New Tribological Ways Part 1 pot

Lemarquand Tribology in Cutting 115 Characteristics of Abrasive Particles and Their Implications on Wear 117 Giuseppe Pintaude Topographical Change of Engineering Surface due to Running-

NEW TRIBOLOGICAL WAYS

Edited by Taher Ghrib

New Tribological Ways

Edited by Taher Ghrib

Published by InTech

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First published March, 2011

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Tlili Ibrahim and Taher Ghrib

Optical Characterization of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Pressure with Surface Plasmon Resonance 21

C.L Wong, X Yu, P Shum and H.P Ho

Tribological Properties of Fluorinated Amorphous Carbon Thin Films 47

Miguel Rubio-Roy, Carles Corbella, José-Luís Andújar, Enric Bertran

Deposition and Tribology of Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanoperiod Multilayer Hard and Solid Lubricating Films 71

Shojiro Miyake and Mei Wang

Ferrofluid Seals 89

V Lemarquand and G Lemarquand

Tribology in Cutting 115 Characteristics of Abrasive Particles and Their Implications on Wear 117

Giuseppe Pintaude

Topographical Change of Engineering Surface due to Running-in of Rolling Contacts 131

R Ismail, M Tauviqirrahman, Jamari and D.J Schipper

Tribology in Water Jet Processes 153

Seiji ShimizuContents

The Elliptical Elastic-Plastic Microcontact Analysis 165

Jung Ching Chung

Methods of Choosing High-Strengthened and Wear-Resistant Steels on a Complex

of Mechanical Characteristics 197

Georgy Sorokin and Vladimir Malyshev

A Comparison of the Direct Compression Characteristics

of Andrographis paniculata, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, and

Orthosiphon stamineus Extracts for Tablet Development 219

Yus Aniza Yusof, Aziana Azlin Abdul Hamid, So’bah Ahmad, Norawanis Abdul Razak, Chin Nyuk Ling and Suhaila Mohamed

Tribology and Low Friction 233 Frictional Property of Flexible Element 235

Keiji Imado

Surface Friction Properties of Fabrics and Human Skin 265

Mari Inoue

Investigation of Road Surface Texture Wavelengths 273

Chengyi Huang and Shunqi Mei

Adhesion Theory for Low Friction on Ice 301

Katsutoshi Tusima

Tribology of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

in Lithium Complex Grease 329

B S Nagarkoti

Tribology and Lubrication 333

No Conventional Fluid Film Bearings with Waved Surface 335

Florin Dimofte, Nicoleta M Ene and Abdollah A Afjeh

Identification of Discharge Coefficients

of Orifice-Type Restrictors for Aerostatic Bearings and Application Examples 359

Guido Belforte, Terenziano Raparelli,Andrea Trivella and Vladimir Viktorov

Inverse Approach for Calculating Temperature in Thermal Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contacts 381

Li-Ming Chu, Hsiang-Chen Hsu, Jaw-Ren Lin and Yuh-Ping Chang

Construction of Various Self-assembled Films

and Their Application as Lubricant Coatings 403

Jinqing Wang, Junfei Ou, Sili Ren and Shengrong Yang

A Novel Tool for Mechanistic Investigation

of Boundary Lubrication: Stable Isotopic Tracers 425

Ichiro Minami

FEM Applied to Hydrodynamic Bearing Design 451

Fabrizio Stefani

Comparison between Different Supply Port

Configurations in Gas Journal Bearings 477

Federico Colombo, Terenziano Raparelli and Vladimir Viktorov

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

The tribology term comes from the Greeks of the words ‘’ tribos’’ meaning ‘’ friction ‘’, and ‘’logos’’ meaning ‘’ law ‘’ Therefore Tribology is defi ned as “ a science which stud-ies surfaces moving one compared to the other “ and also a fi eld of science studying lubrication, friction, and wear

This book aims to recapitulate old informations available and brings new informations that are with the fashion research on an atomic and nanometric scale in various fi elds

by introducing several mathematical models to measure some parameters izing metals like the hydrodynamic elasticity coeffi cient, hardness, lubricant viscosity, viscosity coeffi cient, tensile strength It uses measurement techniques very devel-oped and nondestructive such as the optical and thermal methods like those used with chapters I, II

character-The principal distinction of this book is that it brings practical manners to model and

to optimize the cutt ing process using various parameters and diff erent techniques, namely, using water of high-velocity stream, tool with diff erent form and radius, the cutt ing temperature eff ect, that can be measured with suffi cient accuracy not only at a research lab and also with a theoretical forecast

Therefore this book aims to minimize and eliminate the losses resulting from surfaces friction and wear which leads to a greater machining effi ciency and to a bett er execu-tion, fewer breakdowns and a signifi cant saving

A great part is devoted to lubrication, of which the goal is to fi nd the famous techniques using solid and liquid lubricant fi lms applied for giving super low friction coeffi cients and improving the lubricant properties on surfaces

To recapitulate the book contains twenty three chapters which can be arranged in four sections entitled as follows:

• Tribology of Thin Layers

• Tribology in cutt ing

• Tribology and low friction

• Tribology and Lubrication

The sessions which are quoted before and their contents are enumerated and oped below:

devel-Part 1 Tribology of Thin Layers

CHAPTER 1 STUDY OF CRALN MULTILAYRED THIN FILMS.

This chapter stipulates that the characterizations microstructural, morphological and physicochemical of a various multi-layer coatings deposited on surface are essential, of which the objective is it to connect the mechanical properties of these deposits to their macroscopic study like the forces of adhesion and microscopic like the pores surface and the cells sizes by using methods of optic and thermal characterizations like the AFM and the PTD technique

CHAPTER 2 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC CATION PRESSURE WITH SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE

LUBRI-This chapter completes recent advances of optical techniques for Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) studies and reports a recent application of surface plasmon reso-nance (SPR) sensing for the imaging of EHL point contact A nondestructive technique based on the interference of two luminous rays, one collimated beam incidents and the other refl ects on the sensing surface at the resonance angle (~65°) Aft er enlargement the SPR image is further processed by an image analysis program for two dimensional Hue profi le extraction and processing and using an experimental calibration curve, the Hue profi le is further converted into corresponding refractive index distribution Finally, the map of SPR resonance minimum is converted to corresponding RI distribu-tion with the help of a calibration curve it could noticed that only a small increase in refractive index is found in the outermost region of the dimple, which corresponds to the contact zone between the steel ball and the glass surface

CHAPTER 3 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUORINATED AMORPHOUS BON THIN FILMS

CAR-In this chapter the atomic fl at layers on surface samples are manufactured with very nifi cant tribological properties and which are used for signifi cant applications such as hard drive disk coating Among the deposition it shows the importance of the technique known in the literature as diamond-like carbon (DLC), which can only be obtained at conditions far away from equilibrium, and so it is not spontaneously found in nature The control of the growth parameters broadens the fi eld of microstructures and, in par-allel, the properties of this material, which can only be synthesized in thin fi lm form.The fastest growing market for DLC simplify the manufacture of multilayers tribologi-cal coatings, this coating it implanted with protective fi lms, which can reduce corrosion and wear, may extend the lifetime of implants by preventing or alleviating the afore-mentioned issues The friction coeffi cient of the sample depends to the etching dura-tion it varies from 13% for 15 min to 26% for 30 min this variation may be ascribed to the trapping eff ect of the pits defi ned by the micro-pillars that appears on the surface

sig-CHAPTER 4 DEPOSITION AND TRIBOLOGY OF CARBON AND BORON NITRIDE NANOPERIOD MULTILAYER HARD AND SOLID LUBRICATING FILMS

The aim of this chapter is focused on developing a new solid lubricant fi lm with an tremely low friction which usual simple fi lm and mixed fi lm material lacked of carbon

ex-and boron nitride nanoperiod multilayer (C/BN)n whish are deposited by RF sputt ing using two semicircular targets Nanoindentation and microwear tests were carried out to investigate the nanometer-scale deformation properties, macroscopic friction coeffi cient and sliding endurance of these fi lms.

er-CHAPTER 5 FERROFLUID SEALS

This chapter intends to explain how ferrofl uid seals are formed in magnetic structures

by presenting a simple analytical model to describe their static behavior The seal shape and performances are described with regard to the magnetic structure The evaluation

of the seal static capacity is given Moreover, the seal shape changes when the seal is radially crushed by the inner cylinder: these changes are described and calculated and the radial force exerted by the ferrofl uid on the moving part is determined as well as the stiff nesses associated Then, various magnetic structures are presented and stud-ied to illustrate the magnet role and deduct some design rules for ferrofl uid seals with given mechanical characteristics

Part 2 Tribology in Cutt ing

CHAPTER 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF ABRASIVE PARTICLES AND THEIR TIONS ON WEAR

IMPLICA-This chapter studies the characteristics aff ecting the wear rate caused by the abrasive particles such as Geometry, hardness and size and their implications on wear The

eff ect of abrasive particle size in wear on mass loss of mott led cast iron with diff erent retained austenite contents was studied, a high increase of mass loss with abrasive size can be observed, up to approximately 70 microns Aft er this, a scheme shows how the increase of particle size can mean a change only in the height roughness parameter with no variation in the slope of surface Specifi c energy for cutt ing as a function of tool radius, it is high for small particles

An experimental study is undertaken to low-carbon steel and the measurement of its mass losses and friction coeffi cients, it is possible to calculate the abrasion factor, f ab,

by using the relationship: f ab = K A / μ P where K A is the wear coeffi cient and μ P is the ploughing component of the friction coeffi cient and aft er it make that possible to con-

clude that the λ q roughness which discriminating the eff ect of particle size under vere wear, which shows that the abrasive characteristics are changed a litt le during the mechanical contact

se-CHAPTER 7 TOPOGRAPHICAL CHANGE OF ENGINEERING SURFACE DUE TO RUNNING-IN OF ROLLING CONTACTS.

This chapter studies analytically, experimentally and numerically the topographical change due to running-in of rolling contact A running-in model of rolling contact by considering the deterministic contact of the engineering surface has been proposed which performs a good agreement with the experiments Finite element simulations of two-dimensional rolling contact model contribute in illustrating the truncation of the highest asperity, the contacted stress and the residual stress due to plastic deformation

The comparison of the repeated static contact and the repeated rolling contact leads un-similarity in material transfer direction and asperity deformation This investiga-tion can contribute in predicting the initial, the change, and the fi nal of the surface to-pography for a success running-in stage Running-in plays an important role in plastic deformation, friction and wear of tribology systems during the steady-state period.

CHAPTER 8 TRIBOLOGY IN WATER JET PROCESSES

This chapter describes the history of water jett ing technology, high-pressure pumps and water jet machining systems, various water jets used in water jet processes, and material removal mechanisms of water jets Several points infl uencing the effi ciency, reliability, and lifetime of the high-pressure pump such as Friction and wear between the cylinder and the piston were studied; and also it shows that the corrosion and erosion in valves and nozzles are serious problems that aff ect the reliability of water jett ing systems

CHAPTER 9 THE ELLIPTICAL ELASTIC-PLASTIC MICROCONTACT ANALYSIS

This work accounted the relationship between the geometry and material to study the behavior of an ellipsoid deformable coming into contact with a rigid apartment elastoplastic The material is modeled with elliptic symmetry and analyzed with the

fi nished analysis of element (FEA) In order to validate the model, the mesh density is iteratively increased until the contact force and contact area diff ered by less than 1% be-tween iterations In the fi nite element analyses, the resulting meshes consist in framing elements corresponding to ellipticity by varying the radii of curvature at the ellipsoid tip used the contact deformation

CHAPTER 10 METHODS OF CHOOSING HIGH-STRENGTHENED AND SISTANT STEELS ON A COMPLEX OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

WEAR-RE-This chapter presents the methods which make it possible to choose a steel of high strength and resistant to wear while exploiting a complex of the mechanical character-istics The analysis results of an extensive experimental data show that for providing the best indexes of wear resistance at mechanical outwearing it is necessary to combine three components: high static toughness, hardness and plasticity Only the combina-tion of such characteristics provides the best results regarding the wear resistance in-crease This task in defi ned aspects is fi nished up to an engineering decision and can

be used in designer’s practice for choosing the wear-resistant steels and alloys The tendered methods allow not only to produce an estimation of suitable steels for diff erent conditions of wear and external forces of uploading, but also to ori-ent metallurgists to melting new steels with quite defi ned mechanical properties and their combinations

CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE DIRECT COMPRESSION TICS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA JACK, AND ORTHOSIPHON STAMINEUS EXTRACTS FOR TABLET DEVELOPMENT.

CHARACTERIS-This chapter presents a comparison of the direct characteristics of compression troduced by Andrographis paniculata, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, and Orthosiphon

in-stamineus and which is checked on selected powders of grass extract of Malaysie and discuss the properties of such powders The compressions were performed at room temperature between 23 °C and 26 °C with the humidity between 37 and 42% RH The comparison of the effi cacity of the various techniques amounts comparing the proper-ties tribological such as tensile strength, grain size of tablets manufactured IT proves

that Eurycoma longifolia Jack extract powder was the easiest of the three herb powders

to compress, and it underwent signifi cant particle rearrangement at low compression pressures, resulting in low values of yield pressure

Part 3 Tribology and Low Friction

CHAPTER 12 FRICTIONAL PROPERTY OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENT.

The chapter presents the theory of belt buckle by considering the self-locking nism generated by wrapping the belt on belt friction, presents the frictional property

mecha-of belt wrapped on an axis two and three times through deriving the formulas sponding to an each condition and fi nally discus frictional property of fl exible element wrapped on a hard body with any contour The frictional force can be calculated by the curvilinear integral of the curvature with respect to line element along the contact curve Utilizing the self-locking property of belt, a novel one-way clutch was devel-oped The problem of this clutch is how to get the smaller and stable coeffi cient of belt-belt friction for long time use

corre-CHAPTER 13 SURFACE FRICTION PROPERTIES OF HUMAN SKIN AND THE TION BETWEEN FABRICS AND SKIN.

FRIC-This chapter studies the properties external of friction of the skin and materials of clothing, using twelve fabrics consists of various fi ber, yarn structure, and the yarn density The experimental apparatus measuring the surface friction properties and the measuring results of fabrics are explained and the Friction between human skin and fabrics are measured The eff ects of the friction of fabrics and the moisture regain of human skin are shown

CHAPTER 14 INVESTIGATION OF ROAD SURFACE TEXTURE WAVELENGTHS.

In this paper, experimental texture measurements and Data Dependent Systems (DDS) modeling methodology were introduced to analyze the real road pavement surfaces The elevation profi les collected from real road core surfaces were composed of 1 mi-cron step size scan and 45 micron step size scan by an accurate laser sensor and were modeled by DDS program and it mentioned that aft er more factors that aff ect the sur-face roughness are considered, a bett er correlation of roughness with friction can be obtained

CHAPTER 15 ADHESION THEORY FOR LOW FRICTION ON ICE

This chapter proposes a study of the frictions on the surface of the ice and it seeks the various causes which are responsible for its low values, it concludes that the increase

in the friction is caused by the ploughing of ice at the contact area and it noticed that

the minimum friction is shift ed because the higher temperature generated following the reduction of the heat propagation velocity and with the water vapor pressure on the surface

CHAPTER 16 TRIBOLOGY OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE IN LITHIUM PLEX GREASE

COM-This chapter proposes a study of the properties of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole and the fect of its addition on a complex grease of lithium The developed complex grease was tested for other regular characteristics in addition to tribological properties It summa-rized that 2- Mercaptobenzothiazole has exceptional load carrying capacity compared

ef-to conventional EP additives and the grease show very low coeffi cient of friction and good additive response

Part 4 Tribology and Lubrication

CHAPTER 17 NO CONVENTIONAL FLUID FILM BEARINGS WITH WAVED SURFACE

In this chapter, the wave bearings lubricated with incompressible fl uids, commonly known as fl uid fi lm wave bearings, are analysed The performance of both journal and thrust bearings is examined and it examines that one of most important proper-ties of the wave journal bearings compared to other types of journal bearings is their improved stability The wave thrust bearings can be used for axially positioning the rotor or to carry a thrust load For this reason, the fi rst part of the chapter is devoted

to the study of the dynamic behaviour of the journal wave bearingsand the second part executes the steady state of the thrust wave bearings It stipulates that wave jour-nal bearing steady-state and dynamic performance can be precisely predicted with computer codes validated by experiments on dedicated test rigs and the wave ampli-tude, the minimum fi lm thickness, oil supply pressure and temperature, as well as the number of waves can be used to maximize the bearing performance for a particular application

CHAPTER 18 IDENTIFICATION OF DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS OF ORIFICE-TYPE RESTRICTORS FOR AEROSTATIC BEARINGS AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES

The chapter describes an experimental study conducted in order to identify the supply hole discharge coeffi cients of externally pressurized gas bearings Tests were carried out over specifi c hole, feed pocket and air gap size ranges on pneumatic pads with two types of air feeding systems: annular orifi ces and simple orifi ces with feed pocket For simple orifi ces with feed pocket, the fl ow characteristics can be described using two experimental discharge coeffi cients: C d,c for the circular section of the orifi ce and C d,a for the annular section of the air gap in correspondence of the pocket diameter

Air consumption and pressure distributions were measured as a function of supply pressure and air gap height Discharge coeffi cients were approximated by an experi-mental formula based on the Reynolds number and the feeding system geometry The validity of the formulation found in the study was verifi ed by comparing the

numerically calculated pressure distribution with the experimental distribution sured on diff erent pad types

mea-CHAPTER 19 INVERSE APPROACH FOR CALCULATING TEMPERATURE IN MAL ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF LINE CONTACTS

THER-This research proposes a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) inverse proach to estimate the pressure, temperature rise, and apparent viscosity distributions

ap-in an EHL lap-ine contact, it requires a lot of measured poap-ints of fi lm thickness to establish the amplitude and location of the pressure and temperature spikes where the pressure and estimated fi lm thickness distributions can be calculated from force balance and elastic deformation theories

CHAPTER 20 CONSTRUCTION OF VARIOUS SELF ASSEMBLED FILMS AND THEIR APPLICATION AS LUBRICANT COATINGS

In this chapter, the tribological behaviors of self-assembled nanofi lms (SANFs), cluding self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), self-assembled multilayer fi lms (SAMFs), self-assembled inorganic fi lms (SAIFs) and self-assembled organic-inorganic compos-ite fi lms (SAO-ICFs), are reviewed, aiming at discovering the basic “microstructures-properties” correlation It is expected that the extracted “structures-properties” corre-lation can serve as the guidance to direct the further designing of lubricant coatings for MEMS/NEMS and other devices in molecule-level Theses fi lms these fi lms can gener-ated a great importance not only for its simple preparation procedure but also for its wide potential applications in many fi elds, such as surface modifi cation, boundary lu-bricant coatings, sensors, photoelectronics, and functional bio-membrane modelling

in-CHAPTER 21 A NOVEL TOOL FOR MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION OF ARY LUBRICATION: STABLE ISOTOPIC TRACERS

BOUND-This chapter proposes a new tool for mechanistic investigation in tribo-chemistry The main subject of this investigation is based on the secondary ion mass spectroscopy study (SIMS) of surfaces rubbed with isotope-labeled lubricants It begins by explain-ing the technique of SIMS and its advantage analysis for tribo-chemistry, followed by the tribological properties and lubrication mechanism of monomolecular fi lms with friction modifi ers, the tribo-chemical reaction of diamond-like carbon with water and

fi nished by an analysis of the boundary fi lm yielded from additives in lubricants

CHAPTER 22 FEM APPLIED TO HYDRODYNAMIC BEARING DESIGN

The present chapter is aimed to provide the theoretical foundation of Finite-Element Method (FEM), mass- and energy-conserving models as well as to report their applica-tion to the ThermoHydroDynamic (THD) and ThermoElastoHydroDynamic (TEHD) analysis of diff erent bearing types The application examples are relevant to both jour-nal and axial bearings with fi xed and tilting pads, in order to demonstrate the high

fl exibility of the method The most used FEM formulations of the mass-conserving lubrication problem have been proved, while an original approach to the thermal problem has been explained Whereas, TEHD models are very sensitive to boundary

conditions, its choice is particularly diffi cult in all of the multi-physics simulations The scope of the chapter is anyway limited to the analysis of steadily-loaded bearings working in laminar lubrication regime

CHAPTER 23 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT SUPPLY PORT TIONS IN GAS JOURNAL BEARINGS.

CONFIGURA-The aim of this chapter is to compare three externally pressurized gas journal bearings

at given air consumption rates The idea was to investigate which off ers the best spatial distribution of supply orifi ces under the same pneumatic power The study compared radial stiff ness and pressure distribution for the three bearing types, also evaluating the damping factor and the whirl ratio of the shaft The stability threshold was calcu-lated for diff erent restriction parameters so that the proposed bearing types could be compared

Taher Ghrib