Future Aeronautical Communications Part 1 docx

Contents Preface IX Part 1 Current Trends 1 Chapter 1 SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 3 Angeloluca Barba and Federica Battisti Chapter

FUTURE AERONAUTICAL

COMMUNICATIONS

Edited by Simon Plass

Future Aeronautical Communications

Edited by Simon Plass

Published by InTech

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First published September, 2011

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Future Aeronautical Communications, Edited by Simon Plass

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Contents

Preface IX Part 1 Current Trends 1

Chapter 1 SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative

Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 3

Angeloluca Barba and Federica Battisti Chapter 2 Handling Transition from

Legacy Aircraft Communication Services to New Ones – A Communication Service Provider's View 25

Frederic Durand and Luc Longpre

Part 2 Future Aeronautical Network Aspects 55

Chapter 3 SOA-Based Aeronautical Service Integration 57

Yifang Liu, Yongqiang Cheng, Yim Fun Hu,

Prashant Pillai and Vincenzo Esposito

Chapter 4 Transport Protocol for Future Aeronautics 83

Muhammad Muhammad and Matteo Berioli

Chapter 5 Security Concepts in

IPv6 Based Aeronautical Communications 101

Tommaso Pecorella, Romano Fantacci, Luigia Micciullo, Antonietta Stango, Neeli Prasad, Piotr Pacyna,

Norbert Rapacz and Tomasz Chmielecki

Chapter 6 Quality of Service Management and Interoperability 129

Christian Kissling and Tomaso de Cola

Chapter 7 Interoperability Among Heterogeneous

Networks for Future Aeronautical Communications 147

Kai Xu, Prashant Pillai,

Yim Fun Hu and Muhammad Ali

VI Contents

Chapter 8 Design Aspects of a Testbed for an

IPv6-Based Future Network for Aeronautical Safety and Non-Safety Communication 171 Oliver Lücke and Eriza Hafid Fazli

Part 3 Challenges for the Satellite Component 185

Chapter 9 The Role of Satellite Systems in

Future Aeronautical Communications 181 Nicolas Van Wambeke and Mathieu Gineste

Chapter 10 Development of a Broadband and

Squint-Free K u -Band Phased Array Antenna System for Airborne Satellite Communications 201

David Marpaung, Chris Roeloffzen, Willem Beeker,

Bertrand Noharet, Jaco Verpoorte and Rens Baggen Part 4 Future Aeronautical Data Links 225

Chapter 11 Future Aeronautical Communications:

The Data Link Component 227 Nikos Fistas

Chapter 12 Aeronautical Mobile Airport

Communications System (AeroMACS) 235 James M Budinger and Edward Hall

Chapter 13 Utilizing IEEE 802.16 for

Aeronautical Communications 263 Max Ehammer, Thomas Gräupl and Elias Pschernig

Chapter 14 The LDACS1 Link Layer Design 291

Thomas Gräupl and Max Ehammer

Chapter 15 The LDACS1 Physical Layer Design 317

Snjezana Gligorevic, Ulrich Epple and Michael Schnell Part 5 Visions for Aeronautics

Chapter 16 IFAR – The International Forum

for Aviation Research 335 Richard Degenhardt, Joachim Szodruch and Simon Plass

Chapter 17 The Airborne Internet 349

Daniel Medina and Felix Hoffmann

Preface

Introduction

There are well-founded concerns that current air transportation systems will not be able to cope with their expected growth Current processes, procedures and technologies in aeronautical communications do not provide the flexibility needed to meet the growing demands Aeronautical communications is seen as one major bottleneck stressing capacity limits in air transportation Ongoing research projects are developing the fundamental methods, concepts and technologies for future aeronautical communications that are required to enable higher capacities in air transportation

A study of EUROCONTROL states achievement of the aeronautical communications capacities in Europe in the next decade Still, the main aeronautical communications is based on analog voice communication The analog techniques are using the HF band for remote and oceanic regions and the VHF band is used for populous continental areas There already exist aeronautical digital data links which do not increase a data rate of about 32 kbits/s but accessible satellite links Table 1 lists available digital aeronautical data and satellite links Moreover, the expected air traffic management (ATM) paradigm shift towards more strategic and tactical planning requires additional communication capabilities which are not provided by current air traffic control (ATC) and ATM communication systems

Technology Band Access Scheme Modulation Data Rate

A VDL2

(VHF Data Link 2) VHF CSMA D8PSK 31.5 kbits/s

A ACARS VHF CSMA AM MSK 2.4 kbits/s

A HFDL (HF Data Link) HF TDMA MPSK 1.8 kbits/s

S Iridium L hybrid FDMA/TDMA DE-QPSK 9.6 kbits/s

S Globalstar L combination of CDMA with FDMA Offset-QPSK 9.6 kbits/s

S Inmarsat Swift Broadband L hybrid FDMA/TDMA QPSK / 16QAM < 450 kbits/s

Table 1 Existing digital aeronautical data links (A) and satellite links (S)

X Preface

From Vision to Action

Integrating existing and future communications infrastructure in a system of systems

is the vision of the future communications infrastructure (FCI) to enable the goals for a safe, secure and capable future ATM communications In 2003 ICAO expressed the need of new functionalities in aeronautical communications by an evolutionary approach The Action Plan 17 by EUROCONTROL and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed a comprehensive view of the overall needs in 2007 From 2007 to 2009, the EU research project NEWSKY (NEtWorking the SKY) addressed these demands by launching a first feasibility study for a global airborne network design and developing initial specifications for a new aeronautical communications network based on Internet technologies (IPv6) Also the EU research project SANDRA (Seamless Aeronautical Networking through integration

of Data-links, Radios and Antennas) aims at designing and implementing an integrated aeronautical communications system and validating it through a testbed and further in-flight trails on an Airbus 320 Both, the FAA and the European Commission support intensive studies in this field, namely by the NextGen and SESAR programs Of course, additional effort is and has to be spent in the area of future aeronautical data links, i.e., satellite, L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS), AeroMACS to facilitate the concept of a seamless aeronautical network

Outline of the Book

This book assembles recent research results, emerging technologies and trends in the field of aeronautical communications The book is organized in 5 parts covering occurring trends, aspects for future aeronautical networks, the challenges for the satellite component, emerging aeronautical data links, and visions for aeronautical communications

In the first part, Barba & Battisti give an insight of the recent SESAR program and the

SANDRA research project including their main objectives, research activities and their collaboration Current trends for datalink service providers (DSPs) are indentified by

Durand & Longpre and also new emerging roles and its new players for future aircraft

IT systems and associated ground components are discussed

Future aeronautical network aspects are covered in the second part The integration of

a service-oriented architecture in an aeronautical communications environment is

shown in the chapter of Yifang et al whereas the system wide information

management (SWIM) ground-to-ground services are extended to air-to-ground

information exchange Muhammad & Berioli investigate the influence of the different

data traffic characteristics by ATM communications to the transmission control protocol (TCP) and detailed analysis of the ATM traffic pattern and suggestions on the system design are given Due to safety and security requirements an aeronautical

communications system is a critical infrastructure Pecorella et al give an overview of

security risks and major difference to a classical IP based network for an IPv6 based aeronautical communications network By approaching the lower layers of a

communications network, Kissling & de Cola study the aspects for quality of service

(QoS) management in the ATM context covering also the architecture for selection of links and their interaction between technology independent and technology dependent components The following chapter goes into more detail regarding the

needed interoperability among the heterogeneous future aeronautical network Xu et

al present the required functionalities for a smooth communication between the upper

and lower layers of an aeronautical communications system Finally, Lücke & Fazli

show different design aspects for an IPv6-based aeronautical communications testbed and highlight several technical details such as IPv6 over IPv4 network transversal and robust header compression

Already facing and upcoming challenges for the satellite component in an entire aeronautical communications system are discussed in the fourth part An overview of the current trends, requirements and problems for a future aeronautical satellite

communications link are given by Van Wambeke & Gineste Reliability, low

maintenance and broadband connectivity are main goals of a satellite antenna

component Marpaung et al present the development of an electronically-steered

phased array antenna system included optical beamforming and the resulting challenges

At the airport, the highest density of information for flight operations exists and a secure wideband wireless communications system is proposed: AeroMACS Also the existing VHF analog voice communications and VDL2 are a bottleneck for the ground-based aeronautical communications today Therefore, new aeronautical data links are

needed Fistas describes the European view and approach on the FCI and its future

proposed data links: AeroMACS; LDACS and a satellite component An overall view

on the development of AeroMACS and a first realized prototype implementation in

Cleveland, Ohio, USA is given by Budinger & Hall Details on the AeroMACS profile

including the MAC layer design and the use of IPv6 over AeroMACS are discussed by

Ehammer et al The second proposed future aeronautical data link is LDACS for

ground-based communications Special focus in the following two chapters is on the LDACS1 proposal The functional architecture and its medium access for such a link

are analyzed by Gräupl & Ehammer, and furthermore, simulation results are provided

The closing chapter of this part handles the physical layer design of LDACS1 giving details on the frame structure, coding/modulation, out-of-band radiation and receiver

design by Gligorevic et al

Without any vision in research there would be no future and new goals One vision booster is the new international platform of national aviation research organizations:

International Forum for Aviation Research (IFAR) Now with 21 members, in this last part Degenhardt et al introduce this new platform with a special focus on the

aeronautical communications aspect The final chapter introduces the concept of an

XII Preface

airborne Internet Medina & Hoffmann envision the realization of an ad-hoc air-to-air

Internet via the North Atlantic, giving first routing protocol strategies and simulation results

Dr Simon Plass

Institute of Communications and Navigation

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Germany

Part 1

Current Trends

1

SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach

for Future Aeronautical Communications

Angeloluca Barba1 and Federica Battisti1,2

1Selex Communications S.p.A.,

2Università degli Studi Roma TRE,

Italy

1 Introduction

The air transportation sector is currently under significant stress The sudden decrease in demand for air based transportation after 2001 events, forced most airlines to reorganize and strength their politics by operating severe cuts and by creating strong holding to reverse the negative trend Air traffic situation returned to pre-September 2001 levels in 2005 and nowadays the demand in aircraft operations is expected to double by 2025

There are many concerns that current air transportation systems will be able to safely cope with this growth (FAA/EUROCONTROL, 2007; SANDRA, 2011) In fact existing systems are unable to completely process flight information in real time, and current processes and procedures do not provide the flexibility needed to meet the growing demand New security requirements are affecting the ability to efficiently transport people and cargo Furthermore, air transportation expansion caused community concerns on aircraft noise, air quality, and air space congestion

Fig 1 The European sky in 2025

Future Aeronautical Communications

In order to allow future systems to be compatible with the expected air-traffic increase, some high-level requirements on communications related aspects can be identified (Fig 1):

 pilots' situation awareness has to be improved; this includes enhanced communication with the flight controller, monitoring communication between controllers and other aircrafts, visual look-out, and navigation (including use of maps and charts);

 airports' hosting capacity, one of the main limiting structural factors, has to be increased; there is the need to cope with the growing demand by air carriers for the use

of airport facilities;

 ATS (Air Traffic Services) have to be based on reliable data communications;

 AOC (Airline Operations Control) data traffic has to increase for efficient operations;

 passengers and cabin communication systems have to be further developed in terms of robustness, reliability and re-configurability;

 safety critical information should be transmitted to the ground station in a reliable and multi-modal way; there is the need for the certainty that the information has been read, understood and implemented

 on-board network architecture, which connects each passenger seat/crew terminal to the In-Flight Cabin server, needs convergence of protocols and interfaces

As can be easily imagined, new technologies and operation procedures cannot be easily applied in the aviation sector: the safety, the reliability, and the effectiveness of each innovation must be deeply investigated and verified Moreover there are standardization issues that must be taken into account when changing existing avionic equipments and procedures Furthermore, the outcome of the security-effectiveness phase must be balanced with implementation and operational costs

For the above mentioned reasons, both Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the US and European Commission in Europe, are promoting and supporting intensive studies on this field In particular, among the initiatives supported by the European Commission, in the following the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) and SANDRA (Seamless Aeronautical Networking through integration of Data links Radios and Antennas) are described in Sections 2 and 3 Since both projects are related to different aspects of the same topic, it is likely that subtasks of the projects or even some of their outcomes could overlap

We believe that from the exploitation of these synergies both projects could benefit in terms

of effectiveness, costs, and overall success In Section 4 the strategy and the undergoing efforts for revealing the projects overlaps, as well as the description of the co-operation started by the two projects on the communication aspects are reported Finally, in Section 5 some concluding remarks are drawn