Deploying RFID Challenges Solutions and Open Issues Part 1 pot

Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 The Challenges and Issues Facing the Deployment of RFID Technology 1 Peter Darcy, Prapassara Pupunwiwat and Bela Stantic Chapter 2 RFID Components, App

DEPLOYING RFID –  CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, 

AND OPEN ISSUES 

  Edited by Cristina Turcu 

Deploying RFID – Challenges, Solutions, and Open Issues

Edited by Cristina Turcu

Published by InTech

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First published August, 2011

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Deploying RFID – Challenges, Solutions, and Open Issues, Edited by Cristina Turcu

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Contents

Preface IX

Chapter 1 The Challenges and Issues Facing the

Deployment of RFID Technology 1

Peter Darcy, Prapassara Pupunwiwat and Bela Stantic Chapter 2 RFID Components, Applications and System

Integration with Healthcare Perspective 27

Kamran Ahsan Chapter 3 Development of a Neonatal Interactive

Simulator by Using an RFID Module for Healthcare Professionals Training 51

Loreana Arrighi, Jenny Cifuentes, Daniel Fonseca, Luis Méndez, Flavio Prieto and Jhon J Ramírez Chapter 4 RFID Technology in Preparation and

Administration of Cytostatic Infusions 83

Šárka Kozáková and Roman Goněc Chapter 5 Application of RFID Technology in eHealth 103

Cristina Turcu, Tudor Cerlinca, Marius Cerlinca and Remus Prodan Chapter 6 RFID Technology and Multi-Agent

Approaches in Healthcare 127

Felicia Gîză, Cristina Turcu and Cornel Turcu Chapter 7 Farm Operation Monitoring System with

Wearable Sensor Devices Including RFID 141

Tokihiro Fukatsu and Teruaki Nanseki Chapter 8 The Application of RFID in Automatic

Feeding Machine for Single Daily Cow 159

Zhijiang Ni, Zhenjiang Gao and Hai Lin

VI Contents

Chapter 9 The U.S National Animal Identification System

(NAIS) & the U.S Beef-Cattle Sector:

A Post-Mortem Analysis of NAIS 167

Rhonda Skaggs Chapter 10 Mine Planning Using RFID 179

Vladimir Konyukh Chapter 11 The Applicability of RFID for Indoor Localization 203

Apostolia Papapostolou and Hakima Chaouchi Chapter 12 Use of Active RFID and Environment-Embedded

Sensors for Indoor Object Location Estimation 219

Hiroaki Fukada, Taketoshi Mori, Hiroshi Noguchi and Tomomasa Sato

Chapter 13 RFID Sensor Modeling by Using an

Autonomous Mobile Robot 237

Grazia Cicirelli, Annalisa Milella and Donato Di Paola Chapter 14 Location of Intelligent Carts Using RFID 249

Yasushi Kambayashi and Munehiro Takimoto Chapter 15 Services, Use Cases and Future Challenges for

Near Field Communication: the StoLPaN Project 265

Carlo Maria Medaglia, Alice Moroni, Valentina Volpi,Ugo Biader Ceipidor, András Vilmosand Balázs Benyó

Chapter 16 RFID Applications in Cyber-Physical System 291

Nan Wu and Xiangdong Li Chapter 17 SAW Transponder – RFID for Extreme Conditions 303

Alfred Binder, Gudrun Bruckner and René Fachberger Chapter 18 Internetworking Objects with RFID 319

Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen, Qi Zhang and Thomas Skjødebjerg Toftegaard Chapter 19 Applying RFID Technology to Improve User

Interaction in Novel Environments 335

Elena de la Guía, María D Lozano and Víctor M.R Penichet

Chapter 20 Building Blocks of the Internet of Things:

State of the Art and Beyond 351

Alexandru Serbanati, Carlo Maria Medaglia and Ugo Biader Ceipidor

Chapter 21 RFID Security and Privacy 367

Michel Arnaud Chapter 22 The Ethics of RFID Technology 377

Joël Schlatter and Fouad Chiadmi

In chapter 1, the authors present the importance of RFID and the shortcomings of the current approaches designed to correct some issues among the integration of systems including security, privacy, and data abnormalities. They also recommend solutions to these issues. 

Chapter 2 deals with the study of the RFID components such as antenna and reader. It also discusses the RFID active and passive tags, and compares these tags, considering both  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  RFID  system.  RFID  applications  are  explored and  a  technical  model  is  analyzed.  The  chapter  also  considers  the  healthcare perspectives and RFID use within healthcare settings. This study outlines a model for connected  RFID  applications,  which  provides  quick  support  for  various  healthcare functions and enhances flexibility for different systems’ components integration.  Chapter  3  outlines  the  experience  and  achievements  attained  in  a  project  carried  out 

by  the  National  University  of  Colombia.  This  project  was  intended  to  design  and implement RFID‐based tools for training students in medical and nursing techniques applied on neonatal patients. 

in terms of the software resources existing in the medical units. 

In chapter 7 the authors propose a farm operation monitoring system using wearable sensor devices with RFID readers and various sensing devices such as motion sensors, cameras, and a GPS. This system recognizes detailed farming operations automatically 

in various situations by analyzing the data from sensors and detected RFID tags. The tags and sensors are attached to relevant objects such as farming materials, machinery, facilities, and so on. In this chapter, the authors, based on their research, describe the concept and features of this system and the results of several experiments conducted 

on a prototype system. The major applications and extensions of the current systems are also outlined.  

In  chapter  8,  the  authors  introduce  the  application  of  RFID  in  day‐to  day  activity  in cow  industry,  regarding  the  use  of  RFID  technology  in  automatic  cow  feeding machine. 

Chapter 9 focuses on the cow‐calf sector, with an overview of U.S. agriculture and the beef‐cattle sector. Finally, the author presents what can be called “the National Animal Identification System (NAIS) Pushback”. 

In  chapter  10  the  author  presents  the  new  potential  of  RFID‐applications  in  mine planning. An RFID‐based system can be used to visualize the placement of machines inside  roadways;  to  monitor  miners  with  personal  transponders;  to  prevent  non‐permitted  control  of  machines;  to  prioritize  the  control  of  machines;  to  evaluate  the productivity  of  both  machines  and  mining  areas;  to  evaluate  fuel  consumption  and machine  resources,  etc.  After  being  gathered,  this  information  is  used  for  the  mine management. 

In  chapter  11,  the  authors  investigate  the  applicability  of  the  RFID  technology  in location  sensing,  the  main  design,  and  environmental  factors  that  should  be considered before developing an RFID‐based localization scheme. The authors present 

a scenario according to which the location of multiple reader‐enabled terminals need 

to be estimated based on the information retrieved from low cost passive tags, which are deployed in a particular area. Also, the authors propose a mathematical model for taking into account all implicating factors which affect the accuracy performance of the system,  like  types  of  collisions  among  its  components,  interference  of  materials,  and temporal environmental changes. 

Chapter 12 analyzes an indoor object localizing method by using active RFID tags and simple switch sensors embedded in the environment. The authors focus in their work 

on object’s ʺlocationʺ in the environment (e.g. Table, Bed, Sofa, etc.) instead of object’s 3‐dimensional  position,  the  only  object  location  allowing  the  achievement  of  their application. 

In  chapter  13,  an  approach  for  developing  an  RFID  sensor  model  is  presented.  The authors  examine  recent  progresses  in  fuzzy  logic‐based  RFID  sensor  modeling  using 

an  autonomous  robot.  Constructing  a  reliable  sensor  model  is  very  important  for successive  applications  such  as  tag  localization,  robot  localization,  just  to  mention  a few. 

Chapter  14  deals  with  optimizing  distributed  robotic  control  systems,  considering  as example  an  intelligent  cart  system  designed  to  be  used  in  common  airports.  The presented  framework  employs  an  RFID‐based  localization  algorithm  and  control methods using mobile software agents.  

In  chapter  15  the  authors  present  the services,  use cases  and  the  future  challenges  of Near  Field  Communication,  which  is  the  most  customer‐oriented  one  among  RFID technologies.  

In  chapter  16  the  authors  study  a  cyber‐physical  system  based  on  RFID  technology. They  compare  the  proposed  RFID  system  with  a  traditional  wireless  sensor  network system  and  discuss  the  applicability  of  the  first  one.  Finally,  the  authors  present  the design,  methodology,  and  development  of  an  active  RFID‐based  relative  positioning system, also showing the experimental results. 

Chapter  17  gives  an  overview  of  SAW‐based  RFID  transponders  made  for  extreme conditions like temperatures up to 400°C or cryogenic temperatures down to –196°C. The authors give an explanatory outline of SAW transponder function principles and system  performance,  and  also  some  application  examples  from  steel  and  automotive industries.  

The  chapter  18  discusses  the  RFID/WSN  technology  from  a  networking  perspective. The authors outline the development needed to integrate RFID systems with Internet 

of  Things  and  present  the  evolution  from  today’s  connection  of  objects  to  the  future networking of objects. 

Chapter 19 deals with the application of RFID technology to improve user interaction 

in novel environments. The authors describe the development and implementation of 

to bring new levels of intelligence and information, strengthening the experience of all participants  in  this  research  domain,  and  serving  as  a  valuable  authentication technology. We hope this book will be useful for engineers, researchers and industry personnel,  and  provide  them  with  some  new  ideas  to  address  current  and  future issues they might be facing. 

  Cristina TURCU 

Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava 

Romania 

The Challenges and Issues Facing the

Deployment of RFID Technology

Peter Darcy, Prapassara Pupunwiwat and Bela Stantic

Institute of Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University

Australia

1 Introduction

Radio Frequency Identification refers to wireless technology that uses radio waves toautomatically identify items within certain proximity This process involves tagging itemswith a transmitter which will emit bursts of information including, but not limited to, theidentification of the tag There are three main varieties of tags: Active, Semi-active andPassive Active tags rely solely on a battery for its power source resulting in the maximumintegrity rate and reading range but, also, a limited lifespan and higher cost Semi-Activetags use batteries to extend the range of the tag only resulting in a higher reading rate thanpassive tags, a longer lifespan than the active tags, but also higher cost The passive tag usesthe electromagnetic pulse from readers as a power source to transmit its identifier Due to itslack of a battery, passive tags are the most cost effective and theoretically have an unlimitedlifespan However, due to their lack of the power source, passive tags also have a limited rangeand produce the largest amount of data anomalies The RFID Reader is used to interrogatethe zone to discover tags within proximity of the reader range If a tag is discovered, itsidentification along with the reader’s ID and the timestamp of the observation are recorded.This information is then passed through the Middleware where initial filtration is done toavoid data anomalies being recorded Finally, the information will then be stored within adatabase ready to be queried for future analysis

Due to the benefits of the technology, RFID is currently employed in various commercialsectors to provide automated assistance for mundane tasks There are hospitals which haveemployed tagged bracelets to ensure maximum care is given to surgical patients At variousairports around the world, RFID is being utilised to track passengers’ bags to ensure thatthe location of the luggage will be known at all times In various cities around the world,pets have had RFID chips implanted to ensure that, when lost, the authorities can find theirowners’ information by simple scanning the tag Various countries have also introduced theRFID-enabled toll system designed for cars at RFID-enabled toll booths which allow drivers

to continue on their journey and avoid the necessity of stopping to pay

Despite the advantages gained from RFID technology integration, various drawbacks preventthe wide-scale adoption into the majority of the commercial sector There are three mainissues concerning the integration of the architecture The first issue is security when usingthe technology as tags are prone to various physical and virtual attacks upon the system.The second concern stems from the need of privacy surrounding the data collected as theobservations recorded can be used for breaches in privacy The third issue is that the

1

Various methodologies have been mentioned in literature to address the current problemswith RFID data anomalies We have categorised these solutions into three main groups:Physical, Middleware and Deferred approaches Various physical solutions have beenproposed in past studies to avoid missed readings in particular such as metallic-proof tagpads, tag orientation and multiple tagging Smoothing Filers and Anti-Collision Protocols areMiddleware solutions proposed to correct anomalies found within the Reader at the point ofscanning Finally, there have been several rule-based and classification algorithms proposed

in past methodologies to be utilised at a deferred stage of the scanning cycle to correct variousanomalies already stored in the database

Unfortunately, each of the proposed solutions has drawbacks that prevent it from eliminatingall problems found within RFID systems With regard to the physical solutions, mosthave been designed to eliminate a specific problem (i.e the metallic padding) or it willgenerate additional and unforeseen complications (multiple tags introducing duplicate reads).Middleware solutions have been intended to be applied at the edge of the device whenthe scanning is conducted which results in a limited amount of analytical information forcorrection allowing ambiguous anomalies to persist The Deferred approaches have theadvantage of having access to additional information in the database However, they cannot

be applied in real-time and rely on user-specified rules or probabilistic algorithms that mayresult in additional artificial anomalies

We have examined RFID technology and its current uses in various applications Wehave also examined three core issues stopping the mass integration of RFID in the systemsincluding security, privacy and problematic data characteristics We have further exploredthe data characteristics issue to find that it contains low-level nature, large data gathering,complex spatial and temporal aspects, and data anomalies There have been variousmethodologies proposed in the past to cope with the various data anomalies which we havecategorised into physical, middleware and deferred solutions Unfortunately, due the variousdrawbacks such as application-specified solutions, lack of analytical information or reliance

on user-specified/probabilistic algorithms, current approaches do not provide the adequatesupport needed in RFID systems to be adopted in commercial sectors In this work, wehave identified the importance of RFID, the shortcomings of existing approaches designed

to correct its issues, and have recommended solutions to these methodologies

2 Radio Frequency Identification

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has had a long history commencing with its utilisationduring the Second World War to its modern usage The basic architecture of RFID itself