Waste Water Evaluation and Management Part 1 docx

Waste Water Quality Monitoring 1The Use of Methods of Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests in the Evaluation of Wastewater 3 Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová, Hel

WASTE WATER ͳ EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENTEdited by Fernando S García Einschlag

Waste Water - Evaluation and Management

Edited by Fernando S García Einschlag

Published by InTech

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referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles The publisher

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Waste Water Quality Monitoring 1

The Use of Methods of Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests

in the Evaluation of Wastewater 3

Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová, Helena Doležalová Weissmannová, Ludmila Mravcová, Lucie Vydrová and Libor Zouhar

Assessment of Micropollutants from Municipal Wastewater- Combination of Exposure and Ecotoxicological Effect Data for Switzerland 31

Kase Robert, Eggen Rik I L, Junghans Marion, Götz Christian and Juliane Hollender

Water Toxicity Monitoring using Optical Oxygen Sensing and Respirometry 55

Alice Zitova, Greg Jasionek and Dmitri B Papkovsky

Flow-Through Chronopotentiometry

in Waste Water Analysis 71

Ernest Beinrohr

The Chemical Oxygen Demand Modelling Based

on a Dynamic Structure Neural Network 93

Junfei Qiao, Qili Chen and Honggui Han

Formaldehyde Oxidizing Enzymes and Genetically

Modified Yeast Hansenula polymorpha Cells

in Monitoring and Removal of Formaldehyde 115

Vladimir Sibirny, Olha Demkiv, Sasi Sigawi, Solomiya Paryzhak, Halyna Klepach, Yaroslav Korpan, Oleh Smutok,

Marina Nisnevich, Galina Gayda, Yeshayahu Nitzan, Czesław Puchalski and Mykhailo Gonchar

Contents

Satellite Monitoring and Mathematical Modelling

of Deep Runoff Turbulent Jets in Coastal Water Areas 155

Valery G Bondur

Intelligent Photonic Sensors for Application

in Decentralized Wastewater Systems 181

Michal Borecki, Michael L Korwin-Pawlowski, Maria Beblowska, Jan Szmidt, Maciej Szmidt, Mariusz Duk,

Kaja Urbańska and Andrzej Jakubowski

Analysis and Selective Treatment

of Radioactive Waste Waters and Sludges 203

György Pátzay, László Weiser, Ferenc Feil and Gábor Patek

Evaluation of Waste Water Effects on the Environment 217

Effects of Waste Water on Freshwaters

in Semiarid Regions 219

Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas, Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo, Angel Rubio-Olmo and Santos Cirujano-Bracamonte

Hydrochemical Investigation of Groundwater Contamination

in the Grombalia Shallow Aquifer, Cap Bon Peninsula, Tunisia: Impact of Irrigation with Industrial Waste Water 239

Amor Ben Moussa and Kamel Zouari

Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant on Water Column and Sediment Quality in Izmir Bay (Eastearn Aegean Sea) 253

F Sanem Sunlu, Ugur Sunlu, Baha Buyukisik,Serkan Kukrer and Mehmet Aksu

Effects of Domestic Waste Water on Water Quality

of Three Reservoirs Supplying Drinking Water

in Kaduna State - Northern Nigeria 269

Yahuza Tanimu, Sunday Paul Bako and John Ameh Adakole

Water Quality of Streams Receiving Municipal Waste Water in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria 283

Alex C Chindah, Solomon A Braide, and Charles C Obunwo

Impact of Municipal Waste Water on Growth

and Nutrition of Afforested Pinus eldarica Stands 303

Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi and Jhangard Mohammadir

Parasitological Contamination in Organic Composts Produced with Sewage Sludge 313

Eduardo Robson Duarte, Flávia Oliveira Abrão,Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira and Bruna Lima Cabral

Effects of Reclaimed Water

on Citrus Growth and Productivity 325

Kelly T Morgan

Heavy Metal Contamination of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb

in Soil and Leaf of Robinia pseudoacacia Irrigated

with Municipal Wastewater in Iran 341

Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi,

Jahangard Mohammadi and Alireza Aliarab

Wastewater from Table Olive Industries 351

G.M Cappelletti, G.M Nicoletti and C Russo

Waste Water Management and Environmental Policies 377

Wastewater Management 379

Peace Amoatey (Mrs) and Richard Bani

Sewage Sludge Disposal and Applications:

Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion

of Compost Piles - Trace Metals Leaching

in Volcanic Soils After Sewage Sludge Disposal 399

Mauricio Escudey, Nelson Moraga,

Carlos Zambra and Mónica Antilén

Waste Water: Treatment Options

and its Associated Benefits 431

Akuzuo Ofoefule, Eunice Uzodinma and Cynthia Ibeto

Agricultural Dairy Wastewaters 447

Owen Fenton, Mark G Healy, Raymond B Brennan, Ana Joao Serrenho, Stan T.J Lalor, Daire O hUallacháin and Karl G Richards

Wastes are materials generated as a result of numerous anthropic activities and should

be disposed to prevent environmental pollution which aff ects human health and tributes ecosystem degradation Most of the environmental problems, which we are dealing with, are a result of improper management of wastes In particular, fresh water resources are under serious stress throughout the globe Water supply and water qual-ity degradation are global concerns

con-Anthropogenic pollution of natural waters constitutes of many substances and many water bodies receive a varied range of waste water from point and/or non point sourc-

es Hence there is an increasing need for bett er tools to asses the eff ects of pollution sources and prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems The reduction of risks

to the aquatic systems requires the characterization of waste waters, the analysis of the impact of waste water on freshwaters and the reduction of contaminants through the application of appropriate policies and measures Therefore, the development of improved monitoring tools, impact evaluation approaches and treatment technologies are active research fi elds

The major sources of wastewater can be classifi ed as municipal, industrial and tural In order to evaluate the impact of these types of waste waters on the aquatic eco-system, monitoring is necessary because wastewater is discharged back into surface

agricul-To ensure the effl uent water quality, some global parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total suspended solids (TSS) are usually measured In addition to the latt er indicators, toxi-cological assessment of environmental samples is necessary for a proper monitoring of wastewater quality On the other hand, the use of models for predicting effl uent indica-tors can provide eff ective guidance for the operation of waste water treatment plants.This multi-authored book takes a look at various aspects concerning the evaluation and management of waste water The book chapters, heterogeneous in nature, were invited by the publisher and the authors are responsible for their statements The ac-curacy of each chapter was checked by the authors through proof reading stages The book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to waste water monitoring, the evalua-tion of waste water eff ect on diff erent natural environments and the management of water resources The reader will fi nd current information and data obtained in studies undertaken to assess the quality of waste waters and the impact of pollution sources on natural water bodies The chapters are basically organized in three sections In the fi rst section, chapters are mainly focused on methods for monitoring parameters of waste

water quality The second section includes several case studies dealing with the ation of the eff ects of waste water on diff erent regions in the world The fi nal section covers topics related to waste water management and environmental policies.

evalu-We hope that this publication will be a useful document for students, professionals and researchers of various disciplines related to waste water evaluation and management The book is a result of eff orts by many experts from diff erent fi elds I would like to ac-knowledge the authors, who are from diff erent countries, for their contribution to the book I wish to off er special thanks to Prof Katarina Lovrecic for her exceptional help throughout the preparation process

Fernando García Einschlag

La Plata University

Argentina

Part 1 Waste Water Quality Monitoring

1

The Use of Methods of Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests

in the Evaluation of Wastewater

Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová, Helena Doležalová Weissmannová, Ludmila Mravcová, Lucie Vydrová and Libor Zouhar

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry

Czech Republic

1 Introduction

The term “new” environmental pollutant covers all anthropogenic contaminants that have been released in the environment over the last few decades Research into their fate and impact on the environment has started relatively recently The group of new environmental pollutants consists of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a wide range of organic pesticides This group has recently been expanded with polybrominated flame retardants, drugs, detergents, and personal hygiene products Chemicals, used everyday in homes, industry and agriculture, can enter the environment in wastewater According to the United Nations Organization 884 million people do not have access to safe drinking water, and over 2.6 billion people do not have access to proper sanitation systems On July 28, 2010, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution supporting water as a human right and urging governments and international organizations to address this important human right

Interest in the presence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in the environment has increased significantly over the last decade Pharmaceuticals and synthetic musk compounds in personal care products (PPCPs), are groups of organic micropollutants which are routinely detected in surface water, ground water and even in drinking water (McClellan and Halde, 2010) Hundreds of tons of these compounds are dispensed in communities every year PPCPs are regarded as being potentially hazardous compounds as some are ubiquitous, persistent and biologically active compounds with recognised endocrine disruption functions (Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2002) Many pharmaceuticals, upon administration, are degraded in the body and may even become inactive, but others, often those applied externally, excreted or not absorbed fully, can leave the body in their active forms (Roberts &Thomas, 2006) The others only slightly transformed or even unchanged often conjugated to endogenous substrate (e.g glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid to polar molecules (Roberts and Thomas, 2006) These conjugates are easily cleaved during sewage treatment and, thus, several pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are discharged almost unchanged from municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) into the receiving waters (Heberer, 2002) The wide range of trace chemical contaminants persisting in municipal wastewater after conventional treatment

Waste Water - Evaluation and Management

4

includes inorganic compounds, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants like endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds; personal care products (PPCPs), disinfection by-products and many other complex compounds persist through the waste water treatment process As a result, terrestrial and aquatic organisms can be exposed

to these compounds when treatment by-products are subsequently reintroduced into the broader environment Exposure can be associated with effluents from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) leach from landfills, and runoff or leach from land that has received applications of reclaimed waters and/or biosolids Thus, a number of PPCPs are widely detected in water resources throughout the world (Edwards et al., 2009; Lapen et al., 2008; Fatta-Kassinos et al., 2010) From reasons mentioned above is very important to monitor large spectra of chemicals not only in biosolids, which represents inevitable by-products of WWTPs, but in reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment Waste water treatments produces large amount of sewage sludges/biosolids Part of them is after treatment process used as fertilizer (Jones-Lepp & Stevens, 2006) The Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC seeks to encourage the use of sewage sludge in agriculture and to regulate its use in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man On the other hand sludge could be posing a risk for environment they tends to concentrate heavy metals and organic but its, however, rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous and contains valuable organic matter Directive 86/278/EEC sets limit values for seven heavy metals, for some congeners of PCBs and AOX (Absorbable organic halides) other organic compounds and ecotoxicity tests arenť required The European Commission is currently assessing whether the current Directive should be reviewed – and

if so, the extent of this review (Council directive, 1986)

In the 1980´ and 90´the focus on the analysis of sewage sludge meanly deal with pathogens, inorganic (metals), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) (Alcock et al.;

1996 Eljarrat et al., 2001) In 21TH century analysis of these matrices is not target only for selected traditional analytes but new xenobiotics as pharmaceuticals and musk compounds

in sewage sludge are reported (Herren & Berset 2000; Zorita et al., 2009; McClellan & Halde, 2010) Ecotoxicological evaluation of sewage sludge as integral part of environmental analysis started to appear in this century sparsely (Park et al 2005, Domene et al., 2008) Chemicals analysis is integral part of water quality evaluation but to predict effect of this water or used sewage sludge on environment is necessary to use some other possibilities Useful toll for this could be biotests Global evaluation of wastewaters should include ecotoxicological tests to complete the chemical characterization The integrated assessment

of biological effects of wastewater discharges in the ecosystems is relevant and ecotoxicity tests are referred as extremely useful tools for the identification of environmental impacts (Mendonca et al., 2009)

1.1 Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active substances It is documented that drug production and consumption are increasing worldwide, both in human and veterinary medicine The consequence of this trend is the increased input of these substances into the environment, where they can exist in their original or metabolized form and can have significant impacts on natural ecosystems (Halling-Sörensen, 1998) The hazardous source of pharmaceuticals represents agriculture, predominantly livestock production Growth stimulants and antibiotics used as prophylaxis drugs entered ecosystem in faeces and urine as fertiliser