[...]... resources and time to afford concluding contracts Quasi-organic communities: these communities, while under the transaction regime, develop norms and behaviors corresponding to those of communities as they have been defined by Tonnies This is specifically the case for the Linux ¨ community in the IT area, but also for other communities of knowledge exchange This may also apply to local communities such as... performance is addressed, including the definition of ad hoc metrics for performance measurement Chapter 4, by Jean-Eric Aubert, presents a global perspective for knowledge and introduces how the World Bank knowledge database can be applied Chapter 7, by Ahmed Bounfour, presents a methodological framework for benchmarking national innovation systems in Europe and brings to the fore the unique performance... used ´ here Finally, Chapter 20, by Ahmed Bounfour, concludes this volume and provides insight for a research and policy agenda We hope we can arouse enthusiasm among readers for this still-emerging topic Part One: Modeling and Contextualizing Intellectual Capital for Communities Modeling Intangibles: Transaction Regimes Versus Community Regimes Ahmed Bounfour,... intelligence flows within and between knowledge capital clusters; cultivate efficiency and renewal of the knowledge capital of regions; and capitalize on knowledge capital by new innovative social systems, in terms of the collective wealth of nations The development of powerful intangible resources is an essential issue for companies; it is also critical for public organizations, and not only because... or villages Organic communities: these communities are yet to be developed In the organic communities, there is full confusion between the individual and the group Figure 2 Typology of community regimes Constrained Communities (Neo) Communities Regimes A certain congruence between the dimension of “I” and the dimension of “We” (e.g., networks of knowledge workers) Quasi-Organic Communities A full congruence... regime scenario (organic communities regime): If this scenario occurs, it may indicate an end of capitalism as a form of socioeconomic organization It is important to consider this prospective dimension for reporting and managing intangibles The subject is not as neutral as it might be considered at first glance The (dialectical) relationship between ‘‘human capital ’ and ‘‘structural capital ’ can be considered... (1997) Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding its Hidden Brainpower New York: Harper Business Foray, D (1990) L’economie de la connaissance Paris: La decouverte ´ ´ Granovetter M (1973) The strengths of weak ties American Journal of Sociology 78, 6, pp 1630–1380 Grant, R M (1991) The Resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation California... arguments toward the integration of knowledge and technology for the understanding of growth dynamics These theories provided arguments towards considering research and development (R&D), education, and training as key factors for economic growth In 1996, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), for instance, put forward these arguments, along three distinct dimensions: (1)... basic Lucas, 1988; Grossman source of growth Knowledge and Helpman, includes several items: human 1991; Barro and capital, organizational capital, Sala-i-Martin, 1995 pieces of physical capital, and technical change Human capital is considered a strong complement to investment in physical capital Individuals are considered as investors, especially in education in a long-term perspective Human factors... presents the issue of community as a new perspective for understanding value creation and social link building The second chapter, by Leif Edvinsson, presents an overview of the issue of ‘ intellectual capital in waiting’’ at national, regional, and city levels, and raises the question of defining a new leadership for obtaining the best social value from such a capital xiii Introduction . and CITIES Intellectual Capital for Communities BOUNFOUR EDVINSSON Advance Praise for Intellectual Capital for Communities: Nations, Regions, and Cities ‘ Intellectual capital has become the key. Professorship of Intellectual Capital, University of Lund, Sweden. Business/ Management Intellectual Capital for Communities Edited by AHMED BOUNFOUR • LEIF EDVINSSON NATIONS, REGIONS, and CITIES Intellectual. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development In Intellectual Capital for Communities, Editors Ahmed Bounfour and Leif Edvinsson have brought together the best minds in intellectual capital