Handbook of plant based biofuels - Chapter 1 potx

45 Ayhan Demirbas SECTION II Production of Bioethanol Chapter 5 Fuel Ethanol: Current Status and Outlook .... Chapter 4 describes the production of biofuels, with special emphasis on bio

Handbook of Plant-Based

Biofuels

Handbook of

Plant-Based Biofuels

Edited by

Ashok Pandey

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56022-175-3 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced

in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so

we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

www.copy-Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and

are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of plant-based biofuels / editor, Ashok Pandey.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-56022-175-3 (alk paper)

1 Biomass energy 2 Biodiesel fuels 3 Alcohol as fuel I Pandey, Ashok II

Contents

Preface ixThe Editor xiContributors xiii

SECTION I General

Chapter 1 Plant-Based Biofuels: An Introduction 3

Reeta Rani Singhania, Binod Parameswaran, and Ashok Pandey

Chapter 2 World Biofuel Scenario 13

Muhammed F Demirbas

Chapter 3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquids and

Gaseous Fuels 29

Hari Bhagwan Goyal, Rakesh Chandra Saxena, and Diptendu Seal

Chapter 4 Production of Biofuels with Special Emphasis on Biodiesel 45

Ayhan Demirbas

SECTION II Production of Bioethanol

Chapter 5 Fuel Ethanol: Current Status and Outlook 57

Edgard Gnansounou

Chapter 6 Bioethanol from Biomass: Production of Ethanol from Molasses 73

Velusamy Senthilkumar and Paramasamy Gunasekaran

Chapter 7 Bioethanol from Starchy Biomass: Part I Production of Starch

Saccharifying Enzymes 87

Subhash U Nair, Sumitra Ramachandran, and Ashok Pandey

vi Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels

Chapter 8 Bioethanol from Starchy Biomass: Part II Hydrolysis and

Fermentation 105

Sriappareddy Tamalampudi, Hideki Fukuda, and Akihiko Kondo

Chapter 9 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part I Pretreatment

of the Substrates 121

Ryali Seeta Laxman and Anil H Lachke

Chapter 10 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part II Production of

Cellulases and Hemicellulases 141

Rajeev K Sukumaran

Chapter 11 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part III Hydrolysis

and Fermentation 159

Ramakrishnan Anish and Mala Rao

SECTION III Production of Biodiesel

Chapter 12 Biodiesel: Current and Future Perspectives 177

Milford A Hanna and Loren Isom

Chapter 13 Biodiesel Production Technologies and Substrates 183

Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas

Chapter 14 Lipase-Catalyzed Preparation of Biodiesel 199

Rachapudi Badari Narayana Prasad and Bhamidipati Venkata Surya Koppeswara Rao

Chapter 15 Biodiesel Production With Supercritical Fluid Technologies 213

Shiro Saka and Eiji Minami

Chapter 16 Palm Oil Diesel Production and Its Experimental Test on a

Diesel Engine 225

Md Abul Kalam, Masjuki Hj Hassan, Ramang bin Hajar,

Muhd Syazly bin Yusuf, Muhammad Redzuan bin Umar, and

Indra Mahlia

Contents vii

Chapter 17 Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil 241

Yi-Hsu Ju and Andrea C M E Rayat

Chapter 18 Biodiesel Production Using Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Seed Oil 255

Lekha Charan Meher, Satya Narayan Naik, Malaya Kumar

Naik, and Ajay Kumar Dalai

Chapter 19 Biodiesel Production from Mahua Oil and Its Evaluation in an

Engine 267

Sukumar Puhan, Nagarajan Vedaraman, and Boppana

Venkata Ramabrahmam

Chapter 20 Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil 281

Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, and

Chandrashekaran Muraleedharan

Preface

With the depletion of oil resources as well as negative environmental impact ciated with the use of fossil fuels, there is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources As the world reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials are limited, active research interest has been stimulated in nonpetroleum, renewable, and nonpolluting fuels Biofuels are the only alternate energy source for the foreseeable future and can still form the basis of sustainable development in terms of socioeconomic and envi-ronmental concerns Biodiesel and bioethanol, derived from plant sources, appear to

asso-be promising future energy sources It is against this background that this book was conceived and prepared

The book has three sections Section 1 has four chapters Chapter 1 is tory and gives a profile of plant-based biofuels Chapter 2 deals with the world biofuel scenario and provides an overview of the production of biofuels from biomass mate-rials by thermochemical and biochemical methods, as well as trends of utilization

introduc-of the products in the world Chapter 3 deals with the thermochemical conversion introduc-of biomass to liquids and gaseous fuels and focuses on pyrolysis and other conventional thermochemical processes It describes various types of pyrolysis processes, namely, slow, fast, flash, and catalytic processes in detail to give the reader better insight into these thermochemical processes Chapter 4 describes the production of biofuels, with special emphasis on biodiesel

Section 2 of the book deals with the production of bioethanol and has seven chapters Chapter 5 is titled “Fuel Ethanol: Current Perspectives and Future,” and analyses the current status of biomass-to-ethanol programs It summarizes the ways

in which rapid increase in world demand for fuel ethanol and the state of the oil market may notably influence the international market price of ethanol and provide opportunities for large-scale production in other regions such as Europe and Asia In the long term, lignocellulose to ethanol conversion is the most viable pathway, from

a sustainability point of view However, its production cost must be reduced cantly in order for this process to have a chance to drive forward the strategy of bio-mass-to-ethanol conversion worldwide Chapter 6 on molasses ethanol provides an overview of the status of ethanol fermentation from molasses and process practices applied for the improvement of ethanol production by ethanologenic microorgan-

signifi-isms such as yeasts Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and the bacterium

Zymomo-nas mobilis Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the topic of ethanol from starchy biomass

Chapter 7 focuses on the production of starch saccharifying enzymes The enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of starch include α-amylase, α-amylase, glucoamylase, and pullulanase These enzymes can be obtained from plant and microbial sources but industrial demand is met through the latter This chapter presents a brief descrip-tion of the sources, applications, and production of these enzymes Chapter 8 is on hydrolysis using these enzymes and fermentation The remaining chapters in this section cover the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass (Chapter 9),

x Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels

the pretreatment of the substrates and production of cellulases and hemicellulases (Chapter 10), and hydrolysis and fermentation (Chapter 11)

Section 3 of the book is on the production of biodiesel from plant sources and has eight chapters Chapter 12 in this section discusses current perspectives and the future of biodiesel production It argues that opportunities for the future for biodiesel include improvements in the conversion technology, which appears promising, and expanding the amount of available feedstock through various plans to increase oil yields or oilseed production Chapter 13 describes biodiesel production technologies and substrates Other chapters describe the lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel (Chapter 14), biodiesel production with supercritical fluid technologies (Chapter 15), and the production of biodiesel from various plant sources, such as palm oil (Chapter 16), rice bran oil (Chapter 17), karanja and jatropha seed oils (Chapter 18), mahua oil (Chapter 19), and rubber seed oil (Chapter 20)

Each of the chapters incorporates state-of-art information It is our hope that readers will find the book useful

The Editor

Professor Ashok Pandey was born in 1956 He graduated from the University of

Kanpur in 1974 (Biology) and received his master’s degree with first class honors

in organic chemistry (1976) and PhD in microbiology (1979) from the University of Allahabad During 1979 to 1985, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow and scientist in India and Germany In 1987, he joined the CSIR’s National Institute for Interdisci-plinary Science and Technology (formerly Regional Research Laboratory) at Trivan-drum as scientist, where currently he holds the position of deputy director He heads the Biotechnology R&D department Professor Pandey has strong research interest

in the area of industrial biotechnology He has published more than three hundred

papers and book chapters He has edited the Encyclopedia of Bioresource

Technol-ogy (Haworth Press, USA), has written two popular science books and edited sixteen books published by Springer, Kluwer, Asiatech Inc., IBH & Oxford, Wiley East-ern, Doehring Druck, among others He has acted as guest editor for eleven special

issues of journals, which include Food Technology and Biotechnology, Journal of

Scientific & Industrial Research, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, and Biochemical Engineering Journal He is currently

editorial board member of seven international journals, four Indian journals and

editor of Bioresource Technology He has won several national and international

awards, which include the Honorary Doctorate Degree from Blaise Pascal sity, Clermont-Ferrand, France in 2007 and the Thomson Scientific India Laureate Award in 2006

Contributors

Ramakrishnan Anish, MSc

Research Scholar

Biochemical Sciences Division

National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, India

Ajay Kumar Dalai, PhD

Professional Engineer and Canada

Research Chair

Department of Chemical Engineering

Catalysis and Chemical Reaction

Head, Energy Planning Group

Laboratory of Energy Systems

Paramasamy Gunasekaran, PhD

Head, Department of GeneticsCenter for Excellence in Genomic Sciences

School of Biological SciencesMadurai Kamaraj UniversityMadurai, India

Ramang bin Hajar, BEng

Research AssistantDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lincoln, Nebraska

xiv Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels

Simon Jayaraj, PhD

Mechanical Engineering Department

National Institute of Technology

Calicut, India

Yi-Hsu Ju, PhD

Department of Chemical Engineering

National Taiwan University of Science

and Technology

Taipei, Taiwan

Abul Kalam, MEngSc

Project Manager

Engine Tribology Laboratory

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Biochemical Sciences

National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, India

Ryali Seeta Laxman, PhD

Senior Scientist

Division of Biochemical Sciences

National Chemical Laboratory

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lekha Charan Meher, PhD

Research ScholarCentre for Rural Development and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,Hauz Khas,

New Delhi, India

Eiji Minami, PhD

Postdoctoral FellowDepartment of Socio-Environmental Energy Science

Graduate School of Energy ScienceKyoto University

Kyoto, Japan

Chandrashekaran Muraleedharan, PhD

Assistant ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentNational Institute of TechnologyCalicut, India

Malaya Kumar Naik, MSc

M Tech ScholarCentre for Rural Development and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas,

New Delhi, India

Satya Narayan Naik, PhD

Associate ProfessorCentre for Rural Development and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,Hauz Khas,

New Delhi, India

Subhash U Nair, PhD

Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Mumbai

Mumbai, India

Contributors xv

Ashok Pandey, PhD

Deputy Director

Head, Biotechnology Division

National Institute for Interdisciplinary

Science and Technology

(formerly Regional Research

National Institute for Interdisciplinary

Science and Technology

(formerly Regional Research

Senior Research Fellow

Chemical Engineering Division

Central Leather Research Institute

Chennai, India

Boppana Venkata Ramabrahmam,

B Tech, MBA

Chemical Engineering Division

Central Leather Research Institute

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd

Faridabad, India

Bhamidipati Venkata Surya Koppeswara Rao, PhD

ScientistLipid Science & Technology DivisionIndian Institute of Chemical

TechnologyHyderabad, India

Mala Rao, PhD

ScientistBiochemical Sciences DivisionNational Chemical LaboratoryPune, India

Andrea C M E Rayat, MS

LecturerDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of San Carlos –

Technological CenterCebu City, The Philippines

Shiro Saka, PhD

DirectorDepartment of Socio-Environmental Energy Science

Graduate School of Energy ScienceKyoto University

Kyoto, Japan

Ramesh Chandra Saxena, MSc

Technical OfficeIndian Institute of PetroleumDehradun, India

Diptendu Seal, MSc

ChemistReliance Industries LimitedJalore, India

xvi Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels

School of Biological Sciences

Madurai Kamaraj University

Madurai, India

Reeta Rani Singhania, MSc

Senior Research Fellow

Biotechnology Division

National Institute for Interdisciplinary

Science and Technology

(formerly Regional Research

(formerly Regional Research Laboratory), CSIR

Trivandrum, India

Muhammad Redzuan bin Umar, BEng

Research AssistantDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Nagarajan Vedaraman, PhD

Technical OfficerChemical Engineering DivisionCentral Leather Research InstituteChennai, India

Muhd Syazly bin Yusuf, BEng

Research AssistantDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia