Operational characteristics of switchgear and controlgear
Terms and definitions relative to pressure (or density)
The filling pressure and density for insulation and switching are defined under standard atmospheric conditions of 20 °C and 101.3 kPa These parameters can be expressed in both relative and absolute terms, and they refer to the conditions of the assembly before it is put into service or during automatic replenishment.
3.6.5.2 filling pressure prm for operation filling density ρ rm for operation pressure (in Pa), for operation, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 1 01 ,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, to which the energy storage device is filled before being put into service or automatically replenished
3.6.5.3 alarm pressure pae for insulation and/or switching alarm density ρ ae for insulation and/or switching pressure (in Pa), for insulation and/or for switching, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 1 01 ,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which a monitoring signal may be provided
3.6.5.4 alarm pressure pam for operation alarm density ρ am for operation pressure (in Pa), for operation, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 1 01 ,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which a monitoring signal from the energy storage device may be provided
3.6.5.5 minimum functional pressure pme for insulation and/or switching minimum functional density ρ me for insulation and/or switching pressure (in Pa), for insulation and/or for switching, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 1 01 ,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which and above which rated characteristics of switchgear and controlgear are maintained
3.6.5.6 minimum functional pressure pmm for operation minimum functional density ρ mm for operation pressure (in Pa), for operation, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 1 01 ,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which and above which rated characteristics of switchgear and controlgear are maintained and at which a replenishment of the energy storage device becomes necessary
Note 1 to entry: This pressure is often designated as interlocking or lockout pressure.
Terms and definitions relating to gas and vacuum tightness
controlled pressure system for gas volume which is automatically replenished from an external compressed gas supply or internal gas source
Note 1 to entry: Examples of controlled pressure systems are air-blast circuit-breakers or pneumatic drive mechanisms
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Note 2 to entry: A volume may consist of several permanently connected gas-filled compartments
3.6.6.2 closed pressure system for gas volume which is replenished when needed by manual connection to an external gas source
Note 1 to entry: Example of closed pressure systems are SF 6 single-pressure circuit-breakers
3.6.6.3 sealed pressure system volume for which no further liquid, gas or vacuum processing is required during its expected operating duration
Note 1 to entry: Examples of sealed pressure systems are vacuum interrupters or some SF 6 circuit-breakers Note 2 to entry: Sealed pressure systems are completely assembled and tested in the factory
Note 3 to entry: Expected operating duration starts when the device is sealed
Famount of gas escaped by time unit
Note 1 to entry: The absolute leakage rate is usually expressed in Pa × m 3 x s -1
The maximum allowable absolute leakage rate of gas is defined for a specific part, component, or sub-assembly This can also be determined using the tightness coordination chart for a configuration of interconnected parts, components, or subassemblies within a single pressure system.
Frelabsolute leakage rate related to the total amount of gas in the system at filling pressure (or density)
Note 1 to entry: The relative leakage rate is expressed in percentage per year or per day
3.6.6.7 time between replenishments trtime elapsed between two replenishments performed manually when the pressure (density) reaches the alarm level, to compensate the leakage rate F
Note 1 to entry: This value is applicable to closed pressure systems
3.6.6.8 number of replenishments per day
N number of replenishments to compensate the leakage rate F
Note 1 to entry: This value is applicable to controlled pressure systems
∆p drop of pressure in a given time caused by the leakage rate F, without replenishment
The tightness coordination chart is a survey document provided by the manufacturer, utilized during the testing of parts, components, or sub-assemblies It illustrates the correlation between the tightness of the entire system and that of its individual parts, components, and sub-assemblies.
3.6.6.1 1 sniffing action of slowly moving a leak meter sensing probe around an assembly to locate a gas leak
3.6.6.1 2 cumulative leakage measurement measurement which takes into account all the leaks from a given assembly to determine the leakage rate
Terms and definitions relating to liquid tightness
Fliqamount of liquid escaped by time unit
Note 1 to entry: The absolute leakage rate is usually expressed in cm 3 × s -1
Fp(liq) maximum permissible leakage rate specified by the manufacturer for a liquid pressure system
3.6.7.3 number of replenishments per day
Nliqnumber of replenishments to compensate the leakage rate Fliq
∆ pliq drop in pressure in a given time caused by the leakage rate Fliq without replenishment
Characteristic quantities
isolating distance (of a pole of a mechanical switching device) clearance between open contacts meeting the withstand voltage requirements specified for disconnectors
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441 :2000, 441 -1 7-35, modified – "safety" replaced by "withstand voltage".]
3.7.2 rated value value of a quantity used for specification purposes, established for a specified set of operating conditions of a component, device, equipment or system
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The maximum phase-to-phase RMS voltage for which the equipment is designed is determined by its insulation and other relevant characteristics outlined in the applicable equipment standards.
Note 1 to entry: Under normal service conditions specified by the relevant apparatus committee this voltage can be applied continuously to the equipment
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-61 4: 201 6, 61 4-03-01 , modified – The note to entry was added]
The supply voltage for auxiliary and control circuits refers to the RMS value or, when relevant, the DC value of the voltage present at a specific point in the supply system, measured over a defined time interval.
Note 1 to entry: If a supply voltage is specified for instance in the supply contract, then it is called “declared supply voltage”
The supply voltage for auxiliary and control circuits is measured at the apparatus terminals during operation This measurement includes any necessary auxiliary resistors or accessories specified by the manufacturer for series installation, but excludes the conductors connecting to the electricity supply.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-61 4: 201 6, 61 4-01 -03, modified – add Note 2 to entry.]
Index of definitions
The absolute leakage rate is detailed in sections 3.6.6.4 and 3.6.7.1 Actuator specifications can be found in section 3.5.1 Alarm pressure or density settings for insulation and switching are outlined in section 3.6.5.3, while those for operation are in section 3.6.5.4 Ambient air temperature is discussed in section 3.1.1 Auxiliary and control circuits are covered in section 3.5.24, with additional information on auxiliary circuits in section 3.5.4, auxiliary contacts in section 3.5.5, and auxiliary switches in section 3.5.7 Lastly, busbar details are provided in section 3.3.2.
Closed pressure system for gas 3.6.6.2 Coil 3.5.23 Connection (bolted or the equivalent) 3.5.1 0 Contact 3.5.3 Control circuit 3.5.5 Control contact 3.5.9 Control switch 3.5.7 Controlled pressure system for gas 3.6.6.1 Cumulative leakage measurement 3.6.6.1 2
Defect 3.1 1 4 Degree of protection 3.1 3 Dependent power operation (of a mechanical switching device) 3.6.1 Diagnostic test 3.1 9
Failure 3.1 1 1 Filling pressure (or density) for insulation and/or switching 3.6.5.1 Filling pressure (or density) for operation 3.6.5.2
Hazardous part 3.5.2 Highest voltage for equipment 3.7.3
IK code … … … 3.1 6 Independent unlatched operation 3.6.3 Interchangeable subassembly (of auxiliary and control circuits) 3.5.26 Interlocking device … … … … … … … 3.5.27 Internal insulation 3.1 1 9
IP Code 3.1 4 Isolating distance of a pole 3.7.1
Effective maintenance is crucial for ensuring the reliability of switchgear and controlgear, which can experience both major and minor failures Major failures, as outlined in section 3.1.1.2, can significantly impact performance, while minor failures, detailed in section 3.1.1.3, may require less immediate attention The functionality of mechanical contactors and switches, referenced in sections 3.5.1.9 and 3.4.1 respectively, is essential for operational efficiency Additionally, maintaining the minimum functional pressure or density for insulation and switching, as specified in section 3.6.5.5, along with operational requirements in section 3.6.5.6, is vital for optimal performance Continuous monitoring, discussed in section 3.1.1.6, and the use of monitoring devices, mentioned in section 3.5.1.2, play a key role in preemptively identifying issues and ensuring the longevity of equipment.
Non-sustained disruptive discharge 3.1 20 Number of replenishments per day 3.6.6.8 and 3.6.7.3 Operation counter 3.5.22 Overhaul 3.1 1 0
Partition (of an assembly) 3.5.1 4 Permissible leakage rate 3.6.6.5 and 3.6.7.2 Pilot switch 3.5.1 3 Position indicating device 3.5.1 1 Positively driven operation 3.6.4 Pressure drop 3.6.6.9 and 3.6.7.4 Protection provided by an enclosure against access to hazardous parts 3.1 5
R Rated value 3.7.2 Relative leakage rate 3.6.6.6
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The sealed pressure system is classified under section 3.6.6.3, while the site pollution severity class is detailed in section 3.1.1.8 Sniffing techniques are discussed in section 3.6.6.1 The splice process is outlined in section 3.5.1.6, and the starter is referenced in section 3.5.20 Stored energy operation for mechanical switching devices is covered in section 3.6.2 Additionally, the subassembly of auxiliary and control circuits is found in section 3.5.25, with supervision guidelines in section 3.1.1.7 The supply voltage for auxiliary and control circuits is specified in section 3.7.4, and switchgear and controlgear information is located in section 3.1.1.
Terminal 3.5.1 7 Terminal block 3.5.1 8 Test object 3.2.1 Tightness coordination chart 3.6.6.1 0 Time between replenishments 3.6.6.7 Transport unit 3.3.1 Vacuum interrupter … … … 3.5.21 Visual inspection 3.1 8
4 Normal and special service conditions
Normal service conditions
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear, along with their operating devices and auxiliary equipment, are designed to operate according to their specified rated characteristics and the normal service conditions outlined in section 4.1.
Operation under normal service conditions is considered to be covered by the type tests according to this document and relevant product standard
Indoor switchgear and controlgear are designed to operate under specific normal service conditions, which include an ambient air temperature not exceeding 40 °C, with an average of 35 °C over 24 hours, and a minimum temperature of -5 °C Additionally, these devices should not be affected by solar radiation, must be installed at altitudes below 1,000 m, and should operate in environments with minimal pollution, classified as "very light" according to IEC TS 60815-1:2008, free from significant dust, smoke, corrosive or flammable gases, vapors, or salt Humidity conditions must also be maintained within specified limits.
– the average value of the relative humidity, measured over a period of 24 h, does not exceed 95 %;
– the average value of the water vapour pressure, over a period of 24 h, does not exceed 2,2 kPa;
– the average value of the relative humidity, over a period of one month, does not exceed 90 %;
– the average value of the water vapour pressure, over a period of one month, does not exceed 1 ,8 kPa
NOTE 1 Condensation can be expected where sudden temperature changes occur in periods of high humidity
High humidity levels may result from ground-level rainwater or underground applications linked to incoming cable raceways associated with switchgear Additionally, vibrations caused by external factors or earth tremors should not surpass the vibrations generated by the operation of the switchgear itself.
Outdoor switchgear and controlgear are designed to operate under specific normal service conditions, which include an ambient air temperature that should not exceed 40 °C, with an average temperature over a 24-hour period not surpassing 35 °C Additionally, the temperature must not fall below -25 °C.
NOTE 1 Rapid temperature changes can occur, for example a hot sunny day followed by a sudden rain b) solar radiation does not exceed a level of 1 000 W/m 2;
Global solar radiation details are outlined in IEC 60721 -2-4 Key conditions include an altitude not exceeding 1,000 meters, ambient air pollution limited to a "medium" severity class as defined by IEC TS 6081 5-1:2008, ice coating not exceeding 20 mm, and wind speeds capped at 34 m/s.
NOTE 3 Characteristics of wind are defined in IEC 60721 -2-2 [8] g) the average humidity values given in 4.1 2 e) may be exceeded Condensation or precipitation may occur;
NOTE 4 Characteristics of precipitation are defined in IEC 60721 -2-2 [8]
Humidity conditions result from the interplay of relative humidity and other environmental factors, especially temperature and its rapid fluctuations Additionally, vibrations from external sources or earth tremors are less significant than those generated by the operation of the switchgear and controlgear.
Special service conditions
General
When high-voltage switchgear and controlgear are anticipated to operate under conditions that deviate from the normal service conditions outlined in section 4.1, users should reference the standardized procedures detailed in sections 4.2.2 to 4.2.7, unless otherwise specified by product standards.
NOTE 1 Appropriate actions are also taken to ensure proper operation under such conditions of other components, such as relays
NOTE 2 Detailed information concerning classification of environmental conditions is given in IEC 60721 -3-3 [9] (indoor) and IEC 60721 -3-4 [1 0] (outdoor).
Altitude
For installations above 1,000 meters in altitude, the necessary insulation withstand level for external insulation must be established in accordance with Clause 4 of IEC 60071-2:1996 Additionally, the rated insulation level of the switchgear and controlgear should meet or exceed this specified value, as referenced in IEC TR 62271-306.
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NOTE 1 For internal insulation, the dielectric characteristics are identical at any altitude and no special precautions need to be taken For external and internal insulation, refer to IEC 60071 -2: 1 996
NOTE 2 For low-voltage auxiliary and control equipment, no special precautions need to be taken if the altitude is lower than 2 000 m For higher altitudes, refer to IEC 60664-1 [1 1 ].
Exposure to pollution
For outdoor applications, ambient air contaminated by dust, smoke, corrosive gases, vapors, or salt that exceeds the "medium" severity class (SPS) as defined by IEC TS 6081 5-1:2008 should be categorized as "heavy" or "very heavy."
For indoor applications, ambient air contaminated by dust, smoke, corrosive gases, vapors, or salt exceeding the "very light" severity class (SPS) as per IEC TS 6081 5-1:2008 should be categorized into "light," "medium," "heavy," or "very heavy" classifications according to the same standard.
NOTE More information about exposure to pollution can be found in Annex K (informative)
For indoor application up to and including 52 kV, IEC TS 62271 -304 [1 2] can be specified, in particular if there are concerns regarding pollution of the switchgear insulation.
Temperature and humidity
When installing equipment in environments with varying ambient temperatures, it is crucial to specify the appropriate temperature ranges For extremely cold climates, the range should be -50 °C to 40 °C, while very cold climates require -40 °C to 40 °C Cold climates necessitate a range of -30 °C to 40 °C, and for indoor conditions in cold climates, the range is -25 °C to 40 °C In moderate indoor climates, the specified range is -15 °C to 40 °C, and for very hot climates, the range should be -5 °C to 55 °C.
In tropical indoor conditions, the average value of relative humidity measured during a period of 24 h can be up to 98 %
NOTE In certain regions with frequent occurrence of warm humid winds, sudden changes of temperature and/or atmospheric pressure can occur.
Exposure to abnormal vibrations, shock or tilting
Standard switchgear and controlgear must be installed on stable, level structures that are not subject to excessive vibration, shock, or tilting If these ideal conditions are not met, users should specify the necessary requirements for their specific application.
For installations in earthquake-prone areas, users must specify the severity level based on relevant standards such as IEC TR 62271-300, IEC 62271-207, and IEC TS 62271-210 Additionally, it is essential for users to outline the operational requirements and acceptable damage levels in the event of an earthquake.
Installations with other unusual forms of vibration shall be identified, such as installations in close proximity to mine blasting or mobile applications
NOTE Other relevant publications for seismic evaluations are IEEE Standard 693 [1 6] and IEEE Standard C37 81 [1 7]
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Wind speed
If the wind speed is expected to be in excess of the normal service wind speed of 34 m/s, the user should specify the requirements for a particular application.
Other parameters
When specific environmental conditions exist at the site of installation for switchgear and controlgear, users must specify these conditions in accordance with IEC 60721-1, IEC 60721-2 (all parts), and IEC 60721-3 (all parts).
General
When selecting switchgear and controlgear ratings, manufacturers must consider several key parameters: rated voltage (Ur), rated insulation level (Up, Ud, and Us where applicable), rated frequency (fr), rated continuous current (Ir), rated short-time withstand current (Ik), rated peak withstand current (Ip), rated duration of short-circuit (tk), rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits (Ua), rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits, and rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems.
NOTE Other ratings can be necessary and will be specified in the relevant IEC product standards
Ratings are essential for the proper selection and use of switchgear and controlgear within a specific network, as they define the necessary specifications Additional characteristics, such as minimum functional pressure for insulation, are outlined in Clause 3 and may appear on the nameplate but do not qualify as ratings Furthermore, aspects related to installation, operation, and maintenance, including normal filling levels and tightness for various systems, are not classified as ratings since they pertain to the technology of the switchgear and controlgear.
Rated voltage ( U r)
General
The rated voltage (Ur) refers to the phase-to-phase RMS voltage that corresponds to the maximum system voltage for which the equipment is designed It signifies the upper limit of the "highest system voltage" applicable to the networks compatible with the equipment Detailed specifications of the rated voltages can be found in sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3.
NOTE The term "rated maximum voltage" used in most IEEE switchgear standards has the same meaning as the term "rated voltage" as used in this document.
Range I for rated voltages of 245 kV and below
– 1 00 kV – 1 23 kV – 1 45 kV – 1 70 kV – 245 kV
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Series II (Voltages based on the current practice in some countries, e.g US):
4,76 kV – 8,25 kV– 1 5 kV (see Note 1 ) – 1 5,5 kV– 25,8 kV (see Note 2) –
27 kV – 38 kV – 48,3 kV – 72,5 kV – 1 23 kV–1 45 kV – 1 70 kV – 245 kV
NOTE 1 The 1 5 kV rating is used in US and some other countries It has historically been associated with metal- clad and metal-enclosed switchgear used for applications that are primarily indoors and/or outdoors where the insulation level is less than that required for outdoor overhead applications For applications other than metal-clad or metal-enclosed switchgear, the 1 5, 5 kV rating is preferred
NOTE 2 The 25,8 kV, still used in IEEE C37.04 [21 ] as a circuit breaker rating and in some other countries, has been replaced by the 27 kV rating in most relevant equipment standards For new applications and designs, the
Range II for rated voltages above 245 kV
300 kV – 362 kV – 420 kV – 550 kV – 800 kV – 1 1 00 kV – 1 200 kV.
Rated insulation level ( U d , U p , U s)
The withstand values presented in Tables 1 to 4 pertain to the application of switchgear and controlgear under normal service conditions, as defined in section 4.1, which includes altitudes up to 1,000 meters above sea level For testing purposes to verify ratings or capabilities, these values should be treated as insulation values at the standardized reference conditions of 20 °C, 101.3 kPa pressure, and 11 g/m³ humidity, as specified in IEC 60071-1:2006 and its amendment IEC 60071-1:2006/AMD1:2010 For special service conditions, please refer to IEC TR 62271-306.
NOTE According to IEC 60071 -1 :2006 and IEC 60071 -1 :2006/AMD1 :201 0 the insulation levels in Table 1 to Table 4 cover the temperature range of -40 °C up to 40 °C
The rated withstand voltage values for lightning impulse voltage (Up), switching impulse voltage (Us) when applicable, and rated short-duration power-frequency voltage (Ud) must be chosen without exceeding the horizontal marked lines in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The "common values" referenced in Tables 1 and 2 pertain to phase-to-earth, inter-phase, and across the open switching device unless stated otherwise The withstand voltage values "across the isolating distance" are applicable to switching devices designed with a clearance between open contacts that meets the dielectric requirements for disconnectors.
Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for rated voltages of range I, series I
Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
Up kV (peak value) Common value Across the isolating distance Common value Across the isolating distance
The rated voltage of 40.5 kV is acknowledged in IEC 60038: 2009, with ongoing discussions regarding its unification with the 36 kV rated voltage Current values are derived from IEC 60071-1: 2006, Annex B.
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Table 2 – Rated insulation levels for rated voltages of range I, series II (based on current practice in some countries, including US)
Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
Common value Across the isolating distance Common value Across the isolating distance
NOTE For 1 5 kV and 25,8 kV ratings, see NOTE 1 and NOTE 2 in 5.2.2
Table 3 – Rated insulation levels for rated voltages of range II
Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Rated switching impulse withstand voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
Phase- to-earth between and phases
Across open switching device and/or isolating distance (NOTE 2)
Phase-to- earth and across open switching device (NOTE 2)
Phase-to- earth and between phases
Across open switching device and/or isolating distance
NOTE 1 In column (6), values in brackets are the peak values U r × 2 3 of the power-frequency voltage applied to the opposite terminal (combined voltage)
In column (8), values in brackets are the peak values 0,7 U r × 2 3 of the power-frequency voltage applied to the opposite terminal (combined voltage)
The values in column (2) are relevant for both type tests, which include phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase measurements, as well as for routine tests that encompass phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase, and tests conducted across the open switching device.
The values of columns (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) are applicable for type tests only
NOTE 3 These values are derived using the multiplying factors given in Table 3 of IEC 60071 -1 :2006/AMD1 :201 0
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Table 4 – Additional rated insulation levels for range II, based on current practice in some countries, including US
Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Rated switching impulse withstand voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
Up kV (peak value) Phase-to- earth and between phases (NOTE)
Across open switching device and/or isolating distance (NOTE)
Phase-to- earth switching device closed (NOTE)
Terminal to terminal, switching device open (NOTE)
Phase-to- earth and between phases (NOTE)
Across open switching device and/or isolating distance (NOTE)
The values in column (2) are relevant for type tests, including phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase measurements, as well as for routine tests that encompass phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase, and tests conducted across an open switching device.
Values of columns (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) are applicable for type tests only
In Column (5), values in brackets are the peak values U r 2 3 of the power-frequency voltage applied to the opposite terminal (combined voltage).
Rated continuous current ( I r)
The values of rated continuous current should be selected from the R 1 0 series, specified in IEC 60059
NOTE 1 The R 1 0 series comprises the numbers 1 – 1 ,25 – 1 ,6 – 2 – 2, 5 – 3, 1 5 – 4 – 5 – 6, 3 – 8 and their products by 1 0 n
The term "rated continuous current" in this edition, related to the continuous current test in section 7.5, is equivalent to the "rated normal current" used in the previous edition of this document.
Rated short-time withstand current ( I k)
The value of rated short-time withstand current should be selected from the R 1 0 series specified in IEC 60059
NOTE The R 1 0 series comprises the numbers 1 – 1 ,25 – 1 , 6 – 2 – 2,5 – 3,1 5 – 4 – 5 – 6,3 – 8 and their products by 1 0 n
Rated peak withstand current ( I p)
The rated peak withstand current is calculated by multiplying the RMS value of the rated short-time withstand current by a peak factor, which depends on the DC time constant of the network and the rated frequency.
A DC time constant of 45 ms is applicable in most scenarios, equating to a rated peak withstand current of 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current at a frequency of 50 Hz At a frequency of 60 Hz, this value increases to 2.6 times the rated short-time withstand current.
Table 5 gives peak factors for different time constants and rated frequencies
NOTE 1 IEC TR 62271 -306 [4] gives the information for calculating peak factors according to rated frequency and time constant of the network
NOTE 2 For non-simultaneous drive mechanisms of each pole the peak factor can be different, for details, see IEC TR 62271 -306 [4]
Table 5 – Peak factors for rated peak withstand current
Rated duration of short-circuit (tk)
The preferred value of rated duration of short-circuit is 1 s
An alternative value lower or higher than 1 s may be chosen, e.g 0,5 s, 2 s, 3 s.
Rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits ( U a)
General
Several auxiliary voltages can be used on a single piece of switchgear and controlgear.
Rated supply voltage ( U a)
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Line number Three-phase, three-wire or four-wire systems
Single-phase, three-wire systems
Single-phase, two-wire systems
The future IEC standard voltage will be 230/400 V, replacing the current values of 220/380 V and 240/415 V It is recommended to adopt this standard in new systems Existing systems operating at 220/380 V and 240/415 V should adjust their voltage variations to fall within the range of 230/400 V ± 23/40 V, with potential reductions to this range to be considered in future standardization efforts.
The table presents two sets of voltage values: the lower values in column (2) represent voltages to neutral, while the higher values indicate voltages between phases Similarly, in column (3), the lower value corresponds to the voltage to neutral, and the higher value reflects the voltage between lines.
5.1 0 Rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits
When alternating current supply voltage is used, the preferred values of rated supply frequency are 50 Hz and 60 Hz
5.1 1 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems The preferred values of rated pressure (relative pressure) are:
0,5 MPa – 1 MPa – 1 ,6 MPa – 2 MPa – 3 MPa – 4 MPa
NOTE Examples of controlled pressure systems are air-blast circuit-breakers or pneumatic drive mechanisms
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6.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear and controlgear
The manufacturer shall specify the type and the required quantity and quality of the liquid used in switchgear and controlgear
The manufacturer shall provide the user with necessary instructions for renewing the liquid and maintaining its required quantity and quality (refer to 1 1 5.2) except for sealed pressure systems
For oil-filled switchgear and controlgear, insulating oil complying with IEC 60296 shall be used
6.2 Requirements for gases in switchgear and controlgear
The manufacturer shall specify the type and the required quantity, and quality of the gas used in switchgear and controlgear
The manufacturer is responsible for supplying users with essential instructions for renewing gas and ensuring its adequate quantity and quality, as outlined in sections 1.1.5.2 and 1.1.5.3(a) However, this requirement is exempt for sealed pressure systems.
For switchgear and controlgear filled with sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆), it is essential to use SF₆ that complies with IEC 60376 for new gas and IEC 60480 for reused gas Additionally, for equipment utilizing SF₆ mixtures, IEC 62271-4 should be referenced.
To prevent condensation in gas-filled switchgear and controlgear, the maximum allowable humidity content must ensure that the dew point at the filling pressure for insulation does not exceed -5 °C when measured at 20 °C during its service life.
6.3 Earthing of switchgear and controlgear
Switchgear and controlgear must include a dependable earthing point for connecting an earthing conductor that meets specified fault conditions This connection point should be clearly marked with the "protective earth" symbol, as per IEC 60417-5019:2006-08 Additionally, conductive components of the switchgear and controlgear that are meant to connect to the earthing system may be designed to integrate into the earthing circuit.
All conductive components and enclosures that can be touched during normal operation and are meant to be earthed must be designed to handle 30 A (DC) while ensuring a maximum voltage drop of 3 V to the earthing point at the switchgear and controlgear.
NOTE For guidance on the connection of the earthing point of the switchgear and controlgear to the main station earth, Clause 1 0 of IEC 61 936-1 :201 0 and IEC 61 936-1 :201 0/AMD1 :201 4 [22] applies.
Auxiliary and control equipment and circuits
General
Switchgear and controlgear include all auxiliary equipment and electrical circuits (electronic controls, supervision, monitoring and communication)
Electrical circuits must function properly when the supply voltage at the terminals of the auxiliary and control circuits is measured during operation.
– the voltage variation is within 85 % to 1 1 0 % of rated supply voltage ( Ua );
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In DC systems, the ripple voltage is restricted to a maximum of 5% of the output voltage (Ua) Additionally, voltage drops and supply interruptions comply with the standards set by IEC 61000-4-29 for DC supply voltage and IEC 61000-4-11 for AC supply voltage.
As far as supply interruptions are concerned, the system is considered to perform correctly if
– there are no false operations;
– there are no false alarms or false remote signalling;
– any pending action is correctly completed, a short delay is acceptable
Specific conditions are given in 6.9 for shunt closing releases, shunt opening releases and under-voltage releases
For supply voltages lower than the minimum stated above, precautions shall be taken to prevent any damage to electronic equipment and/or unsafe operation due to its unpredictable behaviour
Requirements for the interface with digital communication that ensure compliance with IEC 61 850 (all parts) [23] are detailed in IEC 62271 -3 [24].
Protection against electric shock
Auxiliary and control circuits mounted on switchgear and controlgear frames must be adequately safeguarded against disruptive discharges from the main circuit This protection is confirmed through dielectric type tests as outlined in section 7.2, specifically referenced in 7.2.5 c).
Auxiliary and control circuits to which access is required during service shall be accessible without the need to compromise clearances to hazardous parts.
Components installed in enclosures
All components in auxiliary and control circuits must be designed or selected to operate effectively within their rated characteristics across the entire range of service conditions It is essential to implement appropriate measures, such as heaters, ventilators, and insulation, to maintain the necessary service conditions for the proper functioning of relays, contactors, low-voltage switches, meters, operation counters, and push-buttons.
NOTE These internal conditions in control cabinet for auxiliary and control circuits can differ from the external service conditions specified in Clause 4
The failure to implement "suitable precautions" should not lead to the malfunction of auxiliary and control circuits or premature operation of switchgear within the designated timeframe It is essential to select components based on the temperature experienced in the control and auxiliary circuit cabinet during the two hours following the loss of these precautions, ensuring the reliable operation of switchgear and controlgear throughout this period.
A non-operation period of up to 2 hours is acceptable If the loss of "suitable precautions" extends beyond 2 hours but remains under 24 hours, the switchgear and controlgear will regain their original functionality once service conditions are restored.
Where heating is essential for correct functioning of the equipment, monitoring of the heating circuit shall be provided
For outdoor switchgear and controlgear installations, it is essential to implement appropriate measures, such as ventilation or internal heating, to avoid detrimental condensation within auxiliary and control circuit enclosures.
Closing and opening actuators and emergency shut-down system actuators shall be located between 0,4 m and 2 m above the floor, ground or operating platform normally used by operating personnel
Other actuators should be located at such a height that they can be easily operated, and indicating devices should be located at such a height as to be readily legible
Where a component may need adjustment during its service life, access shall be provided with protection level of at least IP XXB, refer to IEC 60529:1 989, IEC 60529:1 989/AMD1 :1 999 and IEC 60529:1 989/AMD2:201 3
Components installed in enclosures must match the specifications outlined in the wiring diagrams and drawings For plug-in type components, it is essential to place identifying marks on both the component and the fixed part where it connects.
6.4.3.4 Requirements for auxiliary and control circuit components 6.4.3.4.1 General
The auxiliary and control circuit components shall comply with applicable IEC standards if one exists Annex D (informative) is provided as a quick reference to many of the component standards
Where a facility for external wiring is provided, it shall be through an appropriate connecting device, e.g terminal blocks or plug-in terminations
Polarity reversal at the interfacing point shall not damage auxiliary and control circuits
Terminal blocks should be fixed Cables between two terminal blocks shall have no intermediate splices or soldered joints
Cables and wiring shall be adequately supported and shall not rest against sharp edges
The available wiring space for external connection shall permit spreading of the cores of multi-core cables and the proper termination of the conductors without undue stresses
Conductors connected to components mounted on doors shall be so installed that no mechanical damage can occur to the conductors as a result of movement of these doors
Facilities for connecting incoming and outgoing neutral, protective, and PEN (protective earthed neutral) conductors must be located near the corresponding phase conductor terminal.
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Auxiliary switches shall be suitable for the number of operating cycles specified for the high- voltage switching device to which they are linked
Auxiliary switches, designed to operate alongside main contacts, must be positively driven in both directions These switches can include a pair of one-way positively driven auxiliary contacts, with one contact dedicated to each direction.
Auxiliary and control contacts must be compatible with the specified number of operating cycles for the associated switching device This compatibility is confirmed through mechanical endurance testing of the linked high-voltage switching devices.
The operational characteristics of the auxiliary contacts that are made available to the user shall comply with one of the classes shown in Table 8
Rated short- time withstand current
NOTE 1 Control contacts which are included in a control circuit of a mechanical switching device can be covered by this table
NOTE 2 If insufficient current is flowing through the contact, oxidation can increase the resistance Therefore, a minimum value of current is specified for class 1 contact
NOTE 3 In the case of the application of solid state contacts, the rated short-time withstand current can be reduced if current-limiting equipment, other than fuses, is employed
NOTE 4 For all classes, breaking capacity are based on a circuit time constant of 20 ms with a tolerance of + 20 0 %
NOTE 5 An auxiliary contact which complies with class 1 2 or 3 for DC is normally able to handle corresponding
NOTE 6 Breaking current at a defined voltage value between 1 1 0 V and 250 V can be deduced from the indicated power value for class 1 and class 2 contacts (for example, 2 A at 220 V DC for a class 1 contact)
Examples of the use of the three contact classes are shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 – Examples of classes of contacts
6.4.3.4.6 Heating elements All heating elements shall be designed to prevent touching an electrically live part
To prevent accidental contact with heaters or shields, the surface temperature must remain within the specified limits for accessible parts that are not intended to be touched during normal operation, as outlined in section 7.5.6.
Operation counters shall be suitable for their intended duty in terms of environmental conditions and for the number of operating cycles specified for the switching devices.
Dependent power operation
A switching device designed for dependent power operation with an external energy supply must be capable of switching its rated making and/or breaking currents when the voltage or pressure of the power supply falls below the limits specified in sections 6.4.1 and 6.6.2 This includes intermediate control relays and contactors where applicable.
The main contacts should only operate under the drive mechanism's action and as intended, with no movement during maintenance Additionally, the position of the main contacts—whether closed or open—must remain unchanged even if there is a loss of energy supply or when energy is restored after an interruption.
Stored energy operation
General
A switching device designed for stored energy operation must effectively make and break all currents up to its rated values when the energy storage is adequately charged The main contacts should only operate through the drive mechanism as intended, without being influenced by the re-application of energy supply following a loss of power or pressure, except during slow maintenance operations.
A device indicating when the energy storage device is charged shall be mounted on the switching device except in the case of an independent unlatched operation
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Moving contacts can only shift positions when there is enough stored energy to effectively complete the opening or closing process Additionally, stored energy devices must be safely discharged to a secure level before any access is permitted.
Energy storage in gas receivers or hydraulic accumulators
When using a gas receiver or hydraulic accumulator as an energy storage device, the requirements outlined in section 6.6.1 must be adhered to for operating pressures within the specified limits These limits apply to external pneumatic or hydraulic supplies, unless the manufacturer indicates otherwise.
85 % and 1 1 0 % of their specified rated pressure
The operating pressure limits specified by the manufacturer are not applicable when gas receivers also function as storage for compressed gas during interruptions Additionally, the compressor or pump that is integrated with the switching or operating device must adhere to these guidelines.
Energy storage in springs (or weights)
When the energy storage device is a spring (or weight), the requirements of 6.6.1 apply when the spring is charged (or the weight lifted).
Manual charging
If a spring (or weight) is charged by hand, the direction of motion of the handle shall be marked
The manual charging facility shall be designed such that the handle is not driven by the operation of the switching device
The maximum actuating force required for manually charging a spring (or weight) shall not exceed 250 N.
Motor charging
Motors and their electrically operated auxiliary equipment, used for charging springs or driving compressors and pumps, must function effectively within a voltage range of 85% to 110% of the rated supply voltage For alternating current (AC) systems, the operation should occur at the rated supply frequency.
When selecting electric motors, it is essential to choose a motor that delivers the required power at specified limits, without necessarily using non-standard motors Additionally, the rated voltage of the motor does not have to match the rated supply voltage of the auxiliary and control circuits.
Energy storage in capacitors
When the energy storage is a charged capacitor, the requirements of 6.6.1 apply when the capacitor is charged.
Independent unlatched operation (independent manual or power operation)
The mechanism will not achieve energy release during a closed operation if the switching device remains closed, nor will it reach energy release during an open operation if the device is open.
NOTE 1 This requirement is to prevent the inadvertent, and potentially damaging, discharge of stored energy against an already closed or already open switching device
Energy cannot be progressively stored through incomplete operations against an interlock if it is supplied During operation, any movement of the contacts before the energy is released must not decrease the electrically stressed gap below the level required to withstand rated insulation levels.
For switching devices that possess short-circuit making capacity but lack short-circuit current breaking capacity, it is essential to implement a time delay between the closing and opening operations This delay must be at least equal to the rated duration of the short-circuit, as specified in section 5.8.
NOTE 2 The intention of the provision is to let the switching device “ride out” the short-circuit in the closed position until a back-up device safely clears the fault.
Manually operated actuators
Preferred operation principles are to
• turn clockwise to close and anti-clockwise to open, or
• push in to close and pull out to open, or
• move right to close and move left to open, or
• move upwards to close and move downwards to open
Other design may be implemented
NOTE Reference is made to IEC 60447.
Operation of releases
General
See 6.4.1 for the basis of operation limits with respect to supply voltage.
Shunt closing release
A shunt closing release must function effectively within a voltage range of 85% to 110% of the rated supply voltage at its input terminals For AC systems, the operating frequency should match the rated supply frequency of the closing device.
Shunt opening release
A shunt opening release must function effectively under all operational conditions of the switching device, up to its specified short-circuit breaking current It should operate within a voltage range of 70% to 110% for DC applications and 85% to 110% for AC applications, measured at the input terminals.
AC, being the rated supply frequency of the opening device (refer to 5.1 0).
Capacitor operation of shunt releases
A rectifier-capacitor setup integrated into the switching device is essential for the stored energy of a shunt release The capacitors must be charged from the main circuit or auxiliary supply voltage to ensure the release operates effectively.
5 s after the voltage supply has been disconnected from the terminals of the combination and replaced by a short-circuiting link
Before disconnection, the voltages of the main circuit should be considered as the lowest voltage of the system linked to the rated voltage of the switching device For understanding the relationship between "highest voltage for equipment" and system voltages, refer to IEC 60038:2009.
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Under-voltage release
An under-voltage release must function to open and inhibit the closing of the switching device whenever the terminal voltage falls below 35% of its rated supply voltage.
Between 70 % and 35 % of its rated supply voltage, the under-voltage release may operate, opening the switching device and preventing its closing
The under-voltage release will not activate to open the switching device if the terminal voltage exceeds 70% of its rated supply voltage, whether AC or DC.
The switching device can be closed when the voltage at the release terminals reaches at least 85% of its rated voltage.
6.1 0 Pressure/level indication 6.1 0.1 Gas pressure
Closed pressure systems that utilize compressed gas for insulation or operation, and maintain a minimum functional pressure above 0.2 MPa (absolute pressure), must be equipped with a device to monitor pressure or density.
The uncertainty of the gas monitoring device should be established and take into account pressure coordination (filling, minimum functional and alarm pressure) and leakage rate
A liquid level monitoring device must be installed to indicate the permissible minimum and maximum limits for proper operation, although this requirement does not apply to dashpots or shock absorbers.
Switchgear and controlgear must be equipped with nameplates that display essential information for identifying the equipment, including its ratings and relevant operating parameters, in accordance with applicable IEC standards.
Table 9 shall be used where applicable if the product standard does not provide more specific information
The terminology, abbreviations, and units specified in the table must be used appropriately, with Annex G providing an extended list of non-rated values Key recommendations include: noting the type and mass of insulating fluid on a visible nameplate or label; clarifying whether pressures are absolute or relative; ensuring outdoor switchgear and controlgear have weather-proof and corrosion-proof nameplates; providing individual nameplates for each pole in multi-pole switchgear; allowing a single combined nameplate for operating devices with switchgear; ensuring nameplates are visible during normal service and installation; using consistent symbols for common technical characteristics across various high-voltage switchgear and controlgear; and representing specialized characteristics, such as gas type or temperature limits, with symbols from relevant standards.
2 Type designation and serial number X
4 Rated short-duration power- frequency withstand voltage U d kV X
5 Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage U p kV X
6 Rated switching impulse withstand voltage U s kV Y rated voltage 300 kV and above
9 Rated short-time withstand current I k kA X
1 0 Rated peak withstand current I p kA X
1 1 Rated duration of short-circuit t k s Y different from 1 s
1 2 Filling pressure for operation(*) p rm MPa X
1 3 Filling pressure for insulation(*) p re MPa X
1 4 Alarm pressure for insulation(*) p ae MPa X
1 5 Alarm pressure for operation(*) p am MPa X
1 6 Minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or switching(*) p me MPa X
1 7 Minimum functional pressure for operation(*) p mm MPa X
Rated supply voltage(s) of auxiliary and control circuits
Specify DC / AC (with rated frequency)
1 9 Type and mass of fluid (liquid or gas) for insulation M f kg X
20 Mass of switchgear and controlgear (including any fluid) M kg Y more than 300 kg
22 Minimum and maximum ambient air temperature °C Y If different from –5 °C and/or 40 °C (*) Absolute pressure (abs.) or relative pressure (rel.) to be stated on the nameplate
(**) X = the marking of these values is mandatory, where applicable
Y = conditions for marking of these values are given in column (6)
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NOTE 1 The abbreviation in column (3) can be used instead of the terms in column (2) to be stated on the nameplate
NOTE 2 When terms in column (2) are used, the word “rated“ does not need to appear
Switching devices, the incorrect operation of which can cause damage or which are used for assuring isolating distances, shall be provided with locking facilities (for example, provision for padlocks)
Indication of the actual position of the main contacts of the switching devices shall be provided unless the contacts themselves are visible in all positions
Requirements for position indicating devices are as follows:
• it shall be possible to read the position-indicating device when operating locally;
• all stable positions such as open, closed and test positions shall be clearly indicated
The identification of open, closed, and earthed positions must utilize symbols and colors as specified by the relevant IEC standards, including IEC 60073 for colors, IEC 60417 for symbols, and IEC 60617 for diagrams.
6.1 4 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures 6.1 4.1 General
The enclosures shall provide degrees of protection in accordance with 6.1 4.2 through 6.1 4.4
6.1 4.2 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection of the equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding)
According to IEC 60529 standards, the enclosure must provide a minimum protection level of IP1 XB against access to hazardous parts of the main circuit, control and auxiliary circuits, as well as any dangerous moving components and the ingress of solid foreign objects.
6.1 4.3 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding)
Indoor installation equipment does not require a minimum degree of protection against water ingress, as indicated by the second characteristic numeral of the IP code being X, in accordance with IEC 60529:1989, IEC 60529:1989/AMD1:1999, and IEC 60529:1989/AMD2:2013.
Outdoor installation equipment must meet a minimum rating of IPX3 as specified by IEC 60529:1989, including its amendments If the equipment includes additional protective features against rain and adverse weather (indicated by the supplementary letter W), its performance must be evaluated with these features in place, as outlined in Annex C (normative) (refer to section 7.7.1).
6.1 4.4 Protection against mechanical impact under normal service conditions
For indoor installations, the recommended impact resistance is IK07, as specified by IEC 62262:2002, which corresponds to an impact energy of 2 joules In contrast, outdoor installations without extra mechanical protection must meet a minimum impact level of IK10, according to the same standard, equating to an impact energy of 20 joules.
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Insulators and bushings of high-voltage switchgear and controlgear are not subjected to this requirement
6.1 5 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators
Annex K gives general rules that assist in choosing insulators which should give satisfactory performance under polluted conditions
The general rules given in Annex K (informative) are applicable for glass, ceramic and polymer insulators
6.1 6 Gas and vacuum tightness 6.1 6.1 General
The following specifications apply to all switchgear and controlgear that use vacuum or gas, other than ambient air, as an insulating, switching, combined insulating and switching, or operating medium
For vacuum tightness no leakage rate F needs to be specified, instead the level of vacuum and the expected operating duration shall be given
NOTE 1 IEC TR 62271 -306 [4] and Cigre Brochure 430 [28] give some information, examples and guidance for tightness
The absolute leakage rate F shall not exceed the specified value of the permissible leakage rate Fp at standardized ambient temperature of 20 °C
At extreme temperatures, a higher leakage rate is acceptable as long as it returns to the permissible value Fp at a standard ambient temperature of 20 °C However, this temporary increase in leakage must not surpass the limits specified in section 7.8.1.
General
Type tests are conducted to verify the ratings and characteristics of switchgear, controlgear, their operating devices, and auxiliary equipment Each type test or sequence must be performed on specified test objects, filled with the required types and quantities of liquid or gas, and all components should be in a new and clean condition at the start of the testing process.
Reconditioning during individual type tests or test sequences is permissible as per the relevant IEC product standard The manufacturer must inform the testing laboratory about which components can be renewed during these tests.
Tolerances on test quantities are listed in Table E.1 Information regarding the extension of validity of type tests is given in Annex J (informative)
7.1 2 Information for identification of test objects
The manufacturer must provide the testing laboratory with detailed drawings and data that clearly identify the essential components of the switchgear and controlgear being tested Additionally, a summary list of these drawings and data schedules should be uniquely referenced, accompanied by a statement from the manufacturer confirming that the listed documents are the correct versions representing the equipment for testing.
The testing laboratory will verify that the drawings and data sheets accurately depict the essential details and components of the test object; however, it does not assume responsibility for the precision of the detailed information.
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Particular drawings or data required to be submitted by the manufacturer to the test laboratory for identification of essential parts of test object are specified in Annex A (normative)
7.1 3 Information to be included in type-test reports
Type-test reports must document all results, providing adequate data to demonstrate compliance with ratings and test clauses of relevant standards These reports should include sufficient information to identify the essential components of the test object, specifically detailing the necessary information required for clarity and compliance.
– the type designation and the serial number of the test object;
– the rated characteristics of the test object as specified in the relevant IEC standard; – the general description of the test object, including number of poles;
– the manufacturer, type, serial numbers and ratings of essential parts, where applicable (for example, drive mechanisms, interrupters, shunt impedances);
– the general details of the supporting structure of the switching device or enclosed switchgear of which the switching device forms an integral part;
– the details of the operating-mechanism and devices employed during tests, where applicable;
– photographs to illustrate the condition of the test object before and after test;
– sufficient outline drawings and data schedules to represent the test object;
– the reference numbers of all drawings including revision number submitted to identify the essential parts of the test object;
– a statement that the test object complies with the drawings submitted;
– details of the testing arrangements (including diagram of test circuit);
– statements of the behaviour of the test object during tests, its condition after tests and any parts renewed or reconditioned during the tests;
During the recovery voltage period, breaking operations with certain technologies may lead to the occurrence of NSDDs The quantity of these NSDDs is not significant for assessing the performance of the device under test They should only be included in the test report to distinguish them from restrikes.
– records of the test quantities during each test or test duty, as specified in the relevant IEC standard;
– the location, laboratory name where the tests were conducted and date of test.