Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies Part 1 pdf

Contents Preface IX Part 1 General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems 1 Chapter 1 Multiband OFDM Modulation and Demodulation for Ultra Wideband Communications 3 Runfeng Yang and R..

NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THE UWB TECHNOLOGIES

Edited by Boris I Lembrikov

Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies

Edited by Boris I Lembrikov

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech

All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons

Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,

distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original

work is properly cited After this work has been published by InTech, authors

have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they

are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication,

referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted

for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles The publisher

assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out

of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book

Publishing Process Manager Viktorija Zgela

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic

Cover Designer Jan Hyrat

Image Copyright Sura Nualpradid, 2010 Used under license from Shutterstock.com

First published July, 2011

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies, Edited by Boris I Lembrikov

p cm

978-953-307-324-8

free online editions of InTech

Books and Journals can be found at

www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX Part 1 General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems 1

Chapter 1 Multiband OFDM Modulation and

Demodulation for Ultra Wideband Communications 3

Runfeng Yang and R Simon Sherratt Chapter 2 Orthogonal Pulse-Based Modulation Schemes

for Time Hopping Ultra Wideband Radio Systems 31

Sudhan Majhi and Youssef Nasser Chapter 3 A 0.13um CMOS 6-9GHz 9-Bands Double-Carrier

OFDM Transceiver for Ultra Wideband Applications 59

Li Wei, Chen Yunfeng, Gao Ting, Zhou Feng, Chen Danfeng, Fu Haipeng and Cai Deyun Chapter 4 Implementation-Aware System-Level Simulations for

IR-UWB Receivers: Approach and Design Methodology 79

Marco Crepaldi, Ilze Aulika and Danilo Demarchi Chapter 5 Time-Hopping Correlation Property

and Its Effects on THSS-UWB System 97

Zhenyu Zhang, Fanxin Zeng, Lijia Ge and Guixin Xuan Chapter 6 Fine Synchronization in UWB Ad-Hoc Environments 123

Moez Hizem and Ridha Bouallegue

Part 2 Novel UWB Applications in Networks 141

Chapter 7 High-Speed Wireless Personal Area

Networks: An Application of UWB Technologies 143

H K Lau Chapter 8 UWB Technology for WSN Applications 159

Anwarul Azim, M A Matin, Asaduzzaman and Nowshad Amin

VI Contents

Chapter 9 Green Femtocell Based on UWB Technologies 175

Moshe Ran and Yossef Ben Ezra Chapter 10 A Telematics System Using

In-Vehicle UWB Communications 195

I.J Garcia Zuazola, J.M.H Elmirghani and J.C Batchelor

Part 3 Novel UWB Applications

in Cognitive Radio Systems 209

Chapter 11 UWB Cognitive Radios 211

Sithamparanathan Kandeepan, Gianmarco Baldini and Radoslaw Piesiewicz

Chapter 12 Detection and Avoidance Scheme

for DS-UWB System:

A Step Towards Cognitive Radio 237

Shaoyi Xu and Rumin Yang Chapter 13 Performance Analysis of Spectrum

Management Technique by Using Cognitive Radio 263

Keisuke Sodeyama and Ryuji Kohno

Part 4 Novel UWB Applications in Medicine 273

Chapter 14 The Future of Ultra Wideband

Systems in Medicine:

Orthopedic Surgical Navigation 275

Mohamed Mahfouz, Michael Kuhn and Gary To Chapter 15 Ultra-Wideband Pulse-Based Microwave

Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection:

Experimental Issues and Compensations 317

Joshua C Y Lai, Cheong Boon Soh, Kay Soon Low and Erry Gunawan Chapter 16 Frequency Domain Skin Artifact Removal

Method for Ultra-Wideband Breast Cancer Detection 337

Arash Maskooki, Cheong Boon Soh, Erry Gunawan and Kay Soon Low

Part 5 Novel UWB Application in Radars

and Localization Systems 357

Chapter 17 Full-Wave Modelling of Ground-Penetrating

Radars: Antenna Mutual Coupling Phenomena and Sub-Surface Scattering Processes 359

Diego Caratelli and Alexander Yarovoy

Chapter 18 Impact of Ultra Wide Band Emission on Next Generation

Weather RADAR and the Downlink of UMTS2600 381

Bazil Taha Ahmed and Miguel Calvo Ramon Chapter 19 High-Precision Time-of-Arrival Estimation for UWB Localizers

in Indoor Multipath Channels 397

Marzieh Dashti, Mir Ghoraishi, Katsuyuki Haneda and Jun-ichi Takada Chapter 20 Novel Mechanisms for Location-Tracking Systems 423

Giuseppe Destino and Giuseppe Abreu

Preface

Ultra wideband (UWB) communication systems are characterized by high data rates, low cost, multipath immunity, and low power transmission They are widely used in wireless communications, networking, radar, imaging, and positioning systems In

2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) legalized low power UWB emission between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz for indoor communication devices stimulating many novel UWB applications such as personal area networks (PANs), accurate tracking and location, safety and homeland security

Since then, UWB technologies attracted a great research and practical interest In recent years, UWB technologies have been rapidly developing The number of scientific articles concerning different aspects of UWB technologies is enormous and hardly observable For this reason, it is important to present to the UWB community

an adequate review of novel UWB technology applications We have tried our best in

order to provide such a review in the proposed book Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies The book is divided into five parts concerning the UWB communication

systems, and UWB applications in PANs, medicine, radars and localization systems

Part 1, General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems, includes chapters 1 - 6

describing the general problems of UWB communication systems such as modulation formats, transmitter and receiver architecture, UWB communication system performance

Part 2, Novel UWB Applications in Networks, includes chapters 7 - 10 related to

novel UWB applications in wireless personal area networks (WPANs), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), femtocells, and vehicles

Part 3, Novel UWB Applications in Cognitive Radio Systems, consists of chapters

11 - 13 where the problems of UWB cognitive radio are considered

Part 4, Novel UWB Applications in Medicine, includes chapters 14 - 16 where the

novel UWB technology applications in medicine are presented

Finally, part 5, Novel UWB Application in Radars and Localization Systems, consists

of chapters 17 - 20 and describes the UWB radar and localization problems

X Preface

Consider briefly the outline of the chapters

In Chapter 1, the multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) modulation and demodulation are considered In order to optimize the UWB system performance the authors proposed a cost-effective and high performance modulation scheme based on quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and dual carrier modulation (DCM)

In Chapter 2, the time hopping (TH)-UWB system model based on orthogonal pulse waveform is presented The chapter contains a detailed analysis of the pulse based modulation schemes over multipath channel and power spectral density (PSD) for pulse shape modulation (PSM), bi-orthogonal PSM (BPSM), and combined modulation scheme of orthogonal pulse position modulation (OPPM)-BPSM

In Chapter 3, a fully integrated CMOS 6-9 GHz 9 bands transceiver for double carrier (DC) OFDM UWB system realized on the chip is described in detail It is shown in particular that 9 carrier frequencies from 6336 MHz up to 8712 MHz with a frequency gap of 264 MHz are available

In Chapter 4, a novel simulation methodology of impulse radio (IR) UWB energy detection receiver has been developed

In Chapter 5, the correlation properties of the time-hopping (TH) sequences for TH spread spectrum (THSS) UWB systems are analyzed The theory of TH sequences is developed and a method to improve TH sequences correlation properties is proposed

In Chapter 6, the problem of UWB system performance in single-user and multi-user environments is discussed A fine synchronization algorithm for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) UWB signals with a spread spectrum involving TH is proposed

In Chapter 7, a comprehensive review of the latest developments in the field of speed WPANs is provided UWB technology is especially promising for WPAN applications due to high bandwidth and small communication ranges

high-In Chapter 8, the UWB technology applications in WSNs are analyzed UWB technology manifests high robustness to interference and provides low complexity and low energy consumption receivers and transmitters for WSNs

In Chapter 9, a novel concept of the fourth generation femtocell is proposed The system is based on a recently developed UWB-radio-over-optical-fiber (UROOF) technology It is characterized as a green femtocell since its energy consumption is significantly lower as compared to wireless systems

In Chapter 10, a novel interesting application of UWB technology is described that combines the advantages of the low cost radio-over-fiber (RoF) links and wireless

propagation of UWB radio signals inside a vehicle UWB is able to provide high data rates while RoF technology extends the UWB radio transmission over comparatively long distances in trains, trams and airplanes

In Chapter 11, the UWB communication is presented as a promising candidate for cognitive radio (CR) technology CRs are the intelligent radios adopting itself by sensing and learning the radio environment in order to optimize the transmission strategies Several possible scenarios and applications for the UWB based CR are discussed

In Chapter 12, the detection-and-avoidance (DAA) cognitive UWB scheme is proposed It is shown that DAA as a CR scheme is effective for MB UWB group

In Chapter 13, the design and performance of the UWB cognitive radio system with DAA technique are investigated

In Chapter 14, the UWB applications in medicine are reviewed in detail The UWB systems for the 3D localization, the research systems, the aspects of the microwave radiation interaction with biological tissues, and state-of-the-art in wireless medical systems are discussed Novel experimental results for electromagnetic interference in the operating room are presented

In Chapter 15, the experimental aspects of the breast cancer detection based on the UWB imaging are discussed

In Chapter 16, a novel efficient method for the UWB cancer detection is proposed A corresponding mathematical model is developed and successfully applied for the signal reconstruction

In Chapter 17, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) operating at frequencies of about 0.5-1.6GHz is considered theoretically The obtained numerical results describe adequately the mechanisms of subsurface electromagnetic wave scattering and antenna mutual coupling processes

In Chapter 18, the effect of the UWB interference on the next generation weather radar has been investigated Different scenarios have been discussed concerning the UWB antenna configurations and the environment influence on the UWB system performance

In Chapter 19, the UWB system applications in indoor ranging/localization are reviewed A novel algorithm for the time-of-arrival (ToA) estimation is developed, and the simulation results are checked experimentally

In Chapter 20, the current state-of-the-art localization techniques for large-scale and single-loop networks are discussed UWB technology attracted a significant interest due to its accurate ranging capabilities and energy efficiency Useful models for the

Faculty of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering,

Holon Institute of Technology (HIT)

Israel

Part 1

General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems

1

Multiband OFDM Modulation and Demodulation

for Ultra Wideband Communications

Runfeng Yang1 and R Simon Sherratt2

(MB-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) are currently used as the modulation schemes for MB-OFDM in the ECMA-368 defined UWB radio platform A dual QPSK soft-demapper is suitable for ECMA-368 that exploits the inherent Time-Domain Spreading (TDS) and guard symbol subcarrier diversity to improve the receiver performance, yet merges decoding operations together to minimize hardware and power requirements There are several methods to demap the DCM, which are soft bit demapping, Maximum Likelihood (ML) soft bit demapping, and Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) demapping The Channel State Information (CSI) aided scheme coupled with the band hopping information is used as a further technique to improve the DCM demapping performance ECMA-368 offers up to 480 Mb/s instantaneous bit rate to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, but depending on radio channel conditions dropped packets unfortunately result in a lower throughput An alternative high data rate modulation scheme termed Dual Circular 32-QAM that fits within the configuration of the current standard increasing system throughput thus maintaining the high rate throughput even with a moderate level of dropped packets

2 MB-OFDM in ECMA-368

2.1 UWB standardization

The fundamental issue of UWB is that the transmitted signal can be spread over an extremely large bandwidth with very low Power Spectral Density (PSD) In early 2002, the

Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies

4

USA Federal Communications Commission (FCC) agreed to allocate 7500 MHz RF spectrum

in 3.1-10.6 GHz band for unlicensed use for the UWB devices (Federal Communications Commission [FCC], 2002a), and limit the UWB Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) to

-41.3 dBm/MHz (FCC, 2002b) In later 2002, Ellis et al (Ellis et al., 2002) published the initial

requirements specification for UWB systems

Many UWB proposals were made to converge on an agreed solution Two clear candidates quickly emerged under the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) 802.15.3a working party for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), which were Direct-Sequence (DS) UWB (Fisher et al., 2005) and MB-OFDM (Batra, et al., 2004a) In parallel with the IEEE standardization attempted, the Multiband OFDM Alliance Special Interest Group (MBOA-SIG) forged ahead to standardize their UWB system based on MB-OFDM A key activity in MBOA-SIG development was MB-OFDM being selected by the USB implementers forum for the new Wireless-USB Physical layer (PHY) standard (USB Implementers forum, 2005) In 2005, the WiMedia Alliance working with European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) announced the establishment of the WiMedia MB-OFDM UWB radio platform as their global UWB PHY and Media Access Control (MAC) standard, ECMA-368, based on the previous MBOA-SIG proposal (Multiband OFDM Alliance, 2004) with only minor changes A third updated version of ECMA-368 was published in December 2008 with additions for regulatory flexibility and maintained as ISO/IEC 26907 (ECMA, 2008)

ECMA-368 specifies an MB-OFDM system occupying 14 bands with a bandwidth of 528 MHz for each band This technique has the capability to efficiently capture multipath energy with a single RF chain The first 12 bands are grouped into 4 band groups (BG1-BG4), and the last two bands are grouped into a fifth band group (BG5) A sixth band group (BG6) containing band 9, 10 and 11 is also defined within the spectrum of BG3 and BG4, in agreement to usage within worldwide spectrum regulations The advantage of the grouping

is that the transmitter and receiver can process a smaller bandwidth signal while taking advantages from frequency hopping Figure 1 depicts the band group allocation

Band Group 5 Band Group 4

Band Group 3 Band Group 2

5544 MHZ

6072 MHZ

6600 MHZ

7128 MHZ

7656 MHZ

8184 MHZ

8712 MHZ

9240 MHZ

9768 MHZ

10296 MHZ Band Group 6

Fig 1 Band group allocation (ECMA-International, 2008)

2.2 PHY operation in MB-OFDM

To operate the PHY service interface to the MAC, a Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) sublayer is defined to provide a method for converting a PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) into a PPDU (PLCP Packet Data Unit) composed from three components: the PLCP preamble (containing the Packet/Frame Synchronization and the Channel Estimation