Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Part 1 ppt

Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects Edited by Amimul Ahsan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles

HEAT ANALYSIS AND THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS

Edited by Amimul Ahsan

Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects

Edited by Amimul Ahsan

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech

All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons

Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,

distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original

work is properly cited After this work has been published by InTech, authors

have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they

are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication,

referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out

of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book

Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic

Cover Designer Jan Hyrat

Image Copyright 2happy, 2010 Used under license from Shutterstock.com

First published September, 2011

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects, Edited by Amimul Ahsan

p cm

ISBN 978-953-307-585-3

free online editions of InTech

Books and Journals can be found at

www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX Part 1 Thermodynamic and Thermal Stress 1

Chapter 1 Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow 3

Karen V Hovhannisyan and Armen E Allahverdyan Chapter 2 The Thermodynamic Effect of Shallow

Groundwater on Temperature and Energy Balance at Bare Land Surface 19

F Alkhaier, G N Flerchinger and Z Su Chapter 3 Stress of Vertical Cylindrical Vessel for

Thermal Stratification of Contained Fluid 39

Ichiro Furuhashi Chapter 4 Axi-Symmetrical Transient Temperature Fields and

Quasi-Static Thermal Stresses Initiated by a Laser Pulse in a Homogeneous Massive Body 57

Aleksander Yevtushenko, Kazimierz Rozniakowski and Malgorzata Rozniakowska-Klosinska

Chapter 5 Principles of Direct Thermoelectric Conversion 93

José Rui Camargo and Maria Claudia Costa de Oliveira Chapter 6 On the Thermal Transformer Performances 107

Ali Fellah and Ammar Ben Brahim

Part 2 Heat Pipe and Exchanger 127

Chapter 7 Optimal Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design 129

Mauro A S S Ravagnani, Aline P Silva and Jose A Caballero Chapter 8 Enhancement of Heat Transfer in the

Bundles of Transversely-Finned Tubes 159

E.N Pis’mennyi, A.M Terekh and V.G Razumovskiy

VI Contents

Chapter 9 On the Optimal Allocation of the Heat

Exchangers of Irreversible Power Cycles 187

G Aragón-González, A León-Galicia and J R Morales-Gómez

Part 3 Gas Flow and Oxidation 209

Chapter 10 Gas-Solid Flow Applications for Powder Handling

in Industrial Furnaces Operations 211

Paulo Douglas Santos de Vasconcelos and André Luiz Amarante Mesquita

Chapter 11 Equivalent Oxidation Exposure - Time for Low

Temperature Spontaneous Combustion of Coal 235

Kyuro Sasaki and Yuichi Sugai

Part 4 Heat Analysis 255

Chapter 12 Integral Transform Method Versus Green Function

Method in Electron, Hadron or Laser Beam - Water Phantom Interaction 257

Mihai Oane, Natalia Serban and Ion N Mihailescu Chapter 13 Micro Capillary Pumped Loop for Electronic Cooling 271

Seok-Hwan Moon and Gunn Hwang Chapter 14 The Investigation of Influence Polyisobutilene Additions

to Kerosene at the Efficiency of Combustion 295

V.D Gaponov, V.K Chvanov, I.Y Fatuev, I.N Borovik, A.G Vorobiev, A.A Kozlov, I.A Lepeshinsky,

Istomin E.A and Reshetnikov V.A

Chapter 15 Synthesis of Novel Materials by

Laser Rapid Solidification 313

E J Liang, J Zhang and M J Chao Chapter 16 Problem of Materials for Electromagnetic Launchers 321

Gennady Shvetsov and Sergey Stankevich Chapter 17 Selective Catalytic Reduction NO by Ammonia Over

Ceramic and Active Carbon Based Catalysts 351

Marek Kułażyński

Preface

The heat transfer and analysis on heat pipe and exchanger, and thermal stress are significant issues in a design of wide range of industrial processes and devices This book introduces advanced processes and modeling of heat transfer, gas flow, oxidation, and of heat pipe and exchanger to the international community It includes

17 advanced and revised contributions, and it covers mainly (1) thermodynamic effects and thermal stress, (2) heat pipe and exchanger, (3) gas flow and oxidation, and (4) heat analysis

The first section introduces spontaneous heat flow, thermodynamic effect of groundwater, stress on vertical cylindrical vessel, transient temperature fields, principles of thermoelectric conversion, and transformer performances The second section covers thermosyphon heat pipe, shell and tube heat exchangers, heat transfer

in bundles of transversly-finned tubes, fired heaters for petroleum refineries, and heat exchangers of irreversible power cycles

The third section includes gas flow over a cylinder, gas-solid flow applications, oxidation exposure, effects of buoyancy, and application of energy and thermal performance (EETP) index on energy efficiency The forth section presents integral transform and green function methods, micro capillary pumped loop, influence of polyisobutylene additions, synthesis of novel materials, and materials for electromagnetic launchers

The readers of this book will appreciate the current issues of modeling on thermodynamic effects, thermal stress, heat exchanger, heat transfer, gas flow and oxidation in different aspects The approaches would be applicable in various industrial purposes as well The advanced idea and information described here will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in an industrialized society

The editor of this book would like to express sincere thanks to all authors for their high quality contributions and in particular to the reviewers for reviewing the chapters

Acknowledgments

All praise be to Almighty Allah, the Creator and the Sustainer of the world, the Most Beneficent, Most Benevolent, Most Merciful, and Master of the Day of Judgment He is

Dr Amimul Ahsan

Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering University Putra Malaysia

Malaysia

Part 1 Thermodynamic and Thermal Stress

Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow

Karen V Hovhannisyan and Armen E Allahverdyan

A.I Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, Alikhanyan Brothers St 2, 0036 Yerevan

Armenia

1 Introduction

It is widely known that heat flow has a preferred direction: from hot to cold However,sometimes one needs to reverse this flow Devices that perform this operation need anexternal input of high-graded energy (work), which is lost in the process: refrigerators cool acolder body in the presence of a hotter environment, while heaters heat up a hot body in thepresence of a colder one (1) The efficiency (or coefficient of performance) of these devices isnaturally defined as the useful effect|for refrigerators this is the heat extracted from the colderbody, while for heaters this is the heat delivered to the hotter body|divided over the workconsumed per cycle from the work-source (1) The first and second laws of thermodynamicslimit this efficiency from above by the Carnot value: For a refrigerator (heater) operating

between two thermal baths at temperatures T c and T h, respectively, the Carnot efficiency reads(1)

ζrefrigerator= θ

1− θ, ζheater= 1

1− θ, θ ≡ T c

T h <1 (1)There are however situations, where the spontaneous direction of the process is the desiredone, but its power has to be increased An example of such a process is perspiration (sweating)

of mammals (2) A warm mammalian body placed in a colder environment will naturally cooldue to spontaneous heat transfer from the body surface Three spontaneous processes areinvolved in this: infrared radiation, conduction and convection (2) When the environmentaltemperature is not very much lower than the body temperature, the spontaneous processesare not sufficiently powerful, and the sweating mechanism is switched on: sweating glandsproduce water, which during evaporation absorbs latent heat from the body surface and thuscools it (2) Some amount of free energy (work) is spent in sweating glands to wet the bodysurface Similar examples of heat transfer are found in the field of industrial heat-exchangers,where the external source of work is employed for mixing up the heat-exchanging fluids.The main feature of these examples is that they combine spontaneous and driven processes.Both are macroscopic, and with both of them the work invested in enhancing the process

is ultimately consumed and dissipated Pertinent examples of enhanced transport exist inbiology (4; 5) During enzyme catalysis, the spontaneous rate of a chemical reaction isincreased due to interaction of the corresponding enzyme with the reaction substrate (Achemical reaction can be regarded as particle transfer from a higher chemical potential to

a lower one.) There are situations where enzyme catalysis is fueled by external sources offree energy supplied by co-enzymes (4) However, many enzymes function autonomouslyand cyclically: The enzyme gathers free energy from binding to the substrate, stores this free

1

2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

energy in slowly relaxing conformational degrees of freedom (6; 7), and then employs it forlowering the activation barrier of the reacion thereby increasing its rate (4–7) Overally, no freeenergy (work) is consumed for enhancing the process within this scenario Similar situationsare realized in transporting hydrophilic substances across the cell membrane (4) Sincethese substances are not soluble in the membrane, their motion along the (electro-chemical)potential gradient is slow, and special transport proteins are employed to enhance it (4; 5)

Such a facilitated diffusion normally does not consume free energy (work).

These examples of enhanced processes motivate us to ask several questions Why is thatsome processes of enhancement employ work consumption, while others do not? Whenenhancement does (not) require work consumption and dissipation? If the work-consumptiondoes take place, how to define the efficiency of enhancement, and are there bounds forthis efficiency comparable to (1)? These questions belong to thermodynamics of enhancedprocesses, and they are currently open Laws of thermodynamics do not answer to themdirectly, because here the issue is in increasing the rate of a process Dealing with time-scales

is a weak-point of the general thermodynamic reasoning (3), a fact that motivated thedevelopment of finite-time thermodynamics (9)

Here we address these questions via analyzing a quantum model for enhanced heat transfer(8) The model describes a few-level junction immersed between two thermal baths atdifferent temperatures; see section 2 The junction is subjected to an external field, whichenhances the heat transferred by the junction along its spontaneous direction The virtue ofthis model is that the optimization of the transferred heat over the junction Hamiltonian can becarried out explicitly Based on this, we determine under which conditions the enhancement

of heat-transfer does require work-consumption We also obtain an upper bound on theefficiency of enhancement, which in several aspects is similar to the Carnot bound (1).Heat flow in microscale and nano-scale junctions received much attention recently (10–17; 20).This is related to the general trend of technologies towards smaller scales Needless to stressthat thermodynamics of enhanced heat-transfer is relevant for this field, because it shouldultimately draw the boundary between what is possible and what is not when cooling a hotbody in the presence of a colder one Brownian pumps is yet another field, where externalfields are used to drive transport; see, e.g., (21; 22) and references therein Some of theset-ups studied in this field are not far from the enhanced heat transport investigated here.However, thermodynamical quantities (such as work and enhancement efficiency) were so farnot studied for these systems, though thermodynamics of Brownian motors [work-extractingdevices] is a developed subject reviewed in (23)

The rest of this paper is organized as follows The model of heat-conducting junction

is introduced in section 2 Section 3 shows how the transferred heat (with and withoutenhancing) can be optimized over the junction structure The efficiency of enhancing isstudied in section 4 Section 5 discusses how some of the obtained results can be recoveredfrom the formalism of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics We summarize in section 6.Several questions are relegated to Appendices

2 The set-up

Our model for the heat pump (junction) consists of two quantum systems H and C with

Hamiltonians HH and HC, respectively; see Fig 1 Each system has n energy levels and

couples to its thermal bath Similar models were employed for studying heat engines (18; 19)and refrigerators (20) It will be seen below that this model admits a classical interpretation,because all the involved initial and final density matrices will be diagonal in the energy

Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow 3

Fig 1 The heat pump model The few-level systems H and C operate between two baths at

temperatures T c and T h T c < T h During the first step of operation the two systems interact

together either spontaneously or driven by a work-source at the cost of work W During this

stage couplings with the thermal baths is neglected (thermal isolation) In the second step the

systems H and C do not interact with each other and freely relaxes to their equilibrium states

(2) under action of the corresponding thermal bath

representation We shall however work within the quantum framework, since it is moreintuitive

Initially, H and C do not interact with each other Due to coupling with their baths they are in

equilibrium at temperatures T h=1/β h > T c=1/β c [we set kB=1]:

ρ=e −β h HH/tr[e −β h HH], σ=e −β c HC/tr[e −β c HC], (2)whereρ and σ are the initial Gibbsian density matrices of H and C, respectively We write

ρ=diag[r n , , r1], σ=diag[s n , , s1], (3)

HH=diag[ε n, ,ε1=0], HC=diag[μ n, ,μ1=0],where diag[a, , b] is a diagonal matrix with entries (a, , b), and where without loss of

generality we have nullified the lowest energy level of both H and C Thus the overall initial

density matrix is

Ωin=ρ ⊗ σ, (4)and the initial Hamiltonian of the junction is

H0=HH⊗1+1⊗ HC (5)

2.1 Spontaneous regime

During a spontaneous process no work is exchanged with external sources For our situation

a spontaneous heat transfer will amount to a certain interaction between H and C Following

to the approach of (25–27) we model this interaction via a Hamiltonian that conserves the

(free) Hamiltonian H0[see (5)] for all interaction times This then realizes the main premise

of spontaneous processes: no work exchange at any time Our model for spontaneous heattransfer consists of two steps

1 During the first step H and C interact with each other [collision] We assume that this

interaction takes a sufficiently short time δ, and during this time the coupling with the

5

Enhancing Spontaneous Heat Flow