ADVANCES IN VEHICULAR NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Miguel Almeida Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies Edited by Miguel Almeida Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Monkey Business Images, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies, Edited by Miguel Almeida p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-241-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Preface IX Wireless Networks 1 Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks 3 Anna Maria Vegni, Tiziano Inzerilli and Roberto Cusani Asynchronous Cooperative Protocols for Inter-vehicle Communications 29 Sarmad Sohaib and Daniel K. C. So Efficient Information Dissemination in VANETs 45 Boto Bako and Michael Weber Reference Measurement Platforms for Localisation in Ground Transportation 65 Uwe Becker Coupling Activity and Performance Management with Mobility in Vehicular Networks 77 Miguel Almeida and Susana Sargento Ultra-Wideband Automotive Radar 103 Akihiro Kajiwara An Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Ad Hoc Sensor Network for Real- time Indoor Localization of Emergency Responders 123 Anthony Lo, Alexander Yarovoy, Timothy Bauge, Mark Russell, Dave Harmer and Birgit Kull Hybrid Access Techniques for Densely Populated Wireless Local Area Networks 149 J. Alonso-Zárate, C. Crespo, Ch. Verikoukis and L. Alonso Hybrid Cooperation Techniques 165 Emilio Calvanese Strinati and Luc Maret Contents Contents VI Adaptative Rate Issues in the WLAN Environment 187 Jerome Galtier An Overview of DSA via Multi-Channel MAC Protocols 201 Rodrigo Soulé de Castro, Philippe Godlewski and Philippe Martins Distance Estimation based on 802.11 RTS/CTS Mechanism for Indoor Localization 217 Alfonso Bahillo, Patricia Fernández, Javier Prieto, Santiago Mazuelas, Rubén M. Lorenzo and Evaristo J. Abril Data Forwarding in Wireless Relay Networks 237 Tzu-Ming Lin, Wen-Tsuen Chen and Shiao-Li Tsao Experiments of In-Vehicle Power Line Communications 255 Fabienne Nouvel, Philippe Tanguy, S. Pillement and H.M. Pham Kinesthetic Cues that Lead the Way 279 Tomohiro Amemiya Transmission Technologies and Propagation 295 Technological Trends of Antennas in Cars 297 John R. Ojha, René Marklein and Ian Widjaja Link Layer Coding for DVB-S2 Interactive Satellite Services to Trains 313 Ho-Jin Lee, Pansoo Kim, Balazs Matuz, Gianluigi Liva, Cristina Parraga Niebla, Nuria Riera Dıaz and Sandro Scalise Mobility Aspects of Physical Layer in Future Generation Wireless Networks 323 Asad Mehmood and Abbas Mohammed Verifying 3G License Coverage Requirements 339 Claes Beckman Inter-cell Interference Mitigation for Mobile Communication System 357 Xiaodong Xu, Hui Zhang and Qiang Wang Novel Co-Channel Interference Signalling for User Scheduling in Cellular SDMA-TDD Networks 389 Rami Abu-alhiga and Harald Haas Demodulation Reference Signal Design and Channel Estimation for LTE-Advanced Uplink 417 Xiaolin Hou and Hidetoshi Kayama Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Part 2 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Pref ac e It’s fair to say that the array of commercially available vehicles is beginning to catch up with the technological advances made available by science during the past decade. With a lot of eff ort being employed by manufactures to provide cars with advanced networking capabilities, we can mainly distinguish the connectivity topologies in two very diff erent groups: the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which make use of the scientifi c contributions provided by the Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), and the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) based networks. VII or Vehicle-to-Infra- structure (V2I) deserved special a ention during the last couple of years, in part, due to the increase of interest on Cloud based communications, but also given the current highlight over the paradigm shi towards the Internet of Things. Nevertheless, the scope of technological challenges that have an immediate impact on the design and performance of such specifi c networks is extremely wide and particularly diverse. This book provides an insight on both, the challenges and the technological solutions of several approaches, which allow connecting vehicles between each other and with the network. It underlines the trends on networking capabilities and their issues, further focusing on the MAC and Physical layer challenges. Mobile oriented technologies set up the basic requirements for high mobility scenarios. Having this in mind, particular a ention was paid to the propagation issues and channel characterization models. We tried to cover a vast multitude of topics, which refl ect the current state of the art concerning Vehicular Networking Technologies, some of which include dealing with connectivity issues, networking topologies (VANETs, VII/V2I), MAC solutions, data forwarding, network/vehicle performance management, link layer coding techniques, mobile/radio oriented technologies, channel characterization and channel coding amongst others. We are thankful to all of those who contributed to this book and who made it possible. We hope others can enjoy it as much as we do. Miguel Almeida University of Aveiro Portugal [...].. .Part 1 Wireless Networks 1 Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks Anna Maria Vegni1, Tiziano Inzerilli2 and Roberto Cusani2 1University 2University of Roma Tre, Department of Applied Electronics, Rome, of Rome Sapienza, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Rome, Italy 1 Introduction Emerging Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks... time, such as min Q((is,)k ) = L ⋅ min s = 1, 2 , , nα n ∑⎡ f ⎣ α s = 1, 2 , , n i =1 x∈S (s) ( j ,x ) 1 ⎤ ⎦ ( 21) Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks 19 Equation ( 21) is compared with the link utilization times in V2V communications in order to detect the most appropriate vehicular protocol It represents our criterion for the optimal path detection technique in VANETs where... continuously updated and tracked Let us denote as tin and tout the time instants when a vehicle enters and exits a wireless cell (i.e an UMTS network), respectively The distance the vehicle will cross inside the wireless cell during the time interval ∆T = tout — tin is: Δx = v ΔT (1) From (1) we can introduce the Cell Crossing Time [s] parameter, according to the following assessment, such as: Definition... Crossing Time) Given a vehicle V, traversing an area covered by a wireless cell C at constant speed v , the cell crossing time of V in C, denoted as ∆T [s], is the overall time that V can spend under C’s coverage According to Figure 1, the cell crossing time lasts since the vehicle enters the wireless cell in Pin at tin, and then exits the wireless cell in Pout at tout, respectively During ∆T interval,... δ ) L (10 ) Proof: the claim follows from (8), where we highlighted the term ∆T, such as ( BCN − δ ) ⎛ 1 − ⎜ L ⎞ ⎟ > BSN , ΔT ⎠ ⎝ − δ )( ΔT − L ) > BSN ΔT , ( BCN ( BCN − BSN − δ ) ΔT > ( BCN − δ ) L , ( BCN − δ ) L ΔT > ( BCN − BSN − δ ) (11 ) By replacing the term ∆T from (11 ) in the following definition of average vehicle speed, i.e v = Δx / ΔT , (12 ) we obtain the result expressed in (10 ) The Theorem... on Theorem 1 in order to manage valid handovers for fast users driving in an heterogeneous vehicular network environment This approach is acted by the vehicle itself each time is crossing a wireless network and needs to be connected with it S- Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks 11 VHO rules according to the following algorithm drawn in Figure 3 S-VHO accepts three inputs, such... well known in the literature as ping-pong effect (Kim et al., 2007), and hysteresis is largely adopted in practical implementations 12 Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies A high number of vertical handover executions can lead to excessive network resource consumption and also affects mobile terminal’s performance (i.e battery life, and energy consumption) Ping-pong effect occurs in vehicular. .. neighbouring vehicles The optimal path will be defined hereafter For the connectivity link from the i-th to the j-th vehicle we define as link utilization time q(i, j) [s] the time needed to transmit a message of length L [bit] from the i-th to the j-th vehicle, at an actual data rate f(i, j) [Mbit/s], such as 18 Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies q( i , j ) = L f( i , j ) (18 ) For a link between... comparison in terms of message dissemination— with traditional opportunistic networking technique (i.e., V2V) V2X results in a novel opportunistic forwarding technique that is the main approach to achieve connectivity between vehicles, and to disseminate information In traditional opportunistic networking V2V communications exploit connectivity from other neighbouring vehicles by a bridging technique,... for L approaching to infinity: 1 The bandwidth ranges were chosen according to WLAN, and UMTS (Laiho et al., 2005) requirements 13 Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks lim v * = lim L →∞ L →∞ −Δxδ ( BCN − δ ) L (17 ) The second result comes by observing the epigraph and hypograph —the set of points above, and below the drawn curves, respectively Any point belonging to the epigraph . LTE-Advanced Uplink 417 Xiaolin Hou and Hidetoshi Kayama Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Part 2 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter. 2 011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies, . ADVANCES IN VEHICULAR NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Miguel Almeida Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies Edited by Miguel Almeida Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00