DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH

Today, mechanical engineering takes an important role in variety of fields. The advent of machines is gradually replacing and advancing the production activities of human in every sections. In the time when the tourism industry is growing, the development of industrial machinery is necessary and essential. To clean the beach and attract more tourists, the government had enforced polices about environment and create campaigns to clean the beach coast. Local people and teenagers are main forces in environmental protections. However, this solution needs a lot of manpower and time, so another solution has been set out to reduce the amount of labor and time to clean up garbage on the coasts, replace human power, mechanize the cleanup of coastal garbage. The advent of the garbage removal machine makes it easy for operators to use, the machine is stable, durable, high productivity, low cost to be able to produce a lot domestically, avoiding the situation of importing highpriced machines from abroad. In addition, the targets of machine design tend to clean and protect the environment.

MECHANICAL FACULTY MACHINE DESGIN - oOo -

CAPSTONE PROJECT

TOPIC DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH

Instructor: Than Trong Khanh Dat Student’s name: Nguyen Minh Long Student’s ID: 1852536

Class: ME4387

Ho Chi Minh City, May 12 th , 2023

HCMC UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING FACULTY

CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT

NAM Độc Lập – Tự Do – Hạnh Phúc

No: /ĐHBK-

Deparment: MACHINE DESIGN CAPSTONE PROJECT GOALS

FULL NAME: NGUYỄN MINH LONG STUDENT ID: 1852536

MAJOR: Mechanical engineering (OISP) CLASS: CC19CK11

1 Title of thesis:

DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH

(Thiết Kế Máy Gom Rác Bờ Biển)

2 Objectives:

- Learn about the process of garbage collection on the sandy shore and the solar energy system

- Suggest and choose the optimal method for machine design

- Doing calculations to design mechanism of waste collection and remove unwanted materials from beach

- Doing calculations to design the solar energy system

- Making suggestions, and notes for operation – repair – maintenance process

- Estimated drawings: 07, include:

+ 1 drawing A0, about: General drawing

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Drawing of options diagram

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Drawing of principle and kinematic diagram

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of vibrating screener

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of screening frame

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of pulling unit

+ 1 drawing A0, about: Drawing of motor starter cuircuit

3 Date of making assignment: 30 / 01 / 2023

4 Date of finishing assignment: 12 / 05 / 2023

5 Full name of instructor: Thân Trọng Khánh Đạt Guidelines contents: 100% Contents and requirements of CP are approved by Department

30th January, 2023

(Sign and write full name) (Sign and write full name)

PART FOR FACULTY, DEPARTMENT

i

PREFACE

Our country is on the path of industrialization and modernization, following the socialist orientation in which industry plays a very important role Machine systems are becoming more popular and gradually replacing human labor As a student in the Mechanical Engineering Department, I can realize the importance of the knowledge that I have received from my teachers

I would like to sincerely thank the assistance of lecturers in the department of mechanical engineering, and especially thanks to the instruction of Mr Than Trong Khanh Dat, who accepted to instruct and helped me a lot in this stage Throughout the process of learning, all of the advice I have received has not just helped me improve and advance my specialist knowledge but also provided opportunities for me to think and accumulate experiences for my future job

In addition, I would like to thank all of the lecturers at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology who are ready to impart knowledge and support me throughout the whole period I have studied here

Moreover, I also want to send special thanks to my family and my friends, who are always side by side to support me and even motivate me to overcome the difficulties These motivations pushed me and made me try harder to finish the thesis Honestly, I cannot complete my project without these motivations

Finally, I wish all of the teachers good health and that they will always be the pioneers who guide the next generations on the path of study and research at this university

Once again, thank you very much!

Ho Chi Minh city, 12/05/2023

Student: Nguyen Minh Long

ii

SUMMARY OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT

Today, mechanical engineering takes an important role in variety of fields The advent of machines is gradually replacing and advancing the production activities of human in every sections In the time when the tourism industry is growing, the development of industrial machinery is necessary and essential

To clean the beach and attract more tourists, the government had enforced polices about environment and create campaigns to clean the beach coast Local people and teenagers are main forces in environmental protections

However, this solution needs a lot of manpower and time, so another solution has been set out to reduce the amount of labor and time to clean up garbage on the coasts, replace human power, mechanize the cleanup of coastal garbage

The advent of the garbage removal machine makes it easy for operators to use, the machine is stable, durable, high productivity, low cost to be able to produce a lot domestically, avoiding the situation of importing high-priced machines from abroad In addition, the targets of machine design tend to clean and protect the environment

There are two main modules for the machine:

Module 1: Getting the mixture and moving to the screener

Module 2: Conduct the process of screening materials and then return sand to the nature The contents of the capstone project include:

Chapter 1: Overview of the machine

Chapter 2: Analyze options and choose possible design

Chapter 3: Calculate and design screening system

Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism

Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine

Chapter 6: Conclusion and future development

iii

CONTENTS

PREFACE i

SUMMARY OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT ii

CONTENTS iii

TABLE OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE MACHINE 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Vietnamese geographical 1

1.1.2 The development of tourism industry and results 1

1.1.3 Problem solving 3

1.2 Available machines in the market 3

1.2.1 Domestic 3

1.2.2 Foreign 5

1.3 Technical requirements of cleaning beach machine 7

CHAPTER 2: ANALYZE OPTIONS AND CHOOSE POSSIBLE DESIGN 8

2.1 Sorting waste on the beach 8

2.2.1 Dumping waste under the sea 8

2.2.2 Dumping waste on the sand 8

2.2.3 Sorting waste for recycling 8

2.2 Methods for garbage collection 8

2.3 Block diagram 9

2.3.1 Screening method 9

2.3.2 Raking method 9

2.4 Standard of sand that has been separated from waste 10

2.5 Analyze the design methods 10

2.5.1 Design part: sand digging 10

2.5.2 Design system: receiver, screener and move waste to the recycle bin 14

2.5.3 Design movement module for the machine 20

2.6 Choosing the option 22

iv

CHAPTER 3: CALCULATE AND DESIGN SCREENING SYSTEM 23

3.1 Calculate the working surface of screener 23

3.1.1 Parameters for grains of sand 24

3.1.2 Influential factors in the screening process 24

3.1.3 The efficiency in the screening process 26

3.1.4 Dimension of mesh and velocity of objects on the screener 27

3.2 Design the screening system 29

3.2.1 Choose the type of screener 29

3.2.2 Determine the number of revolution n 30

3.2.3 Determine the weight and velocity of mixture moved on the screener 32

3.2.4 Determine the power of screener 33

3.2.5 Specifications of screener 34

3.3 Design the charging system for electric motor 35

3.3.1 Solar charge controller 36

3.3.2 Inverter 36

3.3.3 Electrical box 37

3.3.4 Solar frame 39

3.3.5 Calculate and choose the solar panel 40

3.3.6 Design the energy storage system 43

3.4 Calculate the transmission system 45

3.4.1 Calculate and design the chain system 45

3.4.2 Checking the allowable safety factor and checking the number of chain bumps in a second 47

3.4.3 Calculate the applying force on shaft 47

3.4.4 Determine the parameters for the chain transmission 47

3.4.5 Calculate and check the bearings 48

CHAPTER 4: CALCULATE AND CHOOSE THE MOVING MECHANISM 50

4.1 Factors effect on drag force in the process of operating machine 50

4.2 Calculating the force effect on the process of transferring materials 50

4.3 Choose the tyres 51

v

CHAPTER 5: OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE THE MACHINE 55

5.1 Install the machine 55

5.2 Machine test run 55

5.3 Repair the machine 56

5.4 Maintain the machine 58

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 61

6.1 Conclusion 61

6.2 Future development 61

REFERENCE 62

vi

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Vietnamese coast 1

Figure 1.2 Nha Trang beach 2

Figure 1.3 Tourists on Co To islands 2

Figure 1.4 Raw sewage on Vung Tau beach 3

Figure 1.5 H.Barber Beach Sand Screener – Surf Rake 400 in Nha Trang and Da Nang 4 Figure 1.6 Production model 5

Figure 1.7 Charrington Product (model 3000) 5

Figure 1.8.Beach Tech Product (model 5500) 6

Figure 1.9 Ondina version 7

Figure 1.10 Cavalluccio version 7

Figure 1.11.Scorpion version 7

Figure 2 1.Method of utilizing screener 9

Figure 2 2 Method of utilizing rake 9

Figure 2 3 Rods connect with wheel-shaped 10

Figure 2 4 In the shape of propeller 11

Figure 2 5 In the shape of screw 11

Figure 2 6 In the shape of rake 12

Figure 2 7 In the shape of a steel brush with a high level of elasticity and rigidity 13

Figure 2 8 Conveyor system connects to elastic steel feathers 14

Figure 2 9 Using a conveyor to link with bucket loader and move waste to the screener 15

Figure 2 10 Using the screener mechanism to split sand and garbage 16

Figure 2.11 Use meshing conveyor to split sand from garbage 17

Figure 2 12: Using a conveyor to link with rakes 19

Figure 2.13 Using tractor for machine 20

Figure 2.14 Using pushing vehicle for machine 20

Figure 2.15 Pulling the working unit directly 21

Figure 2.16 Pushing the working unit directly 22

Figure 3 1 Knitting mesh 23

Figure 3 2 Perforated mesh 23

Figure 3 3 Illustration of material that can pass through the holes 25

Figure 3 4 Force diagram when the object moves up 30

Figure 3 5 Simulation for mixture in the process of moving up screener 32

Figure 3 6: Screening frame 35

Figure 3 7: Screening mesh 35

Figure 3 8: Solar system diagram 36

Figure 3 9: Solar charge controller 36

Figure 3 10: Solar inverter 37

Figure 3 11: Three-phase circuit breaker 38

vii

Figure 3 12: Mechanical buttons 38

Figure 3 13: Signal light 38

Figure 3 14: Three phase socket 39

Figure 3 15: Solar frame in practical terms 40

Figure 3 16: Solar frame in drawings 40

Figure 3 17: Structure of solar panel 41

Figure 3 18: Mono panel (left) and Poly panel (right) 41

Figure 3 19: Types of Lithium batteries 43

Figure 3 20: Lead-acid battery 43

Figure 4 1: Mud tyres 51

Figure 4 2: Sand tyres 52

Figure 4 3: All-terrain tyres 52

Figure 4 4: Cross-ply tyres 53

Figure 4 5: Wheel of tractor 53

Figure 4 6: Crawler 53

Figure 4 7: Meaning of parameters on wheel 54

Figure 5 1: Final design 60

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2 1: Chosen options 22

Table 3 1 Table of friction angle for sandy soil (according to USCS) 31

Table 3 2 Motor SGA (Company CMG, Australia) 34

Table 3 3 Technical table 34

Table 3 4: The difference between Mono panel and Poly panel 42

Table 3 5: Comparison between Lithium battery and Lead-acid battery 44

Table 3 6: Parameters for chain transmission 48

Table 4 1: Technical specification of wheel 54

Table 4 1: Technical specification of wheel 54

Table 5 1:Machine malfunctions and reasons 57

Table 5 2: Maintenance schedule for machine 58

of land there is 1km of coastline) at the top of the Indochina countries, above Thailand and approximately Malaysia Of the 64 provinces and cities of the country, 28 provinces and cities have seas and nearly half of the population lives in coastal provinces and cities According to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, our country has a sea area of over 1 million km2, 3 times the land area, accounting for nearly 30% of the East Sea area (the whole East Sea is nearly 3.5 million square kilometers) Our country's waters have about 3,000 large and small islands and 2 offshore islands is the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa, which are fairly evenly distributed along the length of the country's coast, which is particularly important as a front-line defense to protect the eastern flank of the country

Figure 1.1 Vietnamese coast

1.1.2 The development of tourism industry and results

It is cleared that Ha Long Bay, Nha Trang are famous tourist destinations of Vietnam, while Da Nang beach has been voted by Forbes magazine as 1 of the 6 most charming beaches on the planet These are ideal conditions for Vietnam to exploit its tourism potential

2

Figure 1.2 Nha Trang beach

Sea and island tourism accounts for about 70% of the whole tourism industry in Vietnam Among them, there are 125 beaches and bays that are favorable for tourism development and more than 30/125 of these have been well exploited by localities for economic development and poverty alleviation

Figure 1.3 Tourists on Co To islands

The entire sea of Vietnam is located in the tropical monsoon zone with significant differences in climate between the seas, which is very favorable for the formation of flora and fauna with high biodiversity Therefore, the organization that performs well in marine conservation will create momentum for the development of the brand "Vietnam Sea."

3

Although these advantages may help our country promote economically conditions, yet

in the fact that these human needs have been gradually depleting marine resources and making the marine environment increasingly polluted

Figure 1.4 Raw sewage on Vung Tau beach

1.1.3 Problem solving

To clean the beach and attract more tourists, the government had enforced polices about environment and create campaigns to clean the beach coast Local people and teenagers are main forces in environmental protections

However, this solution needs a lot of manpower and time, so another solution has been set out to reduce the amount of labor and time to clean up garbage on the coasts, replace human power, mechanize the cleanup of coastal garbage

The advent of the garbage removal machine makes it easy for operators to use, the machine is stable, durable, fuel efficient, high productivity, low cost to be able to produce

a lot domestically, avoiding the situation of importing high-priced machines from abroad

1.2 Available machines in the market

in addition to meeting strict standards according to 5-6 star standards (high-class amenities, room size, service quality ) the units also focus on environmental sanitation – landscape around the resort campus, especially sea surface cleaning with modern machinery such as beach garbage cleaners

4

This type of vehicle can pick up both dry and wet garbage The S-belt conveyor system only rakes and picks up trash without raking sand but is capable of picking up all kinds of garbage large and small: boxes, cans, pieces of glass bottles, plastic, cigarette butts, seaweed, seashells In addition, the hydraulic system is easily connected and operates independently, ensuring high safety

Figure 1.5 Surf Rake 400 in Nha Trang and Da Nang [5]

In addition, this is also a project of students at universities The group of students including: Nguyen Van Thinh, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Nguyen Ngoc Huynh, Nguyen Quy Phi from the Faculty of Traffic Engineering, University of Technology, University of Da Nang, researched the means of collecting beach garbage With this product, the garbage

on the sand surface will be collected through the rake teeth and then on the vibrating floor, where the garbage is completely removed from the sand, enters the door and rotates into the storage basket The machine can filter small garbage such as straws, bottle caps, shells Currently, the vehicle is being powered by gasoline, the team is working towards running on electricity and using solar cells In addition, the device will be equipped with

an additional module to be able to collect garbage of large sizes such as tree branches

✓ In USA (Beach Tech brand)

The company has been around for a long time and produces many different models Here are a few typical samples

CHERRINGTON specification

length

Working depth

Figure 1.7 Charrington Product (model 3000)

6

Figure 1.8.Beach Tech Product (model 5500) [33]

✓ Spain (Barber brand)

H Barber & Sons, Inc is a family owned and operated corporation, principally located in Naugatuck, Connecticut, USA Today the second generation of Barbers manages the company from its Naugatuck, CT headquarters Backing up this claim is the fact

that Barber has sold more beach cleaners around the world than any other brand Barber equipment is being used on six continents and in over 90 countries

SANDMAN 850 specification

length

Working depth

480mm

950mm

1430mm

✓ Italy (Scam brand)

SCAM Srl, established in 1985, was born with the aim to design and to accomplish significant metal structures fabrication

In 1992 we started the design and the manufacture of machines specialized in the cleaning of beaches and sandy soils The considerable experience achieved over the years

in Italy and all over the world, has led SCAM Srl to produce a wide range of machines models to meet all the customer needs

ONDINA specification

length

Working depth

7

Figure 1.9 Ondina version [35]

Figure 1.10 Cavalluccio version [35]

Figure 1.11.Scorpion version [35]

1.3 Technical requirements of cleaning beach machine

✓ Cost reduction for manufacturing coastal garbage collection models

✓ Optimize the structure for moving easily in small area

✓ The design machine is suitable for the coastal terrain of Vietnam

✓ Use the parts available in the Vietnamese market for easy installation, maintenance and replacement

8

CHAPTER 2: ANALYZE OPTIONS AND CHOOSE POSSIBLE DESIGN 2.1 Sorting waste on the beach

2.2.1 Dumping waste under the sea

- Small objects: small rocks, seagrass, seaweed, small shells, small jellyfish, starfish, fishing nets, parachute wires, freight wires,

- Large objects: large rocks, reefs, large marine animals, large shells, corals,

- Characteristics: The state of water stasis is greater than on the shore, damaging or quickly corroding the machine parts made of metal In addition, freight wires, parachute wires, when entangled in parts, will interfere with the equipment from operating

2.2.2 Dumping waste on the sand

- Small objects: glass, plastic, syringes, cigarette butts, straws, cans, asphalt, small stones, shells, small sea animals washed ashore, small pieces of wood, nylon-wrapped, fishing nets, parachute wires, freight wires,

- Large objects: Glass bottles, tank glass fragments, large and small stones, large animal carcasses washed up and shore

- Characteristics: On land exposed to the sun, the state of less water stasis is smaller than under water, damaging or corroding more slowly underwater the machine parts made of metal However, large and small stones, freight wires can still affect the machine parts when operating

2.2.3 Sorting waste for recycling

- Recycling is the conversion of old utensils, damaged items, garbage or scraps into new utensils that can be applied to human activities

- Recycling brings great meaning not only to people but also to the nature of the Earth

As pollution problems become more and more severe, leading to climate change and a host of increasingly destructive extreme phenomena, recycling is a necessity that anyone should do

- Recycling rubbish: bottles, glass jars, plastic bottles, paper, aluminum materials, stainless steel, paper boxes

- Un-recycling rubbish: plastic bags, confectionery peels, broken glass, cigarette filter heads, straws and some types of non-biodegradable such as leftovers, dried leaves, fruit peels,

2.2 Methods for garbage collection

- Dumping waste in the sea: garbage in the sea in a suspended state, using a vibrating sieve mechanism or translational to collect garbage will face many difficulties and great resistance when underwater, but if using a rake mechanism, it can take garbage suspended and submerged very well, so when collecting garbage underwater, often choose a brush mechanism or conveyor belt mechanism

- Dumping waste on the sand: on the ground, the garbage is exposed to the sun, the state

of water stasis, the mass is small, so the methods of using both sieve and rake

9

mechanisms promote very high efficiency On the other hand, using a conveyor belt

mechanism may cause difficulties to screen out the sand on the garbage One of the main

points here for conveyor belt is that the efficiency of screening

2.3 Block diagram

2.3.1 Screening method

Two common methods are:

✓ Sieve with sand filter mesh moving translationally back and forth (sieve usually

set at incline plane around 15-20 degrees, or horizontal plane)

✓ Sieve with vibrating motion mesh

Figure 2 1.Method of utilizing screener

2.3.2 Raking method

This method is used in conjunction with conveyors to help move garbage into the bin

This is a suitable option for garbage collection both underwater and onshore

Figure 2 2 Method of utilizing rake

10

2.4 Standard of sand that has been separated from waste

- Sand no longer contains garbage which are larger than it, and it can be not confused with nets, wires, parachute cords, as well as marine life

- Sand after being filtered garbage will return to the coast

- The depth of the cleaned surface is from 0 to 10 cm compared to the sand surface before it has not been cleaned

- The sand is leveled evenly and flattened after the garbage collector machine finishes the garbage filtering process

2.5 Analyze the design methods

2.5.1 Design part: sand digging

Option A1: Rods connect with wheel-shaped

Figure 2 3 Rods connect with wheel-shaped Working principle:

The two sides of rods are linked to 2 spinning wheels, these 2 wheels are linked to the rotary motor When spinning the rods are hit the surface of the sand, causing the sand

to sink down and extrude to the back, causing the sand to be loosened, so that the sand

is beaten and brought up to perform the garbage filtration process

- Advantages:

Long rods are easy to manufacture

Beat the sand puree quickly

Easy to maintain and replace

- Disadvantages:

It is impossible to beat sand under water

The long cross may break when collide with large and hard obstacles

It is impossible to beat sand at great depths because of its shape

11

Option A2: In the shape of propeller

Figure 2 4 In the shape of propeller

- Working principle:

The cylindrical hollow cake is additionally attached with thin pieces of metal interspersed The part is driven by the motor When spinning the propellers roll up sharply to the surface of the sand, causing the sand to be divided and extruded to the back, causing the sand to be loosened, so that the sand is beaten and brought up to perform the garbage filtering process

- Advantages:

High efficiency for beating sand

Shovels alternate so that the sand is evenly beaten

Easy to manufacture

- Disadvantages:

It is impossible to beat sand under water

The long cross may break when collide with large and hard obstacles

It is impossible to beat sand at great depths because of its shape

Option A3: In the shape of screw

Figure 2 5 In the shape of screw

12

- Working principle:

The spindle has a screw shape and it is linked to the motor for rotation When turning the sharp blade twists sharply to the surface of the sand, causing the sand to be divided, extruded back and directed in the direction of the blade, causing the sand to

be loosened, so that the sand is beaten and brought up to perform the garbage filtering process

- Advantages:

High efficiency for beating sand

Working depth is great

- Disadvantages:

It is impossible to beat sand under water

The long shape may break when collide with large and hard obstacles

Hard to manufacture

It is expensive to replace

As the shape of the screw, the sand is pushed aside, resulting in difficulty getting the mixture of garbage and sand onto the garbage filter system

Option A4: In the shape of rake

Figure 2 6 In the shape of rake

- Working principle:

Horizontal metal rods are associated with objects shaped like rake teeth directed at the ground When the machine moves, the shovel blades are strongly rolled down to the surface of the sand, causing the sand to be divided and extruded to the back, causing the sand to be beaten, so that the sand is beaten and brought up to perform the garbage filtering process

- Advantages:

High efficiency for beating sand

Working depth is great

Easy to manufacture

It is cheap to replace

13

- Disadvantages:

It is difficult to overcome large and hard obstacles

Easily bumped and get damaged

The driving force must be large

Easily entangled with fishing nets, freight wires, parachute wires,

Figure 2 7 In the shape of a steel brush with a high level of elasticity and rigidity

- Working principle:

Elastic steel feathers of great rigidity alternate like brushes, spindles are linked to the engine When spinning these elastic steel feathers hit the sand surface hard, causing the sand to be dropped and extruded to the back, causing the sand to be loosened, so that the sand is beaten and brought up to perform the garbage filtering process

- Advantages:

Elastic steel feathers should easily overcome large and hard obstacles

Less shaft damaged

The efficiency of working depth is high

- Disadvantages:

It is impossible to beat sand under water

Easily bumped and get damaged

Hard to manufacture, maintain and replace

Easily entangled with fishing nets, freight wires, parachute wires,

14

2.5.2 Design system: receiver, screener and move waste to the recycle bin

Option B1: Using conveyor connect to elastic steel feathers

Figure 2 8 Conveyor system connects to elastic steel feathers

- Advantages:

Can be operated on sand and in water

Directly take garbage, separate garbage directly on the surface of sand, quickly accurate

Elastic steel feathers, when encountering large obstacles, cause little damage to the machine

Directly put garbage in the recycle bin, no additional sand sieve is required

Directly take garbage, when collecting garbage underwater, collecting suspended garbage quickly and accurately without beating up the sand

High working performance

15

Easily change the working depth

- Disadvantages:

There are many details on the conveyor belt that lead to complex manufacture

Grids, parachute wires, freight wires are easily entangled on steel feathers

- Efficiency:

High efficiency

The number of collected trash is high

Option B2: Using a conveyor to link with shovels and move waste to the screener

Figure 2 9 Using a conveyor to link with bucket loader and move waste to the screener

16

side towards the garbage container here the garbage will continue to move up The container part, the garbage after passing through the sieve grid is brought directly to the container department, while the sand will pass through the sieve net and return to the sand surface From the container department, garbage is taken to landfills

- Advantages:

Easily put sand containing garbage on the conveyor

The inclined conveyor easily separates the sand and puts the garbage in the garbage container

Easy to adjust the depth of work

Easy to manufacture

- Disadvantages:

Many steps to perform the garbage filtering process

The machine is big, complex in size

Easy to hit and damage when encountering large, hard obstacles

It is difficult to interact with long and big objects when it is located along the direction

of work

- Efficiency:

Low

The number of collected trash is not high and it depends on the width of bucket loader

Option B3: Using the screener mechanism to split sand and garbage

Figure 2 10 Using the screener mechanism to split sand and garbage

17

-Working principle:

When the machine is operated, the sand will be beaten out, then a shovel mounted for putting sand on the screener, this meshing screen is designed to undulate like a serrated tooth that functions, waste will continue to move up the recycle bin, and the sand will pass through the screener, then return to the sand From the container department, garbage is taken to landfills

- Advantages:

The vibrating screener mechanism easily separates the sand, brings the sand back to the sand surface, avoiding the situation that the sand is stuck to the sieve

Easily filter a variety of small and medium garbage

The mesh has a serrated form, which easily feeds garbage into the container

Difficulty in operating underwater

Difficult to work with the types of garbage suspended under the water

The mesh surface is easily deformed when interact with hard, heavy, large-sized garbage

- Efficiency:

High efficiency

The quality of sand after being filtered is good

Option B4: Use meshing conveyor to split sand from garbage

Figure 2.11 Use meshing conveyor to split sand from garbage

- Advantages:

Easy to adjust the working depth

Directly filter the sand on the conveyor belt

Garbage is put directly into the container

High performance

Suitable for use in small and medium types of garbage

- Disadvantages:

Difficulty in operating underwater

Difficult to manufacture and replace meshing conveyor

Easily perishable when filtering large and hard garbage

- Efficiency:

High efficiency

The quality of sand after being filtered is good

19

Option B5: Using a conveyor to link with rakes and move waste to the screener

Figure 2 12: Using a conveyor to link with rakes

4 Board (Leading mixture of waste and sand)

- Advantages:

Easy to adjust the depth of work

Filter the litter directly on the scratch teeth

Easily put garbage to the container

High performance

- Disadvantages:

Easily entangled with fishing nets, ropes, freight wire into the rake blades

Difficulty in getting large and hard garbage

The rake blade is easily deformed, damaged when encountering large and hard obstacles The rake blade is easily worn when directly, in contact with the garbage catcher

The number of collected trash is high but the quality of filter is not high

2.5.3 Design movement module for the machine

Option C1: Using tractor for machine

Figure 2.13 Using tractor for machine

- Working principle:

Use a particular tractor linked to a coastal garbage collector by coupling The tractor has the effect of pulling the entire coastal garbage collector to perform the sand filtration function of the coastal garbage collector

- Advantages:

Suitable for small and large machines

Easy to adjust the speed of movement

The operator directly sits on the tractor to operate, taking less human effort when moving

Easily movement on land and water

✓ Disadvantages:

Difficult to change the direction

Fuel consumption for tractor

Difficult to check the working surface after cleaning

Option C2: Using pushing vehicle for machine

Figure 2.14 Using pushing vehicle for machine

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- Working principle:

Use particular trolleys linked to garbage collectors by coupling The trolley has the effect

of pushing the entire coastal garbage collector to perform the sand filtration function of the coastal garbage collector

- Advantages:

Can move easily on land and water

Easy to check the surface after cleaning

- Disadvantages:

Difficult to change the direction if the machine is too large

The vision is limited

Fuel consumption for pushing unit

Option C3: Pulling the working unit directly by labors power

Figure 2.15 Pulling the working unit directly

- Working principle:

The moving part is also the sand removal unit, then the pulling part directly beats the sand and pulls the moving work unit to perform the function of sand filtering

- Advantages:

Feasible for small size

Can move easily on land and water

Easy to adjust the speed of movement

- Disadvantages:

The working surface is not large

Move slowly

22

Option C4: Pushing the working unit directly by labor power

Figure 2.16 Pushing the working unit directly

- Working principle:

Case 1: The moving part only has the function of moving and it is attached to the back of the garbage container unit, which has the function of pushing the moving work unit to perform the function of sand filtration

Case 2: Using labor power to push the working unit A handle bar is installed in order to locate the direction for system Some of system is installed the engine to increase propulsive force for workers

- Advantages:

Feasible for small size

Easy to adjust the speed of movement

Easy to check the surface after cleaning

- Disadvantages:

The working surface is not large

Move slowly

2.6 Choosing the option

Based on the technical requirements of the system, working principle, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the design options, I chose the option: A4-B3-D1 and some details of C2 to design my cleaning beach machine

B3 Using the screener mechanism to split sand and garbage

Table 2 1: Chosen options

23

CHAPTER 3: CALCULATE AND DESIGN SCREENING SYSTEM

3.1 Calculate the working surface of screener

Firstly, sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of small and fine particles of rock and minerals

Sand is mainly mined in nature, yet as the status over-exploitation, natural sand resources are becoming gradually scarce and replaced by other materials on the market Sand is mined mainly in rivers and seas

The working surface of the screener is the main part for material sorting Currently, two are main types of shape: knitted nets, perforated plates

Knitting mesh: Used for fine sieving and small sieving of loose, dry materials Knitting mesh has square, rectangular or hexagonal holes Commonly used knitting fibers are fabric fibers, silk fibers, metal fibers

Figure 3 1 Knitting mesh Perforated plate: Made from steel plate or copper plate Sieve holes can be round, square, rectangular or oval holes Perforated sheets are often used for sorting to sizes larger than 5mm The holes are usually 5-10mm in size and arranged on the plate can be parallel or alternate Rectangular holes are usually 2.3 times larger in length than in width

Figure 3 2 Perforated mesh

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3.1.1 Parameters for grains of sand

Based on the grain size, the sand is further classified into variety of types

Below is the standard table about the dimension for grains of sand by two main scales:

Dimension(*) 0,0625–0,0125 0,125–025 0,25–0,5 0,5–1 1–2

Wentworth scale Very fine sand fine sand medium

sand

coarse sand

very coarse sand

Kachinskii scale

0,05 ≤ fine sand ≤ 0,25 medium

sand

coarse sand

3.1.2 Influential factors in the screening process

3.1.2.1 The effects of shape and size for meshing cell

Depending on the yield and magnitude of the material, we choose the shape and size of the grid appropriately

Experiments have shown that in order for the material to easily pass through the mesh hole, it is recommended that the mesh hole be slightly larger than the size of the lump of material, which can be from 1 mm to 5 mm depending on the material being sifted Here, we determine that the objective is very coarse sand so we choose the dimension for the meshing cell range from 2 mm to 6 mm to get high performance

In addition, the size of the knitting mesh should be less than the size of the material that passed through the screening hole (except for sand)

Therefore, we choose the diameter for the meshing is: D = 4 mm

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3.1.2.2 The effects of incline screener

Figure 3 3 Illustration of material that can pass through the holes

From the above figures, the minimum diameter of the hole allowing the material to easily pass through is:

d = D ∙ cosα − e ∙ sinα (3.1)

By which: d(mm): size of material

D(mm) = 4: size of meshing e(mm) = 1: thickness of knitting mesh

𝛼 = 200: the standard angle of screener with the ground

So, all of materials that have d > 3,4 cannot pass through the hole of screener

3.1.2.3 The effects of humidity

The moisture content of the material affects directly to the screening process

In some materials when screener is wet, the ability to pass through the sieve increases because the limiting causes of passing through the hole are improved such as the resistance coefficient of the screener (similar to the coefficient of friction) In addition, moisture on the outside of the sieve wetting material, creating a water film in the meshing cell, this can hinder the passage through the hole of the sieve material

The amount of physical moisture (i.e moisture that envelops the outer surface of the material) has an adverse effect on the sieving process The smaller and finer the sieving material, the more surface moisture affects the sieving process Surface moisture causes fine material particles to stick together into larger lumps that not only do not get through, but also seal the sieve holes, so the sieving efficiency is reduced

To minimize the effect of moisture, we increase the revolutions number of the shaft of the screener depending on the moisture content of the material accordingly

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3.1.3 The efficiency in the screening process

The efficiency of the sieving process, also known as the screening efficiency, is the ratio

of the amount of material that can pass through to the mixture of materials transmitted to the screener, calculated in % and expressed by the symbol η

The performance of the sieving process depends on many factors such as: the size of the sieve surface, the shape and size of the mesh hole, the velocity of movement of the material on the sieve surface The thickness of the layer of material on the sieve, the coefficient of friction of the material on the sieve

From the equilibrium condition, we have:

By which: Q (N): Weight of the starting material mixture

C (N): Weight of the mixture below screener

T (N) : Weight of the mixture transmitted on the screener Let a be the figure for the product after filter in the initial mixture, b is the figure for the rest of product located in the grid of the screener, then the total weight of the original mixed product is Q.a

100, and the weight of the product located in the product layer on the grid is T.b

100

Thus, the screening efficiency will be expressed as follow:

C

𝑄 ∙ 𝑎100

The screener has an efficiency is: 𝛈 = 80%

3.1.4 Dimension of mesh and velocity of objects on the screener

The thickness of the material on the screener greatly affects the filtering process If the layer of mesh is too thick, and the mixture is smaller than the meshing hole located on the surface will not be able to pass through the hole The thinner the layer of material, the higher the efficiency, resulting in low productivity as not only sand but also others kind trash will be moved out from the holes Therefore, it is necessary to control the thickness

of the material layer on the sieve surface reasonably

The length of the screening surface also affects the screening process, but here we use knitting mesh, so the working surface of the screener is knitting mesh with square-shaped holes

Choose the preliminary width is B = 620mm

Let n is the number of materials transmitted to the screener:

n = B ∙ h

⇒ n = 620 ∙ 100

0.785 ∙ 3.42 ≈ 78981(grains)

By which: B is the width of screening frame

h = 100mm is the maximum thickness of material

d = 1mm is the dimension for the materials can pass through the hole (very coarse sand)

Then, the number of rows are:

Z = 𝑛