of
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Trang 92.3.2 Overall Structure
Olfish-DDL consists of the following:
Configuration files defining levels, fields, parameters
Database for working data
Database for archived data
User interface elements: Data Entry, Data Browser, Mapper, Data Centre, Mini
Reporter, Explorer
Input/output modules for the following types of data:
a Reports to specific agencies and third-parties
b Import / export of operational data
c Backup of the complete system
d Error / exception handling reports to Olfish Support
There are two main levels of configuration in Olfish-DDL:
User interface: This is a developer-level configuration which governs the way the command
bar menu (Dynamic Commands Bar – DCB) functions, based on client specific needs
Field and lookup values: As a business model, Olrac ships Olfish-DDL with as many
predefined fields as possible However, within Olfish-DDL, the user can:
modify field parameters, such as: display names, maximum and minimum values,
set mandatory and carry over fields, capture on start/on end, make visible etc
Olfish-DDL ensures that changes which could affect underlying data capture logic
are not allowed
hide and show lookup table records
add, edit and delete lookup table records
add fields – these fields have as much functionality and legitimacy as any original
Mapper Data
Browser
Data Entry
Data Centre Explorer
User Config.
IP SMTO
MAPI Satellite
Physical Media
Reports (to agencies
etc.)
Import/
Export (to other Olfish
‘triuse
of
FigAn
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wever,
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done in sed for format other abases)
“liDDwilevThsupAninfinfmatherecThdaGPstaan
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PS information, bandard These deemometers amon
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pplication does nond-alone application is the GPS-Lger via a simple aith the various Gnly the GPS-Logg
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ot, in fact, talk dation runs continLogger, developeapplication progrGPS units to be hger application nGPS-Logger run
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to plot vessel tr
ny serial port infoentences This allrmation outputteude many analog
selector
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d set tracks, as welds, if it has accdard GPS outputtirectly to the GPnually on the com
ed by Olrac Olfiramming interfachandled exclusiveneeds to be upda
n continuously isOlfish-DDL can
f a small “time mrecording activitracks even if theormation and canlows the GPS-Log
ed by devices congue sensors such
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s that it still log then use this lmachine” utility,ties The data sto
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g catch from a lonthe data class encords and gear de
ws for the “real-tinsure a linear sestarted can a fish
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ample, only once
ivities and Even
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ta class encapsulell as an end tim
a Marker Examplass encapsulatesration of no interrap and retrievingemporal data – t
include catch recOlfish- DDL allow
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n has been started however, to swi
g catch from a lonthe data class encords and gear de
ws for the “real-tinsure a linear se
started can a fish
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e convenient for tptured on one foruser will read
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ed as a single temng-line hook
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the user to do so
rm in any order his/her data fro
r even form mem
n access the entirticular time by s
s:
ng that has a star
n of time and louls, etc
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of activities and e
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om other data lomory However, in
re GPS-Logger dasimply pointing
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r space events, n) For
y once Olfish-
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FigAlhacapvescan
levant date/time Time Machine”
2 Data Storage
he initial Olfish co well as operatingdata storage It lational databases
e shore unit PC)
s ended and
un-ow archived datchived if there isructure is alwayrsion of Olfish-D
om the developmart-up, Olfish-DDtomatically recongnment with the
g 8 Olfish-DDL m
l data captured b
s fields and a septure informationssel departure an
n have many Sets
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point in the GPS
onfiguration defi
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s to store historic Active trip data-archived back, a
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DL compares thnfigures the struc configuration
he data store stcture, if necessary
nterface (Data Cen
re organised intoasses For examp
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d into the storageediting is needed possible to bloc which databasethe configuratiouration may chancustomisation chatructures with t
y and without da
ntre)
o classes (or levelple, one Olfish-Doften used to defiwithin a trip), an
es Each class can Recorded catcheSelected trip
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re of classes and uses a hybrid app
g vessel operationard PC and MyS database once th
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k data from bein
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ls or tables) EachDDL might let thine the period be
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finitions are then
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uld be, for exam
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5 Reporting
Faster transmission of accurate data from vessel to land-based authorities can allow for near–real-time quota management Current paper-based data-logging systems cause serious delays regarding quota calculations In order for the quota allocation to ensue, data needs to
be submitted, cross-checked and processed, a procedure which, using current data-logging techniques, may take up to a few months This can substantially influence the last few months of a fishery, where delays in data reception can lead to some quota not being taken
or, in the eyes of many, even worse: to be over- taken Without updated knowledge as to how much quota has been thus far consumed, quota calculations have to be over-conservative and fishers often find themselves ultimately not reaching their entire quota An electronic dat-logging system, which allows for near real time data entry and submission, and which can communicate via the web with all necessary authorities, reduces transmission time to days (see Web Based reporting, 7 below) Fishers will be able to use up their entire quota confidently, as it will be managed by near-real-time, good quality data Similarly, management decisions will then also be made in near-real-time, decreasing the risk of over-fishing, as quota deficiency can also be identified and prevented in time
5.1 An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Fisheries Management
A global move towards a more conservation-directed fisheries management system is underway In the past, the only preventative measure which vessels were bound to take, regarding ecosystem conservation, involved using only approved gear types There was very little surveillance and research done on the effect of the non-target-species by-catch on the ecosystem This is changing A paper from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Pope, J G & Symes, D 2002) of the UK lists a few of the new regulations which are to be implemented in order to achieve this change Amongst them:
Scientists are required to provide ecosystem impact assessments alongside the advice on fisheries management options;
Scientists are required to establish limit reference points for all target and target species within the ecosystem and managers should determine the best fishing practice to guarantee minimum levels of disturbance to the ecosystem;
non- Fisheries managers are required to take all necessary actions to ensure that damage
to the ecosystem (viz excessive non-target species mortality and degradation of marine habitats) is not caused by intensities or forms of fishing activity beyond those required for rational and responsible exploitation of target species within commercial fisheries In effect, this will require most - if not all - fishing effort to be reduced to levels commensurate with limit reference points
Achieving such goals is dependent on the ability to collect data other than retained catches These should include non-commercial and commercial by-catch, sea-bird and marine mammal interactions, impact on benthic species, detailed information on gear used and
Trang 15he user can defin
finitions are then
fined fields Thes
, to name a few A data recording r
ighly customizaborganization will
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uld be, for exam
me Possible Set sed, etc Possible
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A rigid software requirements of e
ble, either at a de have a logbook c
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n prevents clutterand transmission
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ither on the vesconfiguration sto
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on form
mple, Departure fields could inc
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ple “off-the-shelf
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evelopmental or uconfigured specif
ypes relevant to i
r and confusion,
ds
sel or on the shore, in the same
ndistinguishable base structure in
Date, Departure lude Start Timenclude Species C
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ould be unable toherefore necessar
user level In thifically for its reco
its operation appand ensures max
hore units Thesemanner as the O
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t from fferent roduct
rs and
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e field Olfish-
ned by
h these
When data is exported, new field definitions are included in the export file Then, during import on the target system, Olfish-DDL adds the new fields to the configuration store and updates the database, providing a suitably configured data store for all the data in the imported file
5 Reporting
Faster transmission of accurate data from vessel to land-based authorities can allow for near–real-time quota management Current paper-based data-logging systems cause serious delays regarding quota calculations In order for the quota allocation to ensue, data needs to
be submitted, cross-checked and processed, a procedure which, using current data-logging techniques, may take up to a few months This can substantially influence the last few months of a fishery, where delays in data reception can lead to some quota not being taken
or, in the eyes of many, even worse: to be over- taken Without updated knowledge as to how much quota has been thus far consumed, quota calculations have to be over-conservative and fishers often find themselves ultimately not reaching their entire quota An electronic dat-logging system, which allows for near real time data entry and submission, and which can communicate via the web with all necessary authorities, reduces transmission time to days (see Web Based reporting, 7 below) Fishers will be able to use up their entire quota confidently, as it will be managed by near-real-time, good quality data Similarly, management decisions will then also be made in near-real-time, decreasing the risk of over-fishing, as quota deficiency can also be identified and prevented in time
5.1 An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Fisheries Management
A global move towards a more conservation-directed fisheries management system is underway In the past, the only preventative measure which vessels were bound to take, regarding ecosystem conservation, involved using only approved gear types There was very little surveillance and research done on the effect of the non-target-species by-catch on the ecosystem This is changing A paper from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Pope, J G & Symes, D 2002) of the UK lists a few of the new regulations which are to be implemented in order to achieve this change Amongst them:
Scientists are required to provide ecosystem impact assessments alongside the advice on fisheries management options;
Scientists are required to establish limit reference points for all target and target species within the ecosystem and managers should determine the best fishing practice to guarantee minimum levels of disturbance to the ecosystem;
non- Fisheries managers are required to take all necessary actions to ensure that damage
to the ecosystem (viz excessive non-target species mortality and degradation of marine habitats) is not caused by intensities or forms of fishing activity beyond those required for rational and responsible exploitation of target species within commercial fisheries In effect, this will require most - if not all - fishing effort to be reduced to levels commensurate with limit reference points
Achieving such goals is dependent on the ability to collect data other than retained catches These should include non-commercial and commercial by-catch, sea-bird and marine mammal interactions, impact on benthic species, detailed information on gear used and