1204 marx for beginners

Thie is 'true •f hT6 €heozies on value and surglue value, emulation, exploitation, psuperizatlon, erlsis end approgrleHon, else struggle end revolution.. aosonting to our exemption, is t

Marx for Beginners

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Marx for BeginnersAlf rights reserved under Int eFnational and Pan-AFneriCdn Copyright Con-

ventions P ubltshed in the United Artes by Pantheon 8ooks 4 division of

Random House JnC., New York and simultaneously in Can4da by Random

House of C4nada Limited, Toronto OriginalJy published in £nglish in Grea:

Britain by Writers and Readet5 Publishing Cooperative Or igina/Iy publ ished

in Mex co zs Morx Ocra Pr inż \ptcnres

Library Of Congress Cataloging in Publ cat ion Data

H rx fer beg›nners,

TranS lat ion of Narx pąr4 pr inc piantes

8ibl iography: pp 1S5— Só

1 1arx, Karl , 18ł8-ł88J 2 Narx, Karl tg1g—1883— Poli ti£4I 5c ience

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Merx s econom c theor n made no mmcd ste mpent on th delete irui¢b the wort‹ars' movement or on othar thinkers, excapt elder htg death {18BS) Thie is 'true •f hT6 €heozies on value and surglue value, emulation, exploitation,

psuperizatlon, erlsis end approgrleHon, else struggle end revolution But by the end of tha oantuzy, several such theorTas were being hotly dbsu•cad within the workers' movement: whNe

others ware gradually aooaptea as W¥olutaly valid

Working In miesry was n0c easy, end the Nlarx funlly of six

b•«smx ever mora proletarian In oharaster during thoes London

years Gotnetimcc Mam ooutd not go out because his clothes

were at the pmvnbroker’s.’ Evan paper to write on we lacking, m

watt u the nececsitiec for his famitv During thie Daen Street

pariod 1851, a daughter, Fran<esea, was Larn only to dle Tn a

Anny Marx demribes thg herd times in e tether to 8 fri8nd Our

three chiz¢lran ley dawn by us and we all wept for the little en$el

whcce lfvld, lifelea body m in the next room Qur be oved

ohild’s death o<mirrs¢I st gh8 Time of tlw hardest prlvatTon, our

G8rmen friends bafng uncle to hdp ua just lhen Angu sh

my heart, I hurried to a Fremh emilpant who lived not far only

and u+ed to oome so see ua, end him te h¥Ip ue in our

terrible ‹ city He imrtuajateiy gavo me tuao pounds whh the

meet friendly sympathy That monay wm uced to pey for e

oo1'fIn In whid+ my chikl now rests in peece Sho had nO craJla

when die cane into the world end for e long time vans refused a

act st ng p ane

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AròD ÏMPURIT/ „

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TO PeasEzS f rSSES5IPNS , A c‹Au Mlr?SE • k\zhycLr’ @ have \ ji‹eT Ad0T›‹@

Private property he made us so stvpfd and one•eided whet ar{

objent is only out when we kava it — when i't exieQ for us aicapital, or when it is directly , eat8n, drink, worn,

In place of all theae phy8ioaT end mantal sartg8s ¥h8rB has thqj@

fore come the sheer alienation of c//1hase sands — tha ss 1@

/zev/»y The human baing hed to be reduced to thls absolute

paaarty in order tnct he ml@t ylald hic inner wealth to tha

lv order to at›oliih Cha rider of private property, Cha i&v of

eor»munm 1s completely xufficieoiaction to atiofsb eciual prn'ute property HiaterY wllf noma

and thle movemanr, which in theory' we elreadv know to be.§

eslf-transcendlng movement, wilf oonstltuta in •afue/ feet a

tN i/\S ”MfJ‹AfcgiPf3 OF I8•\• ’, yR@ STi1 SPERM MGE A Ft/ E R/ ‹'3oP»+R›

¥\flTH0‹zT RzAt• ¢o›trn¢r x/iY›‹ be ›/oei¢ih/di C›AO ttlFt¢›t HE is oMr/ ¢*sce&e›4a

WAS

Kd4L\III P0LITI¢J\L ECoŃ0

%ìNT-SIMON FOURIER

i= of brine

axe æc‹grí›e w

I-b na er danied vvh0t he ovvad to others—es in thia fatter toemeyar, dated Mamh 6, 1852:

•/\nd no M tO myself no credit i8 dua to me for dieooverine

¡›e ex fiiao:e of ¢Iecse+ in m¢<Iarn society, n•r yet the struggle

n them Long before a\e, bour$eoic hittoriara hadbribed the fiistoricaf deuefopment of thie class struggle and bour$eois economists the eoonorriic anatomy oflha ale what

I did that was nas m zo prow 1) that the exGzer/ce Ohh

¡s only bound up with peztfou/ar /i/smr/aa/ pJ\azw 7n rite

ifivalopnmnt a pzodvafiion; 2) thet 1ha elass struggle ue¢essarify

leeda to the d/marorsñio o/'tñe pra/sar/at 3) 3hat this dlmator- zfiip iaelf only constitutes the trernition tolha e0o/ir/ort oFe//

c/zsrec and to a rfestfeo society " E CPA

BxptotTIN& «UOP-I5R/ Asreuag‹z tylrv cx‹sr Mni›s

‹itiM Ex9rorrAtIo›/.•.

ñ/P*Wd6 /*f+O Ti'!O ¢\REPr ›lasT›« 6¥t/h

ONLYOUE A\M

y\TAI.ts¥t , Tit4T is) THE ^ioeYfiR \s ¢or›s'E¥‹Ueo itE'JEe T9 ewo'/ YuE

ONLY FOR "T'fte

”You will have sean fr‹xn my fetters lhet ee utuaf vvfjm t

rigH Tn chs shit mys¥ff and not marely hearlng about it jre›@

distance I show compHze indlffa+wire Aoyway que I v , fiouce is e hoeI:›ital an0 the eciéle Is so dlsruptlng thet it u all my attention , Thg atmowihere is very disturbed: my,

â O0uIdn’¥ Bad c8n‘T €@II the doctor, sung I heyg np miamMy on b‹•«d and eo‹stow, but it is stMl doubtful

- gg{ %D\Q •\•Q§ ‹Od•r i•V•V•y eqn n@agt

be‹>xies I had oot a penny a go and read the

IIIA tfie baW, mTTkman greengrQgar, g@ q{Q

butcher s bills How oan I dest with all {his Oeuiligfi filzhz 4@

than f nail dir ng thg I ight pr to deyc managed

@ Wz'arE TD <'rrow a u• ‹hillin4s e•d pen•s wh›nh ••eN «wluuly

0L /y,tp /$j „ ne0eceery it w• were To avoI<I glving ug the , ,”

+shi«h fhey belong, they •+ould »santJon dicta-nt st•rns of money vyhich they receive 1nxn their reeFwtlve bour$eofs for e particular period of lebour or for sha completion of a particular

pr'ntedzfieet In sgite +zfthe var/e¢yoftfte/rstater›tenz¥, rfzey

would e\I agree on ora point wa0es erelhe sum of m¢awy pald

by the nap\taIlct for a pan\cu}ar parIod of \•I>our at for a

mo may They *e// htm their lebour f•r money- But this is merelythe eppestsnce In Qty what tt*ay cell to the mitalist is their

/abourmi+far The ag ta)iet buyslh abour pawar fat a day week, e month, etc And after he he §ought it, he use it by hevlng the worlcets work lot the stigutalad Lima Foz tha mrna sum with which the cqsit•tkt he bought their haulgo, e neo rrtaNcs, he sau/d save bau9 I zn o pounds of suj r or a

definite wnount of any other commc lily The two mcrkt, +vfth whiefi la bought two gounds of cup, are theAdoe of the tuna

pouna+ of sugu' The t••o m«ks, wlth which ha bought twdve

ou up ' flour pa++e Uys Pn ofze+•f

Labou eowar thwsfore s e co+timoS

than Curr The 1om›er \s msmur¥d by t\+e clock, the lactar by

the scales

W°eweDxawmmymc mooiv¥

Let us and thet otsr worker— a meahTnlst—hes to make

of a mmhine vvh •n he can compsate in one nay Ine raw usaterlal—Iron and brass In the neoaaery previously PrePa Jorm

—ousts, usenty merkc The consumption of call by tfilg engine, the weer and tear of thia game angine, of the’ and

stern-other tools whlah our warmer ueas, raqrecent for one end

reckoned by his share of chair uce, e vaiua of one rtar welie for one dey aosonting to our exemption, is three ma This

mekeg tw8nty-Your m8rleg in 811 for our mains pen.' theitalist calculates that he wlll in, on an avara8e, twanty marks from his customers in return or thrae

more than his outley whenoe carry the three marks pocketed by the c sitaif•t7 Aacotdlng to the rttou of claedcal eoonomlsr, command

ere, on the average sold at their values Chef is, st prioes ponding to the amount of ne¢essery lebour contained in tIb§@

Tha average prlce of our meahlne paI merhz@

would thus be equal to its value, that is eoual to the labour

embodiml in it But of these tu/ernyaevon marks, mart‹s were values already present befare our machinist be$@

work T•wnty marks were cor›teined in the run rnateriett, •l@

mark in Ge coal eoncumed during the work, or In the menh§@

and tools which were uced in the prooeas and which veers

diminighecl in their eff?cieney to the value of this sum The@

remain six marks which have been added to the value of

material But seconding la thg ¢eeunnption of our eoonam lharncelves, lhesa slx maAs can only arias from tha kbour

e tbe r8+i materiet by ous viorkes S houcY

thus crested e new vetue of 9ix md Thg value of his t¥g€g@

hours° InI>our would, therefore, be equal to dx marks thereby we would at lact have discovered what sha 'Nslue

(EnliaR, hope-£abauraed

N›IAT PgtB2M\d ES Tus Pejcgpr.

/3DeEKRE lO0OR9T

pyouR THE BRIEF • •

, EVEM L€5S POCS 6uggtgS ¥ l\•\jE MjytE Fe0/n tMCR€AsE4

OP f'g CEO 5jMCR BE Rgc›rcPcRc enor ‹T-m o- ix›u eewse

I4C ‘ |7f'0d,MC£S

snubs To sueeuzs •'•rue,-rRu ex›sso‹su›c›c«W,

bfi fiE PECULJW Q1JRLsT}' NHICk MAKES tT THE $0U OFSRI /t2,

BE CAPiTALi5T Btf¥S

CrlH 2 KJUD OP

EVGM c55 PoE3 sker¢ IS ¥0\•U5 CUE FeU« dCeERsM

v*s blxp dA*nbmn

Real wapzs may ramaln tfia serie, thay rney evan rise, and yet

relative way fall Let us stipgom, for example, that all meera q§

eJbsistenoa heve gone down in prios by wvo-thirds while wzaes

par day have only fallen by one-zh rd whet s to aay for exenp gj

from thraa marks a two merks Althou the worI‹ar can

oorrvnand a greater emount of commodhlm wlth these two

merlcc yhan he previoc•sIy could whh three marks, yet his ,

have gone donm In relation to the pcofit of the capitalkt

profit of the itsliet (eg the manufacturer) has Imre ed by

on mark, that Is, for e smaller earn of exclengs values whi‹fls ftp

there of hour he rTsafi The bTvésion of did wealth betw¥eo*

cnsital end hour hqs be $tlTfi more unequal With the eazl

cepltal, the caphallst commends a greater quantity of labour.

Tara powar of the cq>ltatiet elaas over the working clasa free

Brown, tha social position of the «worker he deteriorated, hes

been dept o?ie ctaqa furU+er below lhat of the

¢gsitajist-yhe 3dertifecro was published as the platform of the Communist Keague, a wor k ingmen’s association, first exclusively Germsn, later on intgrnationaT, and, under the poTi ticgT condiz ions of the

c ontinent before t84B, unavoidably a secrgt societ-y At e

Congress of the League, held in London in November 1847,

Marx and Engels were commissioned to prepare for publication a come ete theorem ca 8nd prettiest perty program Drawn up Germgn, in January 1848, thg manuscript wgs sent to the printer

n London a few weeks before the French revo ut on of

February 24th A French translation was brought out in Paris,

shortly belore tfte insurrection of June 1848 The first English

irans at on by M w He en Mgcfar ene appeered n the Rad

p«publicen, London, 1850 A Danish end a Polish edition had

also been published The first Russian translation, made by

$akunjn was published at Herzen’s 'o/aha/ office in Geneva,about 1863

However much the state of things may havB altered during thelast 25 yeers, the general principles laid down in this Manifestoare, on ihe whole, as correct today as ever

lGngele, 1888 preface to the Commz nrsr /t4an/6sto/

-rAu/ y'Dw-F\cS RED KEEp IN TOUCH N\W TftE ”J\JST" 65^I IN OTHEQ C0LhtTpJ€S ,

higher scqp or dcve1onrt›ant of 6oniety th^^6

in‹ od, tł4e h8rmftllMonly W !l that ‹woluti- •> •

grbirily but lhat evarywhere and al ali limecixBut they eleo pemei•s that t89

5 Wń5, 6EMtEP PRE‘T }łRRP Tb QOtEST

męUIII hlrreelf by the hour or av tł›a day Esch in d iddual

ca+nrnunio'n b the rtcmtrlne of the prerequb

Aea+er: The prolebiriat is that cfa+s of society vzhoze mdi@

of livelih entirely dq>snd on the casa of frs labor end norm

she prof i dơ•'.ved trout w ta whđ,ee e+ea -d woe

and de•th, whcne whole exktence depend on the demN<I fqr

Ieb0c hence on the alternation of good time and bad, on

va$jsrie of unbridled corr6›etition The proletariat, or eg a{

pro{etariW, ie, in e word, Ge working eloa of the 10th e

Ouectlon 3: Ao/emzJơns, When /zaee aota/usjrr eciơ&ơ7 ono+er No, Poor folk a•d working < hav• elwsye

existed Tbc veerktng at- bwe a\eo foi the mostpszt t›een

poor eut •uch Poor, cuch workers u are Iiviog under co++ditiư@

indi-ted >ovs, hence proletarians, have not alwsyơ existed,

more lhen frae and unbridled competition I+a alweys existed(

Dues on 4 Hba ờfd đũe pro/eazơsr all /necsP

A-r: The lit origineted In the iWuetrialreuolution whieh taak ptace In Engłend durlna the sesond

tha 18th century and vvfiich Nas cepmted itơełf dnce lhen In {j

the cńrfltzed eountriw of the world Tł•is Inductrial rauolutio

taak plaue crerlng to 1he invention of 1he staem engIr›e, of

spinnlng mWi•ee of the p- loom and al a areat numbơe!@

other meshan I inatrornenu Thase machin•s were eẬneruiơư

and, eonsequendy coutd amy be instalłed by pereons wi+o Im

plenty of cagitnl to lay out Their introdwtfon completely

Stewed Thg existing method Of production and displaced the

axiơt g vurrkers th s *Yes due so tic iaot twist maeh

ptoduđe cheaper and battar commodltles than oould the henl@

crafzarien wlth #he?r imperfect 6ginning wh•oIs end hand Io•*@

(tools, her<I to‹xr*s sto.) endraly worthless Soon the ceg

got ơłI in ơheir fi#nụs and nothing Femalned Nr W wgrkerg

ąeve, boing tha dirmt proP*l of 8 m**ter *^ ’!^ ^’!

the interest of the slave owne Eanh n du8 r at8’ ^^ theprgperty łt yiepg of {he ơUhole bour0eo?r rụż W’ ’8 ’ is

cold amy when it is •‹•+aed bv th• ow•ine •*••• ’^ •• ••"h[ {ę Ęą Ą is marty gueranteed tO the orkin0' •t

whole Th6 4ISve is excluded ^ W )] Q ; the proletarian \s

projetarlanÒ reoognized m a person m a rr›er b*’ ’ !

condiGons •f I\fe than cenlhe ecoI8ta*1an but the Pr^I6t*+ ’

privgte owrgrship, only one tle rs@tiOn Of B*avecơ @ 88'8

art bơcwnas h rnse f a pro*t8^ the Rro *t8r an ^

,ą u++er: Th\s \s great\y tụ be ụ**i°ơd, a^ą e ^muni*** ”odl*

@ tgg [a8t pgzgoia in the World a stand in 1he w8Y •! 8 ! sołubon cotrmcnkts know only W wejl the *ut lity ^"a.

proletariet in neady 8T€ eiVTlized oountcfes }e yiol6nłly supP •

$ną that in thls vzay oppongnts of communiW 8^

jgme so promote a reuoIutIon• Shou! the •PF'

into e revụlut3on ơhẬ• •a oommunbta