Practice for reading toefl

bài đọc mẫu có đáp án Practice for reading SET 1: Questions 110 refer to the following passage. Awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1918, German physicist Max Planck is best remembered as the originator of the quantum theory. His work helped usher in a new era in theoretical physics and revolutionized the scientific communitys understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Planck introduced an idea that led to the quantum theory, which became the foundation of twentieth century physics. In December 1900, Planck worked out an equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequencies. He had developed a theory which depended on a model of matter that seemed very strange at the time. The model required the emission of electromagnetic radiation in small chunks or particles. These particles were later called quantums. The energy associated with each quantum is measured by multiplying the frequency of the radiation, v, by a universal constant, h. Thus, energy, or E, equals hv. The constant, h, is known as Plancks constant. It is now recognized as one of the fundamental constants of the world. Planck announced his findings in 1900, but is was years before the full consequences of his revolutionary quantum theory were recognized. Throughout his life, Planck made significant contributions to optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, and other fields. In 1930 he was elected president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, which was renamed the Max Planck Society after World War II. Though deeply opposed to the fascist regime of Adolf Hitler, Planck remained in Germany throughout the war. He died in Gottingen on October 4, 1947 1. In which of the following fields did Max Planck NOT make a significant contribution? (A) Optics (B) Thermodynamics (C) Statistical mechanics (D) Biology 2. The word revolutionary, as used in line 15, means (A) dangerous. (B) extremist. (C) momentous. (D) militarist. 3. It can be inferred from the passage that Plancks work led to the development of which of the following? (A) The rocket (B) The atomic bomb (C) The internal combustion engine (D) The computer 4. The particles of electromagnetic radiation given off by matter are known as (A) quantums. (B) atoms. (C) electrons. (D) valences. 5. The word universal, as used in line 12 most nearly means (A) planetary. (B) cosmic. (C) worldwide. (D) always present. 6. The implication in this passage is that (A) only a German physicist could discover such a theory. (B) quantum theory, which led to the development of twentiethth century physics, is basically a mathematical formula. (C) Plancks constant was not discernible before 1900. (D) radiation was hard to study. 7. An idea as used in line 5, refers to (A) a model of matter. (B) emission of electromagnetic radiation. (C) quantums. (D) the equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequencies. 8. The word emission as used in line 9 means (A) giving off. (B) holding on to. (C) throwing away. (D) taking back. 9. Plancks constant, expressed in a mathematical formula, is (A) e = vh (B) E = hv (C) e=hv (D) E = hv 10. What is known as Plancks constant? (A) v (B) h (C) e (D) E Questions 1120 refer to the following passage There has been much speculation about the origin of baseball. In 1907 a special commission decided that the modern game was invented by Abner Doubleday, a West Point cadet, at Cooperstown, N.Y., in 1839. One hundred years later the National Baseball Museum was opened at Cooperstown to honor Doubleday. Historians, however, disagree about the origin of baseball. Some say that baseball comes from batandball games of ancient times. It is a matter of record that in the 1700s English boys played a game they called baseball. Americans have played a kind of baseball since about 1800. At first the American game had different rules and different names in various parts of the country—town ball, rounders, or one old cat. Youngsters today still play some of these simplified forms of the game. Baseball did not receive a standard set of rules until 1845, when Alexander Cartwright organized the Knickerbocker Baseball Club of New York City. The rules Cartwright set up for his nineplayer team were widely adopted by other clubs and formed the basis of modern baseball. The game was played on a diamond infield with the bases 90 feet apart. The first team to score 21 runs was declared the winner. By 1858 the National Association of Base Ball Players was formed with 25 amateur teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings began to pay players in 1869. 11. Which of the following is true about the origins of baseball? (A) Historians agree that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday. (B) Baseball, as played in the early nineteenth century, differed very little from todays game. (C) As early as the 1700s, English boys played a came called baseball. (D) The first standard set of baseball rules was established at the turn of the century. 12. What was the first professional baseball team? (A) New York Knickerbockers (B) Milwaukee Braves (C) Cincinnati Red Stockings (D) Brooklyn Dodgers 13. Who first gave baseball a standard set of rules? (A) Abner Doubleday (B) Alexander Cartwright (C) Albert Spalding (D) Babe Ruth 14. Which of the following was not a predecessor of baseball? (A) Rounders (B) Town ball (C) Cricket (D) One old cat 15. In what year was the National Baseball Museum opened? (A) 1939 (B) 1907 (C) 1839 (D) 1845 16. The word adopted in line 12 means (A) established. (B) accepted. (C) rejected. (D) abolished. 17. The word standard in line 10 means (A) normal. (B) disputed. (C) conclusive. (D) official. 18. According to the passage, where is the National Baseball Museum located? (A) Cooperstown (B) New York City (C) Cincinnati (D) West Point 19. The tone of the passage is (A) persuasive. (B) informative. (C) biased. (D) argumentative. 20. The passage implies that until 1869, baseball was played for all of the following reasons EXCEPT (A) exercise. (B) leisure. (C) profit. (D) socializing. Questions 2130 refer to the following passage. The blue of the sea is caused by the scattering of sunlight by tiny particles suspended in the water. Blue light, being of short wavelength, is scattered more efficiently than light of longer wavelengths. Although waters of the open ocean are commonly some shade of blue, especially in tropical or subtropical regions, green water is commonly seen near coasts. This is caused by yellow pigments being mixed with blue water. Phytoplankton are one source of the yellow pigment. Other microscopic plants may color the water brown or brownishred. Near the shore silt or sediment in suspension can give waters a brownish hue; outflow of large rivers can often be observed many miles offshore by the coloration of suspended soil particles. Marine phytoplankton (Greek for plant wanderers) are microscopic singlecelled plants that include diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, green algae, and bluegreen algae, among others. The growth of these organisms, which photosynthesize light, depends on a delicate balance between nutrient enrichment by vertical mixing, often limited by the availability of nitrogen and light. Diatoms are onecelled plants with patterned glass coverings. Each glass, or silicon dioxide box, is ornamented with speciesspecific designs, pits, and perforations making them popular with microscopists and, more recently, scanning electron microscopists. Some of the thousands of kinds of phytoplankton swim feebly by lashing a whiplike thread appendage called a flagellum. The dinoflagellates are known for their biolumines cence, or phosphorescence, a cold light similar to that of fireflies. 21. The growth of phytoplankton is often limited by the availability of (A) oxygen. (B) hydrogen. (C) nitrogen. (D) carbon dioxide. 22. Which of the following is not a type of phytoplankton? (A) Green algae (B) Diatoms (C) Bluegreen algae (D) Amoeba 23. Many phytoplankton use an appendage called a flagellum for (A) reproduction. (B) propulsion. (C) digestion. (D) respiration. 24. What color pigment is phytoplankton a source of? (A) Red (B) Green (C) Yellow (D) Blue 25. What can give waters a brownish hue near the shore? (A) Sediment (B) Phytoplankton (C) Blue pigment (D) Diatoms 26. All ocean water is the same shade of blue (A) in all places. (B) at all times. (C) hardly ever. (D) because all light waves are the same length. 27. Blue light is (A) a short wavelength. (B) a long wavelength. (C) about equal to all other wavelengths. (D) not scatterable. 28. Green water near coastlines is almost always caused by (A) sand color. (B) red pigments in coastal waters. (C) blue pigment. (D) reflected light and yellow pigment from plant life. 29. Phytoplankton are (A) short light rays. (B) suspended soil particles. (C) microscopic floating plants. (D) long light rays. 30. The main idea of this passage is (A) light causes sea color. (B) sea coloration is varied because of a combination of length of light waves and microscopic plant life and silt. (C) microscopic plant life causes sea color. (D) water composition causes sea color. Questions 3140 refer to the following passage. Biomass is organic material such as trees, crops, manure, seaweed, and algae. Biomass captures and stores energy though a process called photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide from the air enters the leaf through the stomata. Water travels to the leaf cells from the soil through the xylem in the roots and stems. The captured light energy is then used to break down the water into oxygen molecules and hydrogen atoms and to join these hydrogen atoms to the carbon dioxide molecules to make sugar molecules. Six molecules of oxygen are produced as a waste product and are released into the air through the stomata. This energy can be released from any form of biomass through conversion processes to produce a variety of useful energy forms—gas, steam, hydrogen, charcoal, methane, and synthetic oils with byproducts for food, fertilizers, and chemicals as a bonus. These energy forms in turn can be used to produce electricity, heat, and transportation fuels, reducing the use of conventional nonrenewable energy sources. 31. Which of the following is NOT an energy form produced by the conversion of biomass? (A) Methane (B) Steam (C) Oxygen (D) Synthetic oils 32. What is the name of the specialized structures in green plants that carries out photosynthesis? (A) Enzymes (B) Chlorophyll (C) Stomata (D) Chloroplasts 33. Which of the following is NOT an essential ingredient for photosynthesis to occur? (A) Sunlight (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Oxygen (D) Water 34. In line 11, synthetic most nearly means (A) artificial. (B) natural. (C) useful. (D) organic. 35. How many molecules of oxygen are produced by photosynthesis (A) Four (B) Eight (C) Six (D) Two 36. The main idea of this passage is that biomass (A) is inorganic material. (B) uses energy (C) is the beginning of many natural energy forms that conserve use of conventional energy sources. (D) uses photosynthesis to transport fuels 37. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as organic material? (A) Metal (B) Crops (C) Manure (D) Algae 38. In this passage photosynthesis is the

Practice for reading SET 1:

Questions 1-10 refer to the following passage.

Awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1918, German physicist Max Planck is bestremembered as the originator of the quantum theory His work helped usher in a new era intheoretical physics and revolutionized the scientific community's understanding of atomicand subatomic processes

Planck introduced an idea that led to the quantum theory, which became thefoundation of twentieth century physics In December 1900, Planck worked out an equationthat described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to highfrequencies He had developed a theory which depended on a model of matter that seemedvery strange at the time The model required the emission of electromagnetic radiation insmall chunks or particles These particles were later called quantums The energy associatedwith each quantum is measured by multiplying the frequency of the radiation, v, by auniversal constant, h Thus, energy, or E, equals hv The constant, h, is known as Planck'sconstant It is now recognized as one of the fundamental constants of the world Planckannounced his findings in 1900, but is was years before the full consequences of hisrevolutionary quantum theory were recognized Throughout his life, Planck made significantcontributions to optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, andother fields In 1930 he was elected president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, which wasrenamed the Max Planck Society after World War II Though deeply opposed to the fascistregime of Adolf Hitler, Planck remained in Germany throughout the war He died inGottingen on October 4, 1947

1 In which of the following fields did Max Planck NOT make a significant contribution?(A) Optics

(A) The rocket

(B) The atomic bomb

(C) The internal combustion engine

6 The implication in this passage is that

(A) only a German physicist could discover such a theory

(B) quantum theory, which led to the development of twentiethth century physics, isbasically a mathematical formula

(C) Planck's constant was not discernible before 1900

(D) radiation was hard to study

7 "An idea" as used in line 5, refers to

(A) a model of matter.

(B) emission of electromagnetic radiation

(C) quantums

(D) the equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low

to high frequencies

8 The word "emission" as used in line 9 means

(A) giving off

Questions 11-20 refer to the following passage

There has been much speculation about the origin of baseball In 1907 a special commissiondecided that the modern game was invented by Abner Doubleday, a West Point cadet, atCooperstown, N.Y., in 1839 One hundred years later the National Baseball Museum wasopened at Cooperstown to honor Doubleday Historians, however, disagree about the origin

of baseball Some say that baseball comes from bat-and-ball games of ancient times It is a

matter of record that in the 1700s English boys played a game they called baseball.Americans have played a kind of baseball since about 1800 At first the American game haddifferent rules and different names in various parts of the country—town ball, rounders, orone old cat Youngsters today still play some of these simplified forms of the game Baseballdid not receive a standard set of rules until 1845, when Alexander Cartwright organized theKnickerbocker Baseball Club of New York City The rules Cartwright set up for his nine-player team were widely adopted by other clubs and formed the basis of modern baseball.The game was played on a "diamond" infield with the bases 90 feet apart The first team toscore 21 runs was declared the winner By 1858 the National Association of Base BallPlayers was formed with 25 amateur teams The Cincinnati Red Stockings began to payplayers in 1869.

11 Which of the following is true about the origins of baseball?

(A) Historians agree that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday

(B) Baseball, as played in the early nineteenth century, differed very little from today'sgame

(C) As early as the 1700s, English boys played a came called "baseball."

(D) The first standard set of baseball rules was established at the turn of the century

12 What was the first professional baseball team?

(A) New York Knickerbockers

(B) Milwaukee Braves

(C) Cincinnati Red Stockings

(D) Brooklyn Dodgers

13 Who first gave baseball a standard set of rules?

(A) Abner Doubleday

(A) Rounders

(B) Town ball

(C) Cricket

(D) One old cat

15 In what year was the National Baseball Museum opened?

Questions 21-30 refer to the following passage.

The blue of the sea is caused by the scattering of sunlight by tiny particles suspended

in the water Blue light, being of short wavelength, is scattered more efficiently than light oflonger wavelengths Although waters of the open ocean are commonly some shade of blue,especially in tropical or subtropical regions, green water is commonly seen near coasts This

is caused by yellow pigments being mixed with blue water Phytoplankton are one source ofthe yellow pigment Other microscopic plants may color the water brown or brownish-red.Near the shore silt or sediment in suspension can give waters a brownish hue; outflow oflarge rivers can often be observed many miles offshore by the coloration of suspended soilparticles Marine phytoplankton (Greek for "plant wanderers") are microscopic single-celledplants that include diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, green algae, and blue-greenalgae, among others The growth of these organisms, which photosynthesize light, depends

on a delicate balance between nutrient enrichment by vertical mixing, often limited by theavailability of nitrogen and light Diatoms are one-celled plants with patterned glasscoverings Each glass, or silicon dioxide box, is ornamented with species-specific designs,pits, and perforations making them popular with microscopists and, more recently, scanningelectron microscopists Some of the thousands of kinds of phytoplankton swim feebly bylashing a whiplike thread appendage called a flagellum The dinoflagellates are known fortheir biolumines- cence, or phosphorescence, a "cold light" similar to that of fireflies

21 The growth of phytoplankton is often limited by the availability of(A) oxygen.

(B) hydrogen

(C) nitrogen

(D) carbon dioxide

22 Which of the following is not a type of phytoplankton?

(A) Green algae

26 All ocean water is the same shade of blue

(A) in all places

28 Green water near coastlines is almost always caused by

(A) sand color

(B) red pigments in coastal waters

(C) blue pigment

(D) reflected light and yellow pigment from plant life

29 Phytoplankton are

(A) short light rays

(B) suspended soil particles

(C) microscopic floating plants

(D) long light rays

30 The main idea of this passage is

(A) light causes sea color

(B) sea coloration is varied because of a combination of length of light waves andmicroscopic plant life and silt

(C) microscopic plant life causes sea color

(D) water composition causes sea color.

Questions 31-40 refer to the following passage.

Biomass is organic material such as trees, crops, manure, seaweed, and algae.Biomass captures and stores energy though a process called photosynthesis Carbon dioxidefrom the air enters the leaf through the stomata Water travels to the leaf cells from the soilthrough the xylem in the roots and stems The captured light energy is then used to breakdown the water into oxygen molecules and hydrogen atoms and to join these hydrogenatoms to the carbon dioxide molecules to make sugar molecules Six molecules of oxygenare produced as a waste product and are released into the air through the stomata Thisenergy can be released from any form of biomass through conversion processes to produce avariety of useful energy forms—gas, steam, hydrogen, charcoal, methane, and synthetic oilswith by-products for food, fertilizers, and chemicals as a bonus These energy forms in turncan be used to produce electricity, heat, and transportation fuels, reducing the use ofconventional nonrenewable energy sources

31 Which of the following is NOT an energy form produced by the conversion of biomass?(A) Methane

36 The main idea of this passage is that biomass

(A) is inorganic material

(B) uses energy

(C) is the beginning of many natural energy forms that conserve use of conventional energysources

(D) uses photosynthesis to transport fuels

37 Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as organic material?

(A) process needed to create algae.

(B) reason nonrenewable energy sources can be saved

(C) method of producing electricity

(D) process biomass uses to capture and store energy

39 The conversion process is considered whot part of the biomass continuum?

(A) Beginning point

Questions 41 to 50 refer to the following passage:

The United States government publishes guidelines for appropriate nutrient intakesThese are known as the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and are updatedregularly based on new research in the science of nutrition RDAs are suggested amounts ofcalories, protein, and some minerals and vitamins for an adequate diet For other dietarysubstances, specific goals must await further research However, for the U.S population as awhole, increasing starch and fiber in our diets and reducing calories (primarily from fats,sugar, and alcohol) is sensible These suggestions are especially appropriate for people whohave other factors for chronic diseases such as family history of obesity, premature heartdisease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol, or for those who usetobacco Snacks can furnish about one-fourth of the calorie requirements among teenagersThose snacks should also furnish much of the day's allowances for protein, minerals, and

vitamins Sandwiches, fruit, and milk make good snacks for active teenagers Food from thefood pyramid may be part of any meal A grilled cheese sandwich or a bowl of whole-graincereal is just as nutritious in the morning as it is at noon In addition, a good breakfastconsists of any foods that supply about one-fourth of the necessary nutrients for the day

41 The passage directly states that most of the U.S population should increase their intakeof

(D) Less than one-fourth

43 The passage implies which of the following?

(A) The time of day when food is consumed affects its nutritive value

(B) Different foods can be combined to increase total nutrition value

(C) It can be detrimental to your health to eat breakfast foods later in the day

(D) When food is eaten has no bearing on its nutritive effects

44 In line 4, "adequate" most nearly means

(A) superior

(B) sufficient

(C) long-lasting

(D) adult

45 Why are RDAs regularly updated?

(A) New discoveries in the science of nutrition are constantly being made.(B) American's diets are constantly changing

(C) As people age, their nutritional needs change

(D) Very little is currently known about nutrition

46 In this passage RDAs refers to

(A) types of vitamins

(B) types of protein

(C) types of minerals

(D) amounts of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals

47 One implication in this passage is that

(A) all RDAs have been established

(B) not all RDAs have been established yet

(C) it's not important to know RDAs

(D) RDAs are necessary only for sick people

48 Most of the U.S population would do well to include in their diets more(A) alcohol

(B) sugars

(C) fats

(D) starch and fiber

49 "Chronic" as used in line 8 means

(A) continuing

(B) intermittent

(C) acute

(D) curable

50 The reduction of calories in the diet is particularlary good for people who suffer from(A) obesity.

(B) premature heart disease and diabetes

(C) high blood pressure and cholesterol levels

(D) All of the above

Questions 51-60 refer to the following passage.

Once flourishing in grassy marshlands and bogs, the whooping crime almost peared as people's croplands and cities altered its natural habitat In the late 1940s, only oneflock of fewer than 20 whooping cranes was left in the world No one knew where thewhooper went to lay its eggs but after a long search, scientists found the whooping crane'snesting grounds incanada's remote Wood Buffalo Park in 1954 It was a crucial discovery,enabling biologists to begin a comprehensive program to save the great white birds.Strenuous efforts are made by Canada and the United States to protect this magnificent bird.The education of the hunter along with its flyway is important The cranes are impressive inflight—great white birds with a seven-foot (2-meter) spread between their black wing tips.There are other large white birds with black wing tips, however—the white pelican, woodibis, and snow goose And the young birds, mottled with rusty brown, could be mistaken forthe more common sandhill cranes The federal authorities, therefore, are urging hunters toadopt the slogan "Don't Shoot Any Large White Bird."

disap-51 The whooping crane almost disappeared because of

(A) disease

(B) alteration of its habitat

(C) overeating

(D) change in climate

52 The whooping crane is similar in appearance to

(A) the while pelican

(B) the wood ibis.

(C) the snow goose

(D) All of the above

53 The whooping crane nests in

(A) Yosemite National Park

(B) the Gulf coast of Florida

(C) Wood Buffalo Park

(D) Mexico

54 The young whooping crane could be mistaken for

(A) a sandhill crane

(B) Whooping cranes are overabundant

(C) Whooping cranes should be protected

(D) Whooping cranes should be hunted

56 The implication here was that at one time the whooping crane was almost

(A) extinct

(B) nesting

(C) overabundant

(D) wiped out by disease

57 The main idea in this passage is that whooping cranes

(A) are extinct

(B) nest in Canada.

(C) would not have been saved if their nesting grounds had not been found

(D) are egg laying

58 The word "altered" in this passage refers to

(A) left unchanged

(B) changed by encroaching civilizations

(C) fixed

(D) moved

59 The word "crucial" in line 6 means

(A) of little consequence

(B) mildly important

(C) least important

(D) most important

60 "Remote" in line 5 means

(A) on the edge of the wilderness

A/C

35-C 36-C 37-A 38-D 39-B 40-A

41-C 42-C 43-D 44-B 45-A 46-D 47-B 48-D 49-A 50-D 51-B 52-D 53-C 54-A 55-C 56-A 57-C 58-B 59-D 60-D

SET 2:

Questions 1-10 refer to the following passage.

During the past three years, the staff members of the Smithsonian Institution's Family Folklore Project have interviewed hundreds of persons about their family folklore To prepare for these interviews we drew upon our academic backgrounds in folklore and American studies, and upon our personal backgrounds as members of families In addition, we reviewed the major instruction guides in genealogy, oral history, family history, and folklore fieldwork Although these publications were all helpful in some way, no single book was completely adequate since family folklore combines-aspects of all the above disciplines Over time we have developed guidelines and questions that have proven successful for us; we hope that the following suggestions will be helpful to anyone who wishes to collect the folklore of his or her own family.

1 In line 6, "publications" most nearly means

3 What would be the topic of the paragraph that would follow this one?

(A) How to gather family folklore

(B) History of the Smithsonian Institution

(C) A description of genealogy

(D) Useful books on family folklore

4 What can be inferred about the researchers who conducted the interviews?

(A) They were mathematicians and physicists.

(B) They were historians and sociologists.

(C) They had children.

(D) They wrote books.

5 The purpose of this passage is to

(A) motivate.

(B) berate.

(C) instruct.

(D) cajole.

6 The assumption of this passage is that

(A) anyone can successfully interview people about their family folklore with out prior training.

(B) American history is inherent in the family folklore of Americans.

(C) American history and folklore of Americans have no connections.

(D) no guidelines are needed in the interviews.

7 According to the passage, which kind of instructional guide was NOT consulted as

(A) life experience.

(B) college/university study.

(C) fieldwork.

(D) travel.

9 One definition of family folklore represents it as

(A) not historical in nature.

(B) not traditional in nature.

(C) not academic in nature.

(D) interdisciplinary in nature.

10 The final decision of the Smithsonian Institution's Family Folklore Project was to (A) use only a fieldwork guide to proceed with their work.

(B) trust only already published guides on how to proceed.

(C) use only historical accounts on how to collect family folklore.

(D) write their own guidelines on how to collect family folklore.

Questions 11-20 refer to the following passage

The most popular organic gem is the pearl A pearl is the response of a marine mollusk to the presence of an irritating impurity accidentally introduced into its body;

a cultured pearl is the result of the intentional insertion of a mother-of-pearl bead into

a live mollusk Whether introduced accidentally or intentionally, the pearl-making process is the same: the mollusk coats the irritant with a substance called nacre Nacre

is composed chiefly of calcium carbonate Because very few natural pearls are now on the market, most pearls used in fine jewelry are cultured These include "Biwa" pearls and most other freshwater pearls Cultured pearls are not easily distinguished from natural pearls except by an expert.

11 Which of the following people could tell the difference between a cultured pearl and an organic pearl?

(A) Scuba diver

18 Nacre is a substance that is

(A) mechanically manufactured.

(B) the result of laboratory testing.

(C) organically secreted by the mollusk.

(D) present in the chemical composition of freshwater pounds.

19 The main idea in this passage is that

(A) most marketable pearls are cultured because nature does not produse enough of its own to satisfy the market.

(B) cultured pearls are of a higher quality than natural pearls.

(C) there are two major methods of pearl-making.

(D) a natural "drought" of pearl production is taking place.

20 A mollusk, while not defined in this passage, must be

(A) any animal.

(B) a land animal.

(C) the water organism which produces the pearl

(D) all the above

Questions 21-30 refer to the following passage.

From the dawn of civilization, the gaze of humanity has been drawn to the stars The stars have been relied upon to direct travelers, to make agricultural predictions, to win wars,

and to awaken love in the hearts of men and women.

Ancient stargazers pondering the nighttime sky saw definite star patterns emerge The names for many of these star patterns retain the names given to them by the Greeks which

were most often derived from mythology The Greeks only knew 48 star pattersn Today's

astronomers have charted 88 of these patterns, or constellations, which may be viewed from

different parts of the world at different times of the year.

21 Stars have been relied upon for all of the following EXCEPT

(A) as directional aids.

(B) for crop predictions.

(C) as medical cures.

(D) as war omens.

22 In line 5, "retain" most nearly means

(A) keep.

25 Which of the following might share a name with a constellation.?

(A) A U.S president

(B) A country in the Middle East

(C) An ancient Greek hero

(D) A farmer

26 The passage states that

(A) man never depends on the stars.

(B) stars are only for beautifying our skies.

(C) man has depended on stars at times.

(D) moons are the same as stars.

27 The author states that

(A) only adults are intrigued with the stars and constellations

(B) stars have scientific significance only.

(C) only children are intrigued with the stars and constellations.

(D) people have been intrigued with the stars and constellations since ancient times.

28 "Predictions" in this passge refer to

(A) crop fertility.