Density and Viscosity of Water_1 pdf

Appendix 4SDWA Acronyms BAT Best available technology BTGA Best technology generally available CWS Community water systems DWEL Drinking water equivalence level EMSL EPA Environmental Mo

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Appendices and Index

TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 789 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM

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Appendix 1

Density and Viscosity of Water

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1000 990 980 970 960 950

4 kg/m

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Appendix 2

Atomic Masses of the Elements Based on C-12

Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass

Actinium Ac 89 227.0278 Aluminum Al 13 26.98154 Americium Am 95 (243) Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Argon Ar 18 39.948 Arsenic As 33 74.9216 Astatine At 85 (210) Barium Ba 56 137.33 Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Beryllium Be 4 9.01218 Bismuth Bi 83 208.9804 Boron B 5 10.81 Bromine Br 35 79.904 Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Californium Cf 98 (251) Carbon C 6 12.011 Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Cesium Cs 55 132.9054 Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Copper Cu 29 63.546 Curium Cm 96 (247) Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Erbium Er 68 167.26 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Fermium Fm 100 (257) Fluorine F 9 18.99840 Francium Fr 87 (223) Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25

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Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Germanium Ge 32 72.59 Gold Au 79 196.9665 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Helium He 2 4.00260 Holmium Ho 67 164.9304 Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 Indium In 49 114.82 Iodine I 53 126.9045 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Iron Fe 26 55.847 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Lanthanum La 57 138.9055 Lawrencium Lr 103 (260) Lead Pb 82 207.2 Lithium Li 3 6.941 Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 Mendelevium Md 101 (258) Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Neon Ne 10 20.179 Neptunium Np 93 237.0482 Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Niobium Nb 41 92.9064 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 Nobelium No 102 (259) Osmium Os 76 190.2 Oxygen O 8 15.9994 Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Phosphorus P 15 30.97376 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Polonium Po 84 (209) Potassium K 19 39.0983 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359 Radium Ra 88 226.0254 Radon Ra 86 (222) Rhenium Re 75 186.207 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055 Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07

(continued)

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795

Samarium Sm 62 150.36 Scandium Sc 21 44.9559 Selenium Se 34 78.96 Silicon Si 14 28.0855 Silver Ag 47 107.868 Sodium Na 11 22.98977 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Sulfur S 16 32.06 Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479 Technetium Tc 43 (98) Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Terbium Tb 65 158.9254 Thallium Tl 81 204.383 Thorium Th 90 232.0381 Thulium Tm 69 168.9342 Tin Sn 50 118.71 Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Tungsten W 74 183.85 Unnilennium Une 109 (266) Unnilhexium Unh 106 (263) Unniloctium Uno 108 (265) Unnilpentium Unp 105 (262) Unnilquadium Unq 104 (261) Unnilseptium Uns 107 (262) Uranium U 92 238.029 Vanadium V 23 50.9415 Xenon Xe 54 131.29 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 Yttrium Y 39 88.9059 Zinc Zn 30 65.39 Zirconium Zr 40 91.224

Note: Values in parentheses (isotope atomic masses of longest half-life) are used for radioactive elements where atomic weights cannot be quoted pre-cisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements

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Appendix 3

Saturation Values of Dissolved Oxygen Exposed to Saturated Atmosphere at One

Atmosphere Pressure

at Given Temperatures

Temperature

(°C)

Chloride Concentration (mg/L) Saturated H

2 O Vapor Pressure (kPa)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

0 14.62 13.79 12.97 12.14 11.32 0.6108

1 14.23 13.41 12.61 11.82 11.03 0.6566

2 13.84 13.05 12.28 11.52 10.76 0.7055

3 13.48 12.72 11.98 11.24 10.50 0.7575

4 13.13 12.41 11.69 10.97 10.25 0.8129

5 12.80 12.09 11.39 10.70 10.01 0.8719

6 12.48 11.79 11.12 10.45 9.78 0.9347

7 12.17 11.51 10.85 10.21 9.57 1.0013

8 11.87 11.24 10.61 9.98 9.36 1.0722

9 11.59 10.97 10.36 9.76 9.17 1.1474

10 11.33 10.73 10.13 9.55 8.98 1.2272

11 11.08 10.49 9.92 9.35 8.80 1.3119

12 10.83 10.28 9.72 9.17 8.62 1.4017

13 10.60 10.05 9.52 8.98 8.46 1.4969

14 10.37 9.85 9.32 8.80 8.30 1.5977

15 10.15 9.65 9.14 8.63 8.14 1.7054

16 9.95 9.46 8.96 8.47 7.99 1.8173

17 9.74 9.26 8.78 8.30 7.84 1.9367

18 9.54 9.07 8.62 8.15 7.70 2.0630

19 9.35 8.89 8.45 8.00 7.56 2.1964

20 9.17 8.73 8.30 7.86 7.42 2.3373

21 8.99 8.57 8.14 7.71 7.28 2.4861

22 8.83 8.42 7.99 7.57 7.14 2.6430

(continued)

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Temperature

(°C)

Chloride Concentration (mg/L) Saturated H

2 O Vapor Pressure (kPa)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

23 8.68 8.27 7.85 7.43 7.00 2.8086

24 8.53 8.12 7.71 7.30 6.87 2.9831

25 8.38 7.96 7.56 7.15 6.74 3.1671

26 8.22 7.81 7.42 7.02 6.61 3.3608

27 8.07 7.67 7.28 6.88 6.49 3.5649

28 7.92 7.53 7.14 6.75 6.37 3.7796

29 7.77 7.39 7.00 6.62 6.25 4.0055

30 7.63 7.25 6.86 6.49 6.13 4.2430

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Appendix 4

SDWA Acronyms

BAT Best available technology

BTGA Best technology generally available

CWS Community water systems

DWEL Drinking water equivalence level

EMSL EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (Cincinnati) GAC Granular activated carbon

IOC Inorganic chemical

IPDWR Interim primary drinking water regulation

LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level

LOQ Limit of quantitation

MCL Maximum contaminant level

MCLG Maximum contaminant level goal

MDL Method detection limit

NOAEL No observed adverse effect level

NPDWR National primary drinking water regulation

NTNCWS Non-transient noncommunity water system

PAC Powdered activated carbon

PHS Public Health Service

POET Point-of-entry technology

POUT Point-of-use technology

PQL Practical quantitation level

PTA Packed tower aeration

RFD Reference dose

RIA Regulatory impact analysis

RMCL Recommended maximum contaminant level

RPDWR Revised primary drinking water regulation

RSC Relative source contribution

SDWA Safe drinking water act

SMCL Secondary maximum contaminant level

SNARL Suggested no adverse response level

SOC Synthetic organic chemical

TNCWS Transient noncommunity water system

UIC Underground injection control

URTH Unreasonable risk to health

VOC Volatile organic chemical

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Appendix 5

Sample Drinking Water VOCs

Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT

Benzene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC Carbon tetrachloride 0.005–zero PTA or GAC p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 PTA or GAC 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005–zero PTA or GAC 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 PTA or GAC 1,1,1-Trichloromethane 0.20 PTA or GAC Trichloroethylene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC Vinyl chloride 0.002–zero PTA Bromobenzene — — Bromodichloromethane — — Bromoform — — Bromomethane — — Chlorobenzene — — Chlorodibromomethane — — Chloroethane — — Chloroform — — Chloromethane — — o-Chlorotoluene — — p-Chlorotoluene — — Dibromomethane — — m-Dichlorobenzene — — o-Dichlorobenzene — — cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene — — trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene — — Dichloromethane — — 1,1-Dichloroethane — — 1,2-Dichloropropane — — 1,3-Dichloropropane — — 2,2,-Dichloropropane — — 1,1-Dichloropropene — — 1,3-Dichloropropene — — Ethylbenzene — — Styrene — —

(continued)

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Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane — — 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane — — Tetrachloroethylene — — Toluene — — 1,1,2-Trichloroethane — — 1,2,3-Trichloropropane — — m-Xylene — — o-Xylene — — p-Xylene — —

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Appendix 6

Sample Drinking Water SOCs and IOCs

Contaminants MCL (mg/L)

SOC:

Acrylamide treatment technique Alachlor 0.002 Aldicarb 0.01 Aldicarb sulfone 0.04 Aldicarb sulfoxide 0.01 Atrazine 0.003 Carbofuran 0.04 Chlordane 0.002 2,4-D 0.07 Dibromochloropropane 0.0002 o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.1 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005 Epichlorohydrin treatment technique Ethylbenzene 0.7 Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 0.00005 Heptachlor 0.0004 Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002 Lindane 0.0002 Methoxychlor 0.4 Monochlorobenzene 0.1 PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyls) 0.0005 Pentachlorophenol 0.2 Styrene 0.005 Tetrachloroethylene 0.005 Toluene 2.0 Toxaphene 0.005 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05

(continued)

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Contaminants MCL (mg/L)

IOC:

Arsenic 0.05 Asbestos 7 million fibers/L

(longer than 10 µm) Barium 5.0 Cadmium 0.005 Chromium 0.1 Mercury 0.002 Nitrate 10 as N Nitrite 1 as N Selenium 0.05 Silver 0.05

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Appendix 7

Secondary MCLs for a Number

of Substances

Contaminant SMCL (mg/L)

Chloride 250 Color 15 color units Copper 1 Corrosivity Non-corrosive Foaming agents 0.5 Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 Iron 0.3 Manganese 0.05 Odor 3 TON

pH 6.5–8.5 Sulfate 250 Total dissolved solids 500

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Appendix 8

Some Primary Drinking-Water Criteria

Contaminants Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Arsenic 0.05

Cadmium 0.010

Chromium 0.05

Mercury 0.002

Nitrate as N 10.00

Selenium 0.01

Chlorinated hydrocarbon:

Endrin

(1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-

6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octo-

hydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimetha-nonaphthalene)

0.0002

Lindane

(1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma

isomer)

0.004

Methoxychlor

(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis{p-methoxyphenyl}ethane)

0.1 Toxaphene (C10H10Cl8-technical

chlorinated camphene, 67–69%

chlorine)

0.005

Chlorophenoxys:

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

acid)

0.1 2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy

propionic acid)

0.01 Turbidity Based on monthly average: 1 TU or up to 5 TU if

the water supplier can demonstrate that the higher turbidity does not interfere with disinfection

(continued)

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Contaminants Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Microbiological contaminants Based on average of two consecutive days: 5 TU

Membrane filter technique: not to exceed 1/100 mL

on monthly basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of coliforms in more than one sample in fewer than

20 samples per month on an individual sample basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of coliforms in more than 5% of sample in more than 20 samples per month on an individual basis

Fermentation tube method:

1 10-mL standard portions: coliforms shall not be present in more than 10% of the portions on monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in three or more portions in more than one sample in fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual basis; coliforms shall not be present in three or more portions in more than 5% of samples in more than

20 samples per month on an individual basis

2 100-mL standard portions: coliforms shall not

be present in more than 60% of the portions on monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in five portions in more than one sample in fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual basis; coliforms shall not be present in five portions in more than 20% of samples in more than 20 samples per month

on an individual basis

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Appendix 9

Some Secondary

Drinking-Water Criteria

Contaminants

Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Chloride 250 Color 15 CU (color units)

Corrosivity Noncorrosive Foaming agents 0.5 Hydrogen sulfide 0.05

Manganese 0.05 Odor <3 TON

Sulfate 250 Total dissolved solids 500

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Appendix 10

Physical Constants

Physical constant Value

Atomic mass unit (amu) the mass of C12= 1.6605402(10−27) kg

Acceleration due to gravity (g) 9.80665 m/s2 and 32.174 ft/s2 at sea level

Avogadro’s number 6.0221367(1023) per gmol

Boltzmann constant 1.380658(10−23) J/K°

Charge-to-mass ratio for electrons 1.75881962(1011) coulomb per kg

Electrical permittivity constant 8.85(10−12) coulomb/V-m

Electron charge 1.60217733(10−19) coulomb

Electron rest mass 9.109390(10−31) kg

Faraday constant 9.6485309(104) coulomb per equivalent

gmole 22.4 liters at STP of 0°C and 1 atm

lbmole 359 ft3 ideal gas at STP of 0°C and 1 atm

Neutron rest mass 1.6749286(10−27) kg

Planck constant 6.6260755(10−34) J-s

Proton rest mass 1.6726231(10−27) kg

Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458(108) m/s

Standard temperature and pressure (STP) 1 atm and 0°C

Standard room temperature 25°C

Universal gas constant 8.205784(10−2) L-atm-°K/gmol, 8.314510 J/gmol-°K,

1.987 cal/gmol-°K, 82.05 atm-cm3/gmol-°K, 4.968(104) lbm-ft2/(lbmole)-°R, 49,720 ft-lbf/slug-°R

1 12

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Appendix 11

Conversion Factors

Å, angstrom 10−8 cm

acre 43,560 ft2, 0.00156 mi2, 0.405 ha

amp coulomb/s

atm 101.325 kN/m2, 14.696 lbf/in2, 101.325 kPa, 1.013 bar, 29.92 in Hg

and 760 mm Hg at 0°C, 760 torr, 33.936 ft of H2O (60°F), 2116.2

lbf/ft2 barrel 42 gal

bu/ha 0.4047 bu/acre

btu 252.2 cal, 778.2 ft-lbf

cal 4.1868 J

cal/gmol 1.8 Btu/lbmol

centipoise 0.000672 lbm/s-ft, 10−3 Pa-s

cm 0.3937 in

cm3 1 mL

coulomb 6.2(1018) electrons, 1 amp-s

dyne 10−5 N

erg 1 dyne-cm, 10−7 J

esu 1.59(10−19) amp-s, 1.59(10−19) coulomb

ft 0.305 m

ft3 7.481 gal, 28.32 L, 0.0283 m3

°F [1.8(°C) + 32]

g 0.0353 oz, 0.0022 lbm

gal 3.785 L

gpm 0.227 m3/h

grain 6.480(10−2) g

grain/ft3 2.29 g/m3

g/m3 8.3454 lbm/Mgal

ha 2.4711 acre, 104 m2

hp 746 W, 33000 ft-lbf/min, 2545 Btu/h, 0.0738 boiler hp

hp-hr 1.98(106) ft-lbf

hertz 1 cycle/s

inch 2.54 cm

J 2.7778(10−7) kW-h, 0.7376 ft-lbf, 1.0 W-s, 1.0 N-m, 0.2388 cal,

107 ergs

kg 2.2046 lbm

(continued)

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From To

‘

kg/ha 0.8922 lbm/acre

kg/ha-d 0.8922 lbm/acre-d

kg/m2-d 0.2048 lbm/ft2-d

kg/m3-d 62.428 lbm/103 ft3-d

kg/m3 8345.4 lbm/Mgal

kg/kW-h 1.6440 lbm/hp-h

kJ 0.9478 Btu

kJ/kg 0.4303 Btu/lbm

km 0.6214 mi

kPa 0.0099 atm

kW 0.9478 Btu/s, 1.3410 hp

kW-hr 3412 Btu, 1.341 hp-hr

kW/m3 5.0763 hp/102-gal

kW/103-m3 0.0380 hp/103-ft3

°K °C + 273.16

lbf [lbm/(gc lbm/slug)]g (gc = 32.174; g is the gravitational acceleration) lbm 453.6 g, 7000 grains, 16 oz

long ton 2000 lbm

L 0.2642 gal, 0.0353 ft3, 33.8150 oz, 1.057 quarts, 10−3 m3 L/m2-min 35.3420 gal/ft2-d

L/m2 2.4542(10−2) gal/ft2

m 3.2808 ft, 39.3701 in, 1.0936 yd

m2 2.471(10−4) acre

m3 35.314 ft3, 1000 L

micron 10−6 m, 10−3 mm

mile 5280 ft, 1609 km

m/s2 3.2808 ft/s2, 39.3701 in/s2

m3 264.1720 gal, 8.1071(10−4) acre-ft

m3/103-m3 133.6806 ft3/Mgal

m3/m-min 10.7639 ft3/ft-min

m3/m-d 80.5196 gal/ft2-d

m3/m2-h 589.0173 gal/ft2-d

m3/m2-d 24.5424 gal/ft2-d

m3/m3 0.1337 ft3/gal

Mg 1.1023 short ton, 0.9842 long ton

MJ 0.3725 hp-h

newton, N 0.2248 lbf, 1 kg-m/s2

N/m2 1Pa

poise 1 g/cm-s, 0.1 Pa-s

Pa 1 N/m2, 1.4504(10−4) lbf/in2

°R °F + 459.49

short ton 2240 lbm

stoke cm2/s

ton of refrigeration 200 Btu/min

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