Smart Wireless Sensor Networks Part 1 pot

Jari Nieminen, Shekar Nethi, Mikael Björkbom, Aamir Mahmood, Lasse Eriksson and Riku JänttiFactors that may influence the performance of wireless sensor networks 29 Majdi Mansouri, Ahma

Smart WireleSS SenSor netWorkS Edited by mr Hoang Duc Chinh and

Dr Yen kheng tan (Editor-in-Chief)

Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

Edited by Mr Hoang Duc Chinh and Dr Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief)

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Jari Nieminen, Shekar Nethi, Mikael Björkbom, Aamir Mahmood, Lasse Eriksson and Riku Jäntti

Factors that may influence the performance

of wireless sensor networks 29

Majdi Mansouri, Ahmad Sardouk, Leila Merghem-Boulahia, Dominique Gaiti, Hichem Snoussi, Rana Rahim-Amoud and Cédric Richard

Smart Environments and Cross-Layer Design 49

L Ozlem KARACA and Radosveta SOKULLU

Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Sensor Networks Enhancement 73

Alcides Montoya, Diana Carolina Restrepo and Demetrio Arturo Ovalle

Network protocols, architectures and technologies 83 Broadcast protocols for wireless sensor networks 85

Ruiqin Zhao, Xiaohong Shen and Xiaomin Zhang

Routing Protocol with Unavailable Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks 101

Deyun Gao, Linjuan Zhang and Yingying Gong

Relation-based Message Routing

in Wireless Sensor Networks 127

Jan Nikodem, Maciej Nikodem, Marek Woda, Ryszard Klempous and Zenon ChaczkoContents

VI

MIPv6 Soft Hand-off for Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Networks 147

Ricardo Silva, Jorge Sa Silva and Fernando Boavida

Cooperative Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks 157

Hui Jing and Hitoshi Aida

A Cluster Head Election Method for Equal Cluster Size in Wireless Sensor Network 173

Choon-Sung Nam, Kyung-Soo Jang and Dong-Ryeol Shin

Optimizing Coverage in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks 189

Nauman Aslam

Quality of Service Management and Time synchronization 205 Mechanism and Instance: a Research

on QoS based on Negotiation and Intervention

of Wireless Sensor Networks 207

Nan Hua and Yi Guo

A Reliable and Flexible Transmission Method in Wireless Sensor Networks 229

Dae-Young Kim and Jinsung Cho

Performance Analysis of Binary Sensor-Based Cooperative Diversity Using Limited Feedback 237

Ali EKŞİM and Mehmet E ÇELEBİ

Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks 253

Jonggoo Bae and Bongkyo Moon

Time Synchronization of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 281

Contents VII

Security 297

Security of Wireless Sensor Networks:

Current Status and Key Issues 299

Chun-Ta Li

A Compromise-resilient Pair-wise Rekeying

Protocol in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks 315

Song Guo and Zhuzhong Qian

Security architecture, trust management model with

risk evaluation and node selection algorithm for WSN 327

Bin Ma and Xianzhong Xie

Distributed Detection of Node Capture

Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks 345

Jun-Won Ho

Integrity Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks 361

Yusnani Mohd Yussoff, Husna Zainol Abidin and Habibah Hashim

Technologies and Architectures for

Multimedia-Support in Wireless Sensor Networks 373

Sven Zacharias and Thomas Newe

Security and Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks 395

For the past decade, there has been rapid development and advancement in the munication and sensor technologies that results in the growth of a new, attractive and challenging research area – the wireless sensor network (WSN) A WSN, which typi-cally consists of a large number of wireless sensor nodes formed in a network fashion,

com-is deployed in environmental fields to serve various sensing and actuating tions With the integration of sensing devices on the sensor nodes, the nodes have the abilities to perceive many types of physical parameters such as, light, humidity, vibra-tion, etc about the ambient conditions In addition, the capability of wireless commu-nication, small size and low power consumption enable sensor nodes to be deployed

applica-in different types of environment applica-includapplica-ing terrestrial, underground and underwater These properties facilitate the sensor nodes to operate in both stationary and mobile networks deployed for numerous applications, which include environmental remote sensing, medical healthcare monitoring, military surveillance, etc For each of these application areas, the design and operation of the WSNs are different from conven-tional networks such as the internet The network design must take into account of the specific applications The nature of deployed environment must be considered The limited of sensor nodes’ resources such as memory, computational ability, communi-cation bandwidth and energy source are the challenges in network design As such, a smart wireless sensor network, able to deal with these constraints as well as to guar-antee the connectivity, coverage, reliability and security of network’s operation for a maximized lifetime, has been illustrated

In this smart wireless sensor network (WSN) book, various aspects of designing a smart WSN have been investigated and discussed The main topics include: advanc-

es in smart wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, algorithms and protocols for smart WSN management and performance and quality of service (QoS) of smart WSNs Sev-eral key issues, challenges and state-of-the-art methods for designing and developing smart WSNs will be addressed throughout the 23 chapters of this book Chapter 1 pres-ents communication protocol stacks for WSNs which include physical layer, medium access control layer and network layer State-of-the-art solutions applied in different layers to guarantee the communication reliability are discussed and evaluated Novel communication protocols and simulation tools are proposed to enhance the perfor-mance and reliability of smart sensor systems Chapter 2 discusses the factors that may influence the desired operation of WSNs The impact of sensor nodes characteristics and network deployment on WSNs’ performance are investigated WSNs’ information functions including the parameters and method of evaluating data importance are also presented Chapter 3 and 4 focuses on design methodologies for WSNs Chapter Preface

X

3 provides a survey of cross-layer protocol design frameworks and define some major criteria to evaluate these frameworks Meanwhile, chapter 4 proposes a novel model which applies the concept of intelligent multi-agent system on designing distributed sensor networks

Chapter 5 to 11 present various protocols and algorithms proposed for WSNs with the expectation of improving communication efficiency, saving energy and maximizing network lifetime Chapter 5 deals with a broadcast storm problem, an efficient broad-cast protocol is proposed in order to achieve maximum lifetime of the WSNs Chapter

6 focuses on developing multi-hop routing protocol for WSNs which consists of available nodes due to failure The protocol is designed and implemented in real sen-sor nodes Experiments are conducted to evaluating the performance of the networks Chapter 7 introduces a relational model that represents the dependences between nodes of the network and defines the actions of these nodes in different situations Based on this model, communication activities of the network are managed in order to route the message from nodes to the base station efficiently Chapter 8 presents a frame-work for an effective support of mobility in WSNs The approach is using the mobile IPv6 protocol, the Neighbor Discovery for finding sink nodes and subsequent node registration, and the soft hand-off mechanisms for maintaining connectivity of mov-ing nodes In chapter 9, game theoretic model is applied to form cluster-based WSNs

un-A cooperative game theoretic clustering algorithm is proposed for balancing energy consumption of sensor nodes and increasing network lifetime The system-wide op-timization is obtained from the conditions of cooperation, each sensor node tradeoff individual cost with the network-wide cost Chapter 10 shows another energy-efficient cluster formation method The optimized clustering structure is achieved by prevent-ing unequal size of clusters, finding the optimal number of nodes in a cluster, and re-electing cluster head for balancing local cluster Chapter 11 deals with the problem

of maximizing the covered area of 3-dimensional WSNs A distributed algorithm is developed and executed at sensor nodes to establish a connected topology while maxi-mize the covered sensing area of the network

Chapter 12, 13, and 14 introduce novel techniques and mechanisms used for ing the Quality of Service (QoS) of WSNs Chapter 12 provides the understand of QoS mechanisms, presents research on an instance of QoS and shows the improvement achieved by applying this instance Chapter 13 presents a new method which can be used to guarantee various level of communication reliability in WSNs A flexible loss recover mechanism is proposed and the tradeoff between end-to-end delays and mem-ory requirements for different levels of communication reliability is evaluated Chapter

manag-14 focuses on improving the transmission energy consumption of WSNs while the QoS

of communication is guaranteed Chapter 15 and 16 discuss the time synchronization techniques for WSNs Chapter 15 provides an overview of time synchronization in WSNs Fundamental techniques, influenced factors, uncertainties and errors, as well as evaluating metrics of time synchronization are identified Different time synchroniza-tion methods are presented and evaluated Chapter 16 focuses on time synchronization for underwater WSNs The typical attributes of this type of WSNs are addressed; the effect of underwater environment on the performance of a specific time synchroniza-tion algorithm is studied and demonstrated through simulation

Contents VIIChapter 17 to 23 present the security problems in WSNs Chapter 17 gives an introduc-tion of security threats in WSNs, classify security management method into different categories, discuss and suggest future research issues on security of WSNs Chapter

18 proposes a compromise-resilient pair-wise rekeying protocol in a three-tier WSN Performance analysis of this method shows that it is significantly improve the secu-rity level in order to prevent the stealth of secret information of the network during node capture attack Chapter 19 focuses on detecting node capture attacks in WSNs in order to avoid the harm created by attackers to WSNs Chapter 20 introduces a secu-rity architecture that provides confidentiality, integrity and authentication with trust management for WSNs A cross-layer wireless sensor network trust model based on cloud model is also developed and proved to be able to decrease trust risk of nodes and enhance successful cooperation ratio of WSN’s system Chapter 21 highlights the security problems at the physical layer and hardware platform Security challenges and potential physical attacks in WSNs are listed; the trusted platform and security architecture for sensor nodes are also presented Chapters 22 and 23 describe technolo-gies and architectures of WSNs A special type of WSNs, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), is highlighted and studied This chapter also discusses and com-pares different hardware platforms and architectures for WMSNs

In summary, with a variety of design and development aspects being considered and discussed, the concept introductions and research discussions of this smart wireless sensor network (WSN) book are expected to benefit both the industry developers work-ing in sensor network systems, as well as the researchers and graduate students con-ducting research on WSNs The editor would like to take this opportunity to thank all the authors for their kind contributions and to all those people who have directly or indirectly helped to make this work possible Special thanks are also presented to Yen Kheng Tan, chief editor of Smart and Sustainable WSN book series, and Mrs Jelena Marusic, process manager, whom are responsible for the coordination of this entire project

Mr Hoang Duc Chinh and Dr Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief)

Overview and Design Methodology

Part 1 Overview and Design Methodology

Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems 3

Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems

Jari Nieminen, Shekar Nethi, Mikael Björkbom, Aamir Mahmood, Lasse Eriksson and Riku Jäntti

State-of-the-art Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology enables design and

implementation of novel, intriguing applications that can be used to address numerous

industrial, environmental, societal and economical challenges and thus, the importance and

potential of WSNs are constantly growing Wireless sensor nodes constituting a WSN

consist of a sensor interface, microcontroller, memory and battery units together with a

radio module Hence, wireless sensor nodes are able to carry out distributed sensing and

data processing, and to share the collected data using radio communications In the

beginning the development of wireless sensors was driven by military applications but the

introduction of civilian wireless sensor systems has greatly diversified application domain

which has further boosted research efforts in the field of wireless sensor networks Present

state of the evolution of wireless sensor nodes allows utilization of smart sensors to enhance

the performance and robustness of WSNs

From the communication engineering point of view the large number of possible

applications, see e.g (Römer & Mattern, 2004), introduces unforeseen problems for which

classical communication solutions are not suitable while smart sensors give us tools for

finding answers to these new-found questions Furthermore, a large number of

communication protocols have been designed for specific applications but the lack of

generic solutions brings up problems with respect to large scale economic success Since

versatility of WSN applications is unimaginable and the amount of possible operation

scenarios is unlimited, designed protocols should be suitable for various purposes of use

Consequently, scalability and flexibility of technical solutions are extremely important to

enable economic feasibility of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks

The chapter discusses new communication protocols and state-of-the-art design

methodologies as well as good practices that together enable reliable operation of various

wireless sensor networks We especially focus on reliability issues since many WSN

applications are located in troublesome environments For example, in the context of

industrial WSNs reliability has been denoted as one of the fundamental design goals

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