Terms, definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply
3.1.1 ancillary additional component e.g as part of a purlin and rail system required to make the system function
Cassette profiles are structural elements that can be roll formed, press-braked, or folded, and may include stiffeners They serve as substructures for walls and roofs, offering a wider variety of cross-sectional shapes compared to linear trays.
The cleat connection bracket is essential for linking purlins and rails to the main steel frame, serving as a connector for joining cold-formed sections This is particularly useful in creating openings for windows and doors.
3.1.4 continuity sleeve sleeve that connects two structural elements together and provide a continuous or semi continuous moment resistant joint
3.1.5 component I component (usually the sheeting) that is facing the head of the fastener (the swage head in the case of blind rivets)
3.1.6 component II second component of a connection (usually the supporting member)
3.1.7 decking load bearing sheet to support e.g insulation and outer skin
3.1.8 edge stiffener supporting plate or profile at the longitudinal edge of a laying area to replace the missing neighboured sheeting and stiffen the free edge
3.1.9 fastening fastener and, the process of fastening and the final connected components
3.1.10 flashing non-load-bearing element, for example accessories and coverings in the areas of the skirting, eaves, gable end, ridge and corners
3.1.11 layout drawing drawing showing the position of structural aluminium components and execution details
3.1.12 liner inner sheet of a double skin system
3.1.13 penetration opening in the decking executed on work-site to allow installation equipment to pass through
A restraint member is positioned transversely between two parallel runs of purlin or rail, offering structural support to the members This support can provide either positional or rotational restraint, depending on the specific system in use.
A saddle washer is an oversized gasket designed to fit specific profile shapes, constructed from materials such as aluminum, steel, or stainless steel It features an elastomeric or foamed sealant that is bonded to its surface, ensuring effective sealing and durability.
Note 1 to entry: The corrosion protection is adapted to that of the profiled sheeting
Note 2 to entry: Saddle washer can be used when attaching profiled sheeting via its top flange
Note 3 to entry: As an example, a figure of a saddle washer is given in EN 1993–1-3:2006, Table 10.3
3.1.16 structural aluminium component load-bearing element made from aluminium sheets
3.1.17 structural element part of a structure e.g profiled sheeting, such as trapezoidal, sinusoidal or cassette profile or linear profile cross section, e.g with a Z, C, Ω or П shape
Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply:
D edge waviness of the side lap
F force, shear force of the fastener
R end support reaction, airborne sound insulation
The shear force (\$V\$) of a structural aluminum component is influenced by several factors, including the distance between a fastener and the web of a profiled sheet, the width of the spacing strip (\$b\$), and the hole diameter (\$d\$) Additionally, the nominal diameter of the fastener (\$e\$) and the distance of the hole from the edge play crucial roles, as does the distance between fasteners The strength, represented by yield stress (\$f\$), along with the depth of the profile (\$h\$) and the length of the double layer (\$l\$), are essential for structural integrity Furthermore, the distances between holes (\$p\$), radius (\$r\$), and thickness of the bare metal of the sheet (\$t\$) are critical parameters, as is the hole pitch Sound absorption (\$α\$), deviation and tolerance (\$Δ\$), deviation from straightness (\$δ\$), and the inclination of the web of a profile (\$φ\$) also significantly affect the performance of the component.
A end support, centre-to-centre distance of the penetration from the end support or from the point of zero moment
II component 2, supporting member / Profiled sheet
The tensile force from constraints due to shear reinforcement is influenced by shear stiffness and the clear span The width of the flange is a theoretical requirement for static calculations, while the ideal distance between supports ensures equal spacing of points of zero moment In cantilever structures, the limit is defined by the nominal hole diameter, with observed results indicating the required rib and stiffener at the web The tensile force acting on the bottom flange and the web is crucial for determining the weighted value in structural analysis.
Execution Specification
General
Before starting any part of the works, all necessary information and technical requirements must be fully agreed upon Procedures for modifying previously established execution specifications will be in place The execution specification includes layout drawings and details derived from the structural design, taking into account relevant items such as additional information listed in Annex F, execution classes as outlined in section 4.1.2, and technical safety requirements detailed in sections 4.2.3 and 9.7.
NOTE The responsibilities between the parties involved can be regulated by member states.
Execution classes
Four execution classes 1 to 4, denoted EXC1 to EXC4, are given, for which requirement strictness increases from EXC1 to EXC4
The execution specification shall specify the relevant execution class or classes
NOTE The requirements for the selection of execution classes are given in EN 1999–1-1
The list of requirements related to execution classes is given in EN 1090-3
Sheeting complying with this standard may be used for EXC 1 to 3 In this European Standard there is no differentiation in requirements between execution classes.
Layout drawings
Layout drawings shall be part of the prepared execution specification and are based on structural design
Layout drawings and assembly instructions shall include the following details and shall be prepared for the execution:
— type and position of the structural elements;
— connection with the supporting member and arrangement of the fasteners;
— intended structural elements with profile designation and manufacturer’s name, constituent product, nominal sheet thickness and manufactured length;
— direction of lay of sheeting and special installation sequences;
— statically effective overlapping (moment-resisting connections), if relevant;
Intended fasteners are categorized by type designation and include various fastener types such as saddles and washers, along with other fixing accessories Proper arrangement and separation distances are crucial, as well as adhering to special assembly instructions that vary based on the type of connection, including specifications for hole diameters, axial spacings, and edge distances.
— type and details of the supporting member for the structural elements, such as material, centre to centre distances and dimensions, the inclination;
— details of the side and end overlappings and edges of the installed area;
— openings in the installed areas, including the necessary framing, e.g for skylights, smoke and heat extractors and roof drainage, if relevant;
— superstructures or suspensions, e.g for piping, bunched cables or suspended ceilings, if relevant;
— a label, stating that all structural elements shall be fixed immediately after laying;
— details about any special installation measures, if relevant;
— special devices for installation, if relevant;
— any specific hazards related to construction should be identified;
— details about corrosion protection, e.g contact surfaces between different metals or between metals and timber, concrete, masonry or plaster, if relevant;
— details about the condition and location of sealant strips, fillers for profiled sheets and special elements, if relevant;
— details about setting-down places for bundles of structural elements on roof areas and floors according to the static calculation;
— details about walkability, if relevant;
— details about weather integrity, if relevant;
— details about fire protection, if relevant;
— details about thermal insulation, if relevant;
— details about acoustics, if relevant;
— details about air tightness, if relevant
Laying areas and parts of laying areas that are intended to act as a diaphragm for the stabilization shall be specially marked in the layout drawings as “diaphragm”.
Geometrical tolerances
Two types of geometrical tolerances are defined in 11: a) essential tolerances; b) functional tolerances, with two classes for which requirement strictness increases from class 1 to class 2 (see 11.4).
Installer’s documentation
General
Annex C contains an example of documentation for the installation.
Quality documentation
The documentation must include the organization chart along with the managerial staff responsible for each execution aspect, detailed procedures, methods, and work instructions to be followed Additionally, it should outline a specific inspection plan for the works in accordance with EN 1090-3:2008, section 4.2.2, if applicable Furthermore, a procedure for managing changes and modifications, as well as handling nonconformities, concession requests, and quality disputes, must be established Lastly, it is essential to specify hold-points or requirements for witnessing inspections or tests, along with any necessary access requirements.
Safety of the erection works
Method statements giving detailed work instructions shall comply with the technical requirements relating to the safety of the erection works as given in 9.6.
Detailed traceability documentation
For the production of cold-formed aluminium elements, it is essential that all constituent products are traceable throughout every stage, from the procurement of sheet material to the installation of the final products This traceability can be ensured through documented records for batches of products associated with a unified production process.
Execution documentation
Upon completion, the responsible installation company must sign a statement confirming that the works have been installed in accordance with the execution specifications and the relevant standards.
NOTE Member states can define type and content of such a statement.
General
This section gives requirements with respect to the constituent products and the accompanying documents
Constituent products to be used for the execution of cold-formed aluminium structures shall be according to 5.3.
Identification, inspection documents and traceability
The properties of supplied constituent products shall be documented in a way that enables them to be compared to the specified properties
For aluminium products made of materials given in 5.3, the inspection document shall be 3.1 according to EN 10204
Structural elements must be delivered in suitable packaging that clearly identifies the contents The labeling and accompanying documentation should comply with product standard requirements and include essential information in a legible and durable format, attached to each packaged unit.
— batch designation or documentation number for traceability;
— designation of the structural element;
— length, if relevant for lifting or installing;
— number of products inside the package;
— material properties or specific product reference;
— corrosion protection system (if relevant)
It is recommended that labels are retained See also Annex C.
Materials
Structural elements must possess properties that meet the requirements for the cold-forming process, particularly regarding bending radii For cold-formed sheeting designed in accordance with EN 1999-1-4, it is essential to use materials and tempers specified in this standard unless national regulations dictate otherwise Additionally, the minimum 0.2% proof strength (Rp0.2) for materials intended for cold-formed structural sheeting, as per EN 1999-1-1, is set at 165 MPa.
Coating system shall be specified by the coating type and brand name, if relevant
NOTE EN 485–2 includes for many materials/tempers information about minimum bending values
The manufacturer is required to purchase materials that have characteristics verified by the base material supplier and accompanied by an inspection certificate 3.1 in accordance with EN 10204 Consequently, the finished product manufacturer's system mandates a document review to confirm that these characteristics align with the product specifications, as long as the production process does not adversely affect these characteristics.
The inspection certificate 3.1 shall contain the following data:
— name or mark of the manufacturer’s works;
— indication of the type and grade of material, if relevant;
— nominal dimensions of the product ordered and nominal sheet thickness (t) (in mm respectively) and tolerance class according to EN 508-2;
— coating system; full designation, if relevant;
— thickness of the organic coating on the visible side/rear side in μm, if relevant;
The mechanical material properties include the following key values: a) 0.2% proof strength (Rp0.2) measured in MPa; b) tensile strength (Rm) also in MPa; c) elongation after fracture (A50 mm) expressed as a percentage; d) the ratio of bend radius to thickness; and e) the adhesion of metallic coating, if applicable.
In case of not having a 3.1 inspection document or the 3.1 document is incomplete, the received base material shall be handled as nonconformity.
Thickness tolerances
The execution specification must define the tolerance limit for thickness applicable to one or more projects, aligning with the relevant product standard for the aluminum sheet or strip in question.
The class of thickness tolerance shall be specified in accordance with EN 508-2
The thickness of the manufactured components shall be measured in those areas which are not influenced by the cold forming process.
Minimum nominal sheet thicknesses
Profiled sheets
The thicknesses shall be in accordance with the execution specification
The minimum nominal sheet thicknesses shall not be less than shown below, if not otherwise specified:
— Walls and wall claddings: t ≥ 0,50 mm
NOTE 1 Static calculations according to the Eurocodes give a nominal thickness required for design The values above are based on execution experiences on the work-site
For wall applications, increased material thickness is often required to avoid buckling and achieve an aesthetically pleasing appearance It is essential that the thickness is sufficient to ensure both functionality and visual appeal.
NOTE 2 In some countries the above listed values additionally depend on the cross section and the span of profile and can be thinner than specified above.
Linear structural elements
The thicknesses shall be in accordance with the execution specification
The minimum nominal sheet thicknesses for roof and wall structures shall be at least the nominal thickness of the attached profiled sheets, but not less than t = 1,00 mm, except:
NOTE In some countries the above listed values additionally depend on the cross section and the span of profile and can be thinner than specified above.
Geometrical tolerances
Geometrical tolerances are given in Annex D.
Mechanical fasteners
General
This clause specifies the requirements for screws and blind rivets for structural aluminium elements For other types of mechanical fasteners (e.g bolts and nuts), EN 1090-3 shall apply.
Materials
Fasteners must comply with European Standards or European Technical Assessments (ETA) It is essential to specify the type of fastener along with its corresponding European Standard or ETA designation Additionally, the materials used for the fasteners should be austenitic stainless steel or aluminum.
Verification of suitability
Fastenings are subdivided into: a) thread-forming screws, subdivided into:
— thread-forming self-tapping screws, which produce their female threads in a swarfless manner in predrilled holes;
Thread-forming self-tapping screws with a pierce tip create their own female threads without the need for predrilled holes, resulting in a swarfless process Additionally, blind rivets consist of a rivet sleeve and a rivet mandrel designed with a predetermined breaking point.
EN 1090-3 shall apply for metric screws
Fastening components that are fully or partially exposed to weather or moisture must be constructed from austenitic stainless steel or aluminum, with the exception of welded-on drill tips.
To ensure a rainproof connection or mounting, it is essential to use washers made from aluminum or austenitic stainless steel, featuring a cured-on elastomer seal that is at least 2.0 mm thick, or saddle washers equipped with a seal, placed under the head of the fastener.
NOTE Member states can require more severe requirements for a rainproof connection.
Accessories
Accessories are essential components for construction functionality, such as decking side trim, sealant strips, fillers for profiled sheets, and flashings While they do not require analyses for ultimate limit state or serviceability limit state, they must meet the same durability, corrosion protection, and fire reaction standards as structural aluminum components, unless specified otherwise.
Surface protection
Verification of suitability of a corrosion protection system for a corrosivity category shall be carried out with reference to Clause 10 and Annex E of this standard.
External fire performance for roofing elements
Products deemed to satisfy the requirements for external fire performance
Products that comply with this European Standard are regarded as "deemed to satisfy without the need for testing" concerning external fire performance requirements This applies to flat or profiled metal sheets with a nominal thickness of at least 0.4 mm, provided they meet the definitions outlined in Commission Decision 2000/553/EC The external coatings must be inorganic or have a gross calorific value (PCS) of 4.0 MJ/m² or less, or a mass of 200 g/m² or less.
NOTE Individual Member States may have “deemed to satisfy” lists which go beyond the list given in the Commission Decision 2000/553/EC.
Products classified without the need for further testing (CWFT option)
Products classified under classes BROOF(t1), BROOF(t2), B ROOF(t3), and B ROOF(t4) without additional testing, as per Commission Decision 2005/403/EC, include profiled steel sheets and flat steel sheets or panels made from coil-coated galvanized or zinc-aluminium alloy coated steel with a thickness of at least 0.40 mm These products feature an organic external coating, which may be complemented by an optional internal organic coating The external coating consists of a liquid-applied Plastisol paint with a maximum nominal dry film thickness of 0.200 mm, a PCS not exceeding 8.0 MJ/m², and a specified maximum dry mass.
330 g/m 2 The reverse side organic coating (if any) shall have a PCS of not greater than 4,0 MJ/m 2 and a maximum dry mass of 200 g/m 2
Other products
Products not meeting the definitions as given in 5.10.1 or 5.10.2 shall be tested in accordance with the relevant method(s) in CEN/TS 1187 and classified in accordance with EN 13501-5.
Reaction to fire
Reaction to fire shall be according to EN 1090-1.
Resistance to fire
Resistance to fire shall be according to EN 1090-1.
Release of dangerous substances
Release of dangerous substances shall be according to EN 1090-1.
Lightning protection
If structural elements made of metal are used as a natural part of the lightning protection then
General
Manufacturing processes that do not comply with this European standard must be corrected and re-evaluated before use However, they may still be utilized for a limited selection of constituent products that yield acceptable results.
Structural aluminium components shall not have any cracks at the bended areas visible by the naked eye, if not otherwise specified Holes may be punched full size without reaming.
Identification
At all stages of manufacturing each piece or package of similar pieces of structural aluminium components shall be identifiable by a suitable system
Cold forming processes, such as roll forming or press breaking, must meet the cold formability standards outlined in the relevant product specifications Additionally, manufacturing should adhere to the requirements specified in Clause 10 and comply with the tolerances defined in Clause 11.
Cutting
Cutting must be performed to meet the geometrical tolerances and smoothness of free edges outlined in this European Standard Appropriate cutting tools should be utilized, and any tools previously used for other metals must be thoroughly cleaned before use.
NOTE Known and recognized cutting methods are shearing nibbling and water jet techniques Other methods are possible if appropriate
If coated materials are to be cut, the method of cutting shall be selected to minimize the damage on the coating
Burrs that could cause injury or prevent the proper alignment or bedding of sections or sheeting shall be removed.
Punching
7 Welding at the construction site
Structural aluminum components can be welded for joints, overlaps, attachments, and penetrations, using appropriate welding methods like TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding for AlMnMg alloys.
NOTE The weld seams only serve as seals (“sealing weld”) The weld seams are therefore made at points where no stress or only negligible stresses need to be transferred
Before starting welding operations, it is essential to implement safety precautions, such as notifying the local fire services, keeping a fire extinguisher readily available, and removing or securely storing any flammable materials from the work area and its vicinity.
Welding can be performed in a workshop or on a construction site, but when conducted outdoors, it is essential to shield the area from wind and rain by utilizing welding screens or tents.
Before welding, ensure that the components are thoroughly cleaned, free of grease, and completely dry For coated materials, it is essential to mechanically remove the coating in a small area of 20 to 30 mm at the welding point.
To maintain the safety of joints, it is essential to support the joining parts with durable thermal insulation Sensitive sub-surfaces must be safeguarded against ignition and damage, which can be achieved by utilizing specialized welding underlays at the joining point It is advisable to avoid butt welds, and the sheet metal should overlap by approximately 10 to 20 mm If overlapping is not feasible, a strip of uncoated aluminum sheet metal should be placed underneath.
The weld seam tightness shall be checked by visual inspection
General
This clause outlines the fastening requirements for profiled sheeting and members at the shop and site, utilizing screws and blind rivets For alternative fastening methods, the provisions of EN 1090-3 must be followed.
Fastenings shall be in accordance with the execution specification and used in accordance with the fastener manufacturer's recommendations
The performance of fasteners is influenced by testing methodologies that assess their effectiveness under site conditions Key considerations include the ability to produce the correct hole size for self-tapping screws and rivets, properly adjust power screwdrivers to achieve the correct tightening torque, drive self-drilling screws perpendicularly to the connected surface, and ensure sealing washers are compressed within the manufacturer's recommended limits Additionally, it is crucial to form adequate structural connections and identify any inadequacies.
For thread-forming screws and blind rivets, the provisions of the European Standards or European Technical Assessment Documents (EAD) apply
EN 1090-3 shall apply for metric screws
When securing profiled sheeting from its valley to the supporting members, it is essential to position the fasteners to eliminate any gaps at the contact point between component I and component II, as illustrated in Figure B.3 Exceptions to this requirement may be addressed by European Technical Assessments (ETAs).
Sealing strips with a thickness of up to 3 mm are allowed to reduce heat transfer between component I and component II If a greater thickness is necessary, it must be authorized by an ETA.
When installing, it is essential to adhere to the guidelines outlined in the European Standards or European Technical Assessments (ETA), as well as the manufacturer's instructions concerning appropriate sheet thicknesses, materials, clamping thicknesses, and the tools required for the process.
After installation work any drilling swarfs or ejected broken mandrel stems shall be collected and removed from exterior work surfaces to prevent subsequent corrosion.
Use of self-tapping and self-drilling screws
Before fastening, it is essential to verify the length and thread type of screws to match the specific application Additionally, the screws should be adjusted according to the thickness of the support to ensure proper anchorage of the fastener.
Screws for certain applications require an interrupted thread If a sealing washer is used the thickness of the washer should be taken into account in selecting the thread length
If screws are fastened in the crown of a roofing profile care shall be taken to avoid dents in the sheet at the penetration point, e.g by using saddle washers
When fixing screws, it is essential to use the correct tools, such as a screwdriver, that feature adjustable depth and torque control, aligned with the equipment manufacturer's guidelines Additionally, if power screwdrivers are employed, their drilling and driving speeds must adhere to the fastener manufacturer's specifications.
If sealing washers are used, the screws shall be set to achieve the correct compression of the elastomer as indicated by Figure 2 a) too loose b) correct c) too tight d) too inclined
Figure 2 — Guide for compression of sealing washers
The depth control device, of a power screwdriver, shall be adjusted to compress the elastomeric washer within the limits set by the fastener manufacturer
Screws without sealing washers shall be set using an appropriate torque or depth control device to avoid overtightening.
Use of blind rivets
Installation shall be performed according to the fastener manufacturer's recommendations
When selecting the length of a blind rivet, it is essential to consider the total thickness of the materials being fastened To prevent the formation of a closing head between the components, ensure that Component I and Component II are in contact prior to the riveting process.
The rivet length recommended by the product manufacturer generally takes account of a certain drawing together of the plates to be fastened
Most manufacturers provide a variety of manual and powered setting tools designed for both high and low volume applications These tools can be easily modified by simply changing the nosepiece or setting jaws to accommodate different types and sizes of blind rivets Additionally, interchangeable heads are available for use in tight spaces, such as inside channels or cylindrical sections.
NOTE 2 Predetermined setting characteristics designed into the rivet body/mandrel relationship ensure consistent joints.
Attachment of cold formed structural elements to the supporting member
Types of connections and attachments
Differentiation is made between the following types of connections and attachments:
— attachments of profiled sheeting to the supporting member;
— attachments of load-bearing linear profile cross sections to the supporting member;
— connections between profiled sheets (e.g side lap or end lap);
— connections between edge parts or linear profile cross sections and profiled sheeting.
Attachment of profiled sheets to the supporting member transverse to the direction
Attachment must adhere to the execution specification, ensuring that at least every second profile rib of profiled sheets with a rib width greater than 100 mm is secured to the supporting member For profiled sheets with a rib width of 100 mm or less, every third rib should be attached.
For diaphragms, it is essential that each profile rib of the adjacent flange is securely attached to the diaphragm supports However, for intermediate supports that solely transfer loads perpendicular to the laying area and do not contribute to the diaphragm's function, it is adequate to attach to every second profile rib, even within the diaphragm's area.
Liner trays and cassette profiles must be securely attached to the supporting member at each support point, following the execution specifications, with a minimum of two fasteners positioned close to the web (see Figure 3).
Figure 3 — Fastening of liner trays
Minimum support width: Annex B, Table B.1 a) without overlapping
Minimum support width: Annex B, Table B.1 b) with overlapping
Figure 4 — Example of Attachments of profiled sheets
Attachment of profiled sheets to the supporting member parallel to the direction of
Trapezoidal or sinusoidal sheeting must be securely attached to the supporting member along the longitudinal edges, with a spacing not exceeding 50 mm ≤ eR ≤ 500 mm, as specified in the execution guidelines (refer to Figure 4 and Figure A.1) For connections involving an edge stiffening plate, the spacing should be maintained between 50 mm and 333 mm Additionally, for diaphragms, the attachment must comply with the execution specifications, which also applies to the longitudinal edge of a profiled sheet near any openings in the laying area.
Supporting member made of metal
Provisions for the fixed length of the cylindrical part of the thread of thread-forming screws in supporting members made of metal are given in the relevant ETAs
When forming threads or drilling, it's important to note that the tips may not be part of the recognized length Additionally, to prevent damage to the connection, the tips of connectors should remain intact after installation.
Supporting member made of timber or other wood-based materials
Thread-forming screws designed for connecting profiled sheets or linear structural elements to timber or wood-based supporting members must comply with European Standards or European Technical Assessments.
Pilot drilling and screw-in depth must adhere to the guidelines outlined in EN 1995–1-1, unless the European Technical Assessments for the fasteners or the product standards for the screws specify different requirements.
Screws may not be hammered in – not even partially
If aluminium profile sheets are used as exterior shells (weatherproof sheeting) and are connected to a timber sub-construction in the bottom flanges, the following conditions shall be observed:
— with trapezoidal profiles, the width of the connected bottom flange shall not be less than 23 mm;
— transverse joints of the profile sheets shall be arranged above the timber sub-construction;
— when determining the length L of the profile sheets, their colouring shall be observed;
Fixed points, as outlined in Annex A, must be established on the sub-construction at the center of the sheets, allowing for a displacement of 10 mm on both transverse edges.
— either wood screws, self-tapping screws or drilling screws made from aluminium or stainless steel with threads suitable for timber sub-constructions may be used as connecting elements;
The sealing washers must have a minimum diameter of 16 mm, while those used for cladding should be at least 10 mm Additionally, the vulcanized EPDM seal is required to possess a low Shore hardness and a minimum thickness of 3 mm.
— potential distortion of the timber sub-construction (for example, with coupled purlins) shall be taken into account via constructive measures.
Supporting member made of concrete or masonry
To attach profiled sheets, it is essential to use continuous steel components, such as flat steel with a minimum thickness of 8 mm, fastening rails, or cold-formed profiles These components must be properly anchored, and post-installed anchors, dowels, or screws that meet European Standards or European Technical Assessments should be utilized.
Steel components, along with their anchoring, must be installed flush with the top edge of the concrete Additionally, the supporting surfaces for the profiled sheets should match the pitch of the sheets, ensuring no interference from screws, rivets, butt straps, top flange plates, push pads, or butt plates.
The steel parts shall be adequately protected against corrosion.
Connecting profiled sheets
The longitudinal edges of the profiled sheets shall be joined together within the laying area or stiffened by means of an edge stiffener as specified in Annex A
Connection type and spacing shall be adequate to draw together overlapping sheets
Sidelaps of profiled sheets of the exposed surface of a roof should be fastened according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the structural aluminium components
Self-tapping or self-drilling screws, along with sealing washers and elastomer seals, or blind rivets, are suitable for connecting profiled sheets as per the relevant ETAs In cases where profiled sheets serve as the supporting skin for multi-skin roofs that are not exposed to weather, the use of sealing washers can be omitted, and non-sealing blind rivets may be utilized instead.
Sidelapping fasteners shall comply with the following distances eL:
— Supporting skins made of trapezoidal and sinusoidal sheeting: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 500 mm
— Supporting skin made of trapezoidal sheeting as a diaphragm: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 500 mm and at least 4 fasteners per span
— Weathered trapezoidal and sinusoidal sheeting as roof covering: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 500 mm
— Weathered trapezoidal and sinusoidal sheeting as wall cladding: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 500 mm
— Supporting skin made from liner tray profiles in the roof: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 500 mm
— Supporting skin made from liner tray profiles in the wall: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 1000 mm
— Supporting skin made from liner tray profiles as a diaphragm: 50 mm ≤ eL ≤ 333 mm
Edge and field spacings of fasteners for structural elements
General
Distances from the edge and field spacings shall be specified in the execution specification Distances from edge and spacings of fasteners see EN 1999-1-4.
Edge spacings of webs of trapezoidal sheeting and liner tray profiles
For flange widths greater than 265 mm, a minimum of two fasteners per flange and support is necessary, with only those fasteners located within 75 mm of the web being considered in the design In contrast, flanges with widths of 265 mm or less may be secured with at least one fastener, or more if indicated in the execution specifications.
General
This clause outlines the requirements for the erection and related activities involving profiled sheeting on site, unless specified otherwise For all erection and site work, EN 1090-3 standards must be adhered to.
Work carried out on site which includes preparation, welding, mechanical fastening and surface treatment shall comply with the Clauses 6, 7, 8 and 10 respectively
Inspection and acceptance of the structure shall be performed in accordance with the requirements specified in Clause 12.
Site conditions
Erection of construction works shall only begin once the site meets all technical safety requirements, which include ensuring hard standing for cranes and access equipment, establishing access routes, assessing soil conditions, considering potential settlement of supports, identifying underground services and overhead cables, adhering to delivery limitations on component dimensions and weights, evaluating special environmental and climatic conditions, and taking into account adjacent structures that may impact the project.
The site plan must include detailed access routes, indicating their dimensions and levels, as well as the prepared working area for site traffic and equipment Additionally, it should outline the designated storage areas available on the site.
When construction works are interconnected with other trades, it is essential to ensure that the safety technical requirements align with those of the overall project Key considerations include established procedures for collaboration with other contractors, the availability of site services, the maximum allowable construction and storage loads on the framework, and the management of concrete placement during composite construction.
Training / instruction of installation personnel
Installation may only be undertaken by companies that possess the necessary specialist knowledge and experience and can demonstrate they employ sufficient experienced personnel The provisions of 4.2.2 shall apply.
Inspection of preceding works
Before beginning installation, it is essential to verify that all prerequisite works are complete Any defects in these preceding works that could hinder the installation must be documented and reported to the client, who will ensure that necessary corrective actions are taken.
Layout drawing
Layout drawings must be accessible at the construction site and adhered to during installation Any modifications require written approval from the responsible entity overseeing the execution specifications.
Tools required
Proper tools shall be used The recommendations of the manufacturers shall be followed.
Safety on site
Before commencing installation work, it is essential to install the necessary protective devices and fall protection Adhering to the technical safety requirements is crucial Profiled sheets should only be walked on within the permitted spans outlined in the execution specification, and access to roofs is strictly limited to maintenance and cleaning purposes.
The setting-down places for the stacks of profiled sheets shown on the layout drawings shall be adhered to
Installation works shall cease if the weather conditions are not appropriate, e.g wind is squally or strong
After installation, each profiled sheet must be securely attached to the substructure to prevent movement and connected to adjacent sheets or edge constructions through side overlaps It is crucial to promptly secure cantilever profiled sheets to avoid accidents related to overturning When creating cut-outs in roofs, fall protection should be implemented, and the cut-outs must be secured to prevent falls Additionally, once bundles are lifted onto sloping surfaces, all sheets should be secured to prevent sliding.
In the event of interrupted installation work, it is essential to secure all sheets against potential storms and wind loads that may exceed those experienced in their installed state, as well as to prevent sliding This requirement also extends to partially used stacks.
Inspection of packaging and contents
After delivery to site the products shall be checked for completeness, packaging or transportation damage and to ensure the labelling is complete
Defects and shortages shall be reported in writing immediately to the supplier and appropriate action taken.
Storage
The product shall be stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations or the recommendations of manufacturer’s associations if specified
To prevent condensation within stacked structural aluminium elements, they should be stored in a covered area that is free from humidity, heat, and frequent temperature fluctuations.
To ensure effective outdoor short-term storage of profiled sheets, it is essential to implement protective measures against rainwater and splashes The cover used must be air-permeable and securely fastened to withstand wind Additionally, it is crucial to prevent contact with any substances that could adversely affect the surfaces of structural aluminum elements, such as soil, sand, gravel, mortar, concrete, or both standing and flowing water, even for brief durations.
Storage areas shall be prepared and kept dry
When storing stacks of metallic coated structural aluminium elements, transport packaging (e.g stretch or shrink wrap) shall be removed immediately.
Damaged structural elements and connecting devices
Damaged structural elements and connecting devices, such as those with buckles, cracks, kinks, indentations, folds, or compromised corrosion protection, may only be installed or retained if it is confirmed that they still possess adequate load-bearing capacity, serviceability, and durability.
Unloading, lifting gear / slings / straps
For the safe unloading of products on site, it is essential to use appropriate equipment that has been assessed for its intended purpose Additionally, wearing specific protective gloves and a safety helmet is mandatory in all situations to ensure safety.
Structural elements must be safely packed, handled, and transported to prevent permanent deformation and minimize surface damage Appropriate preventive measures for handling and storage should be implemented.
Special lifting equipment where available for structural elements that is adapted to shape of the profile should be used when using cranes during installation.
Laying
The product must be installed according to the manufacturer's guidelines or relevant associations' recommendations Trimmers for openings in profiled sheeting should be installed right after cutting each opening or beforehand, ensuring that the openings are secured to prevent any risk of falling.
Direction of lay of structural aluminium components
To ensure a uniform appearance in roof and wall constructions, it is essential that the direction of lay for individual profiled sheets remains consistent, as varying angles can alter their visual effect For curved systems, adherence to the manufacturer's specifications is crucial.
NOTE If member states define dominant directions of wind, these directions can be taken into account for the direction of lay.
Maintaining the cover width / adherence to tolerances
The geometry of the structural elements may not be altered as a result of the installation.
Condition after installation (swarf from drilling, fouling of surface, protective film wrap)
Loose-lying objects shall be cleared from the construction work; in particular, swarf from drilling operations shall be removed carefully
To ensure proper installation, it is essential to remove protective film wraps according to the manufacturer's guidelines For profiled sheeting, the protective films in the overlapping sections of the side and end laps, as well as around the attachment areas, must be taken off prior to beginning the installation process.
When installing profiled sheets using suction cross-beams, protective film wraps shall be removed before using the suckers.
Inspection after installation
An inspection must be conducted immediately after the installation is completed, especially before commencing subsequent tasks such as roof sealing or outdoor installations If there are any conflicts with contractual agreements, a joint inspection should be arranged by mutual consent, followed by the preparation of an inspection report.
Diaphragms and moment-resisting connections, particularly the joints, must be thoroughly inspected to confirm their proper execution This inspection should be conducted in collaboration with the local building site manager and require a countersignature.
Diaphragms and moment-resisting connections in the envelope
It is necessary to mark the areas of the diaphragms (construction class I) in the envelope
— as “diaphragm“ on the layout drawing and
— with clearly visible, permanent warning signs on the finished construction (Figure 5)
The text on the sign shall indicate that the stability of the whole building will be at risk if alterations are subsequently undertaken to the diaphragms without static analysis
Figure 5 — Example for a sign “Warning – diaphragm in roof”
The owner of the building shall be informed about size, position and significance of the diaphragm.
Protection against lightning
The lightning protection expert must obtain written confirmation from the roofing company about the roof's suitability as a "natural element of the lightning protection system" (refer to 5.14) Once confirmed, the expert can proceed to connect the necessary leads to the metal terminals, which must also undergo testing.
EN 62561-1, and thus connect the “natural lightning conductor metal roof” to earth The same shall apply analogously to the cladding See EN 62305-3:2011, 5.2.5 and 5.3.5
Corrosion protection
Aluminium profile sheets naturally develop an oxide coating that protects them from corrosion in typical weather conditions, including marine, rural, and industrial environments However, in areas exposed to specific corrosion risks, such as near copper smelters or non-ferrous metal scrapyards, it is essential to apply an additional protective coating with a minimum thickness of 25 µm Criteria for this extra corrosion protection are outlined in section 10.2.
To prevent galvanic corrosion caused by the contact of dissimilar metals, it is essential to implement appropriate precautions, as outlined in Annex E If insulation kits are utilized to mitigate this corrosion, comprehensive details regarding their application must be provided.
Cleaning and maintenance
Cleaning and maintenance shall be performed in accordance with the product manufacturer’s recommendations
To maintain the integrity of organic coated products, it is essential to prevent scratching, excessive rubbing, and foot traffic Prior to installation, masonry works such as pargetting, concreting, plastering, stonework, and tiling must be completed to avoid damage from splashes of lime, mortar, concrete, or cement These materials are alkaline during the setting process and can harm both uncoated and, depending on the lacquer, possibly coated surfaces Therefore, it is advisable to cover the surfaces for protection.
Splashes of lime, mortar, concrete or cement shall be rinsed off immediately using lots of water If
Reactions detrimental to the surface are no longer expected after careful rinsing However, any visual defects will remain
Visual defects and mechanical surface damage can be addressed through on-site replacement or painting as part of a corrosion protection system However, when parts are replaced or repainted, there is a risk of color shade discrepancies with the original components This potential variation should be considered when planning for replacement or repainting.
The visual appearance of a façade or roof must be assessed individually, as variations in color shade, while not impacting functionality, can significantly detract from its decorative appeal.
Contact of coated elements with acids or alkalis shall be avoided If there is contact, however, cleaning treatment shall be carried out immediately using lots of water
For effective maintenance, the exterior surfaces of outer walls, wall cladding, ceilings, and roofs must be easily accessible Accessibility can be achieved through various means, including ladders, tower scaffolds, or mobile working platforms, depending on local conditions It is essential to incorporate plans during the design phase to accommodate the necessary construction requirements for the selected cleaning and maintenance methods, such as scaffold anchors.
General
The manufacturing tolerances for profiled sheets are specified in Annex D of this standard It is essential to maintain these tolerances, as any deformation during erection that alters the product's load-bearing capacity is not allowed.
These values may be too large if greater demands are made on the construction works Tighter tolerances might be possible, if agreed between manufacturer and customer.
Tolerance types
This clause outlines the various types of geometrical deviations and specifies quantitative values for two categories of permitted deviations: a) essential tolerances, which are critical for the mechanical resistance and stability of components or the overall structure; and b) functional tolerances, which are necessary to meet additional criteria such as fit-up and aesthetic considerations.
Essential tolerances and functional tolerances are both normative
NOTE The permitted deviations given do not include elastic deformations induced by the self-weight of the components
Special tolerances can be defined for both previously established geometrical deviations with quantitative values and other types of geometrical variations When special tolerances are necessary, it is essential to provide the relevant information accordingly.
— amended values for functional tolerances already defined;
— defined parameters and permitted values for the geometrical deviations to be controlled;
— whether these special tolerances apply to all relevant components or only to particular components that are specified
Final acceptance testing requirements must be met for all fabricated components intended for on-site structures In addition to the tolerances specified for the fabricated components, the tolerances for the final inspection of the erected structure, as outlined in the design specifications, must also be adhered to.
Essential tolerances
General
Essential tolerances shall be in accordance with Annex D The values specified are permitted deviations
If the actual deviation exceeds the permitted value, the measured value shall be dealt with as a nonconformity according to Clause 12
In certain situations, an uncorrected deviation of a critical tolerance may be justified based on structural design, provided that the excess deviation is explicitly accounted for in a recalculation If this is not the case, the nonconformity must be rectified in accordance with EN 1090-1.
Manufacturing tolerances
Cold formed profiled sheets shall conform to the permitted deviations in Table D.1.
Erection tolerances
The laying of the profiled sheeting shall not change the structural behaviour of the sheeting.
Functional tolerances
General
Functional tolerances are given in Annex D The values specified are permitted deviations.
Tabulated values
Tabulated values for functional tolerances of profiled sheeting are provided in section D.2, typically displaying values for two classes The selection of a tolerance class can be applied to specific components or chosen sections of an erected structure.
To apply D.2 effectively, one can utilize tolerance class 2 for sections of a structure intended for a glazed facade installation This approach minimizes the necessary clearance and adjustability at the interface, enhancing the overall fit and finish.
If D.2 is used, and the choice of class is not specified, tolerance class 1 applies
General
This clause specifies the requirements for inspection and testing with respect to the quality requirements included in quality documentation (see 4.2.2) as relevant
Inspection, testing and corrections shall be undertaken on the works against the specification and within the quality requirements set out in this European Standard
All inspection and testing shall be undertaken to a predetermined plan with documented procedures Specific inspection testing and associated corrections shall be documented.
Structural elements
General
Checks shall be made to see whether the structural elements comply with the data given in the shipment documents and execution specifications
NOTE This applies to profiles, profiled sheets, mechanical fasteners etc.
Non-conforming products
Products without a compliant label as per section 5.2 will be classified as non-conforming until their suitability for the intended application is verified If conformity is later established through testing or retesting, a test report must be issued.
Manufacturing: geometrical dimensions of manufactured structural elements
General
The production control plan must address the necessary requirements and inspections for structural elements, ensuring that dimensional measurements are consistently taken Appropriate methods and instruments should be selected from ISO 7976-1 and ISO 7976-2, with calibration performed according to EN ISO 376 For specially shaped pre-formed elements, profile checks must be conducted to verify their conformity Additionally, measuring accuracy should be evaluated in line with the relevant sections of ISO 17123.
For holes, others than punched, of metric screws the provisions of EN 1090-3 shall apply
The acceptance criteria must align with section 11.3, and any deviations should be assessed against the specified camber or preset In cases where acceptance inspection reveals nonconformity, corrective actions include: a) correcting the nonconformity using methods compliant with the European Standard, followed by re-inspection if feasible; b) if correction is not feasible, modifications to the structural aluminium component may be implemented to address the nonconformity, provided they adhere to an established procedure for managing such issues.
Profiled sheets
The inspection plan for profiled sheets must specify the location and frequency of measurements, including assessments at every change of material, such as grade or coil, and at the start of each new shift.
The depth of the profile is crucial for understanding the structural integrity of profiled sheets It varies depending on the design, such as the middle rib in three-ribbed sheets, the middle rib in sheets with more ribs, and the edge rib.
— the cover width at both ends of the profiled sheet b) at every change of profile
— the sheet thickness (checking of documents);
The depth of the profile is crucial for understanding the structural integrity of profiled sheets It varies depending on the design, such as the middle rib in three-rib sheets, the middle rib in sheets with more ribs, and the edge rib.
— the cover width at both ends of the profiled sheet c) at every change of sheet thickness
— the cover width at both ends of the sheet; d) twice per calendar year for every finished profile
— the stiffeners in the flanges and webs
It is necessary to measure the sheet thickness of each coil after delivery This should become part of the documentation.
Welding at the construction site
For welded joints at the construction site, see [7] The weld seam tightness shall be checked by visual inspection.
Inspection of fastening
Self-tapping and self-drilling screws
If using self-tapping and self-drilling screws, checks on site shall be done as required in the relevant ETAs and the fastener manufacturer's recommendations
When replacing rivets or screws, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and relevant documentation In some cases, using larger diameter fasteners may be necessary to ensure a secure fit in pre-formed holes.
Blind rivets
If using blind rivets, checks on site shall be done as required in the relevant EADs and the fastener manufacturer's recommendations
Holes with burred edges that would adversely affect the drawing together of the connected parts shall be treated as nonconforming until such time as they are rectified
Inspect connections with blind rivets to confirm that the upset at the blind end is not located between overlapping sheets; otherwise, these connections will be deemed nonconforming Any defective rivets must be removed and replaced.
If the spoilt rivet is removed with a drill of larger diameter than used to form the original hole the replacement rivet shall be suitable for the hole size created
Basic requirements for profiled sheeting
General
This annex contains basic requirements for profiled sheeting, if not otherwise specified This annex does not cover composite metal decks.
Supporting members
Supporting members shall be made of steel, corrosion protected steel, stainless steel, aluminium, timber, concrete or masonry.
Edges of laying area
Longitudinal edge stiffeners
Edge stiffening plates can be implemented as one or two pieces as in Figure A.1 Sheet thickness of edge stiffening plates is given in 5.5.2
The article discusses the dimensions in millimeters for various structural components, including the attachment of profiled sheets at longitudinal overlaps, edge stiffening using plates, and support made from steel, concrete, or timber It also highlights the importance of attaching the longitudinal edge with a continuous steel or timber profile secured to the wall.
Figure A.1 — Examples of edge stiffeners
Weakening of the cross section
Localized weakening of the cross section of profiled sheets, such as from mechanical attachment of thermal insulation or installation suspensions, is allowed only if the hole diameter is 10 mm or less.
— Spacing of individual holes or distance of edge holes from sets of holes: ≥ 200 mm
— Number of holes per set: 4
— Spacing of holes or edge holes: ≥ 4d ≥ 30 mm b) Hole diameter dn ≤ 4 mm
— Spacing of individual holes: ≥ 80 mm
Avoidance of ice damming
Ice damming can be avoided if suitable measures are taken at the planning stage, such as:
— avoid roof overhangs or at least insulate them;
— avoid shadows on roofs or use heating:
— equip areas that are at risk with roof heating;
— install a watertight roof supporting member up to 3 m inwards from the roof and connect this to the gutter;
— do not have the flow direction / roof pitch in the cold areas of the roof;
— heat the gutters, especially interior constructions;
— keep drains free, maintain gutters and downpipes;
— run gutter heating into the downpipes and down as far as the area where the ground is frost-free;
— consider the risk of rupture with hanging gutters;
— keep snow distributed over the roof (lots of individual snow stoppers instead of fewer linear constructions);
— connect the vapour barrier to the gutter and use as an emergency drain;
— protect fall arrest systems, walkways and other obstacles against the accumulation of snow and ice by means of snow guards;
— minimize or completely avoid thermal bridges;
— avoid large differences in heat insulation factors
The planner shall check whether individual measures suffice or whether several need to be combined to
Building physics requirements
General
Thermal insulation, moisture protection, noise control, and fire protection analyses must consider the combined effects of all building materials and system elements, as outlined in the relevant regulations.
Water permeability
All roof and wall systems must be completely water impermeable, effectively resisting driving rain and drifting snow This includes the entire assembly to be installed in a building, encompassing the product, its coatings, factory-applied seals, standard joints, site-applied seals, representative flashings, and the method of fixing.
Properly manufactured sheeting, when visually inspected and deemed satisfactory, can be impermeable to water The water permeability of the assembly depends on its installation, the roof's length (water height), and the roof's pitch, with relevance primarily to the joints and fixings.
Thermal insulation
Thermal bridges shall be minimized.
Avoidance of condensation
The heat-transmitting envelope of the building shall be permanently impermeable to air in accordance with the state of the art
To effectively prevent moisture from humid air from penetrating roof or wall constructions, it is essential to install a vapor barrier with a water vapor diffusion equivalent air layer thickness of sd ≥ 100 m.
When utilizing profiled sheeting for thermally insulated roofs and walls, it is essential to demonstrate sufficient protection against condensation for each specific case This involves taking into account vapor diffusion and air movement Preventing air movement within the roof or walls is crucial to avoid condensation that occurs when temperatures drop below the dew point.
To prevent moisture from humid air from penetrating the roof or wall construction, a vapour barrier layer with a water vapour diffusion equivalent air layer thickness of sd ≥ 100 m must be installed.
To ensure effective insulation, an airtight layer, known as a convection barrier, must be installed to prevent warm air from infiltrating the roof or wall construction This layer should exhibit high resistance to convection, meaning it must be free of holes or cracks Additionally, it is crucial that the layer is securely and permanently connected at overlaps and joined to adjacent elements using methods such as adhesive bonding, thermal or pressure welding, or flange-mounting.
As a rule, this condition is fulfilled for roofs or walls with a convection barrier made of:
— plastic membranes that are hot-air welded or bonded by thermosetting;
— bitumen membranes that are bitumen bonded or torched-on;
— foil that is bonded throughout with suitable age-resistant adhesive tape A fold in the adhesive seam of the foil on laying is not allowed;
— profiled sheeting if the side and end laps are sealed throughout with suitable age-resistant sealant strips Edge connections, openings and penetrations should be treated accordingly
A double-skin non-ventilated roof achieves sufficient air impermeability when there are, on average, no more than five thread-forming screws, closed-end blind rivets, or tri-fold blind rivets with gaskets, as well as other verifiably tight connections, per square meter that penetrate the layer above or next to the inner skin.
Airborne sound insulation
Airborne sound insulation for roof or wall constructions can be obtained from tested results or determined through testing in accordance with the EN ISO 10140 series The outcome should be reported as a single value Rw rating, following the EN ISO 717-1 standard.
Sound absorption
The sound absorption of roof or wall constructions can be obtained from tested results or determined through testing in accordance with EN ISO 354 The outcome should be reported as an α w rating following EN ISO 11654.
Protection against lightning
Metal roof coverings are suitable for use as natural elements of a lightning protection system as specified in EN 62305-3
According to EN 62305-3 a metal roof can be used as a “natural arrester” if certain prerequisites (see
To ensure compliance with EN 62305-3:2011, it is essential that lightning is effectively arrested and directed to the conductors' connection points for safe earthing All individual roof elements must be interconnected to facilitate the safe transfer of lightning current to the earthing system The metal roof should be securely and professionally connected to the earth, adhering to specified technical standards and maintaining structural integrity with its supporting members Additionally, thorough inspections and necessary repairs should be conducted following any lightning strike.
The following approach is possible when evaluating a metal roof as an arrester
The suitability of a metal roof as a natural arrester is verified under specific conditions: a) when the roof is constructed from bare metal or other materials as outlined in EN 62305-3; b) when the roof consists of coated metal with individual parts joined by screws, rivets, welding, or brazing, with bare connections falling under condition a); and c) when the roof is made of coated metal with parts that are not mechanically fastened but are instead folded, clamped, pressed, crimped, or layered The roof installer must provide a test report in accordance with EN 62305-3 to confirm the roof's suitability as a natural arrester.
Roof drainage
Roof areas must maintain a consistent downward pitch towards the drainage system Flat roof sections, which have a pitch of 0°, require specific solutions, such as positioning drains at points of maximum deflection To prevent potential flooding caused by drain blockages, it is advisable to incorporate emergency drains along the roof's edge, in accordance with EN 12056 standards.
In accordance with Table A.1, the roof pitch can be as small as 3-5 degree if, in accordance with the state of the art, additional sealing measures are adopted
Figure A.2 — End lap – roof covering
For roof coverings with profiled sheeting, the minimum roof pitch shall not be less than 3°
The overlapping of the end lap shall always be chosen as a function of the roof pitch (see Figure A.2) Recommendations are given in accordance with Table A.1
Table A.1 — Recommended roof pitches and minimum overlapping lengths
Roof pitch, in degrees Overlapping length, in mm Comment
≥ 1,7 to 2,9 without transversal joint and without opening
2,9 to 10 200 with additional measures for sealing
The minimum roof pitch requirement does not apply to the ridge area in locations where the pitch is 3° (5%) or less, such as with curved roofs, provided that the roof elements are not connected along the ridge between the eaves.
In addition, reference is made to EN 12056-1 and EN 12056-3
Additional design requirements for profiled sheeting
General
This Annex concerns provisions which the designer shall take into account, if not otherwise specified, and which are not yet included in EN 1999-1-4
This Annex does not cover composite metal decks
When designing supporting members, it is essential to consider the actions of the structural elements For continuous loads, the impact of continuity on support reactions can be disregarded if the profiled sheeting spans more than two spans and the spans vary by no more than 20%.
Serviceability
Connections can be made at either the top or bottom flange of trapezoidal or sinusoidal sheeting When choosing the supporting member, such as material and thickness, it is essential to consider the requirements of the fasteners.
If not otherwise specified the deflections of the profiled sheets shall be limited depending on the field of application: for roofs subjected to gravity loading
— with weather membrane on top (bonded roof construction) f max ≤ l/300
— with weather membrane on top and mechanical connection f max ≤ l/200
— with metal decking on top (double-skin roof, here supporting skin) f max ≤ l/150
— as metal decking (outer skin) fmax ≤ l/150 for walls
— cladding, under wind pressure f max ≤ l/150
Dimensions, widths of supports
General
The necessary widths of supports are determined through calculations or testing to ensure adequate load-bearing capacity Minimum support widths for proper installation are specified in Table B.1 When installing on narrow supports, such as tubes, special provisions must be considered to adjust the values listed in Table B.1.
For safe installation, ensure that the profiled sheet is attached to the supporting member immediately after laying If this is not possible, the width of the support, including any overlaps, must be at least 80 mm.
The minimum support width shall be calculated based on design rules or testing according to
Type of supporting members Steel, concrete Masonry Timber
Supporting members made of metal (steel / aluminium)
When dealing with asymmetrical linear profile cross sections of metal supporting members, it is essential to account for potential reductions in the loading of connections, as outlined in section B.4 and the European Technical Assessments for fasteners.
Supporting members made of timber
The EN 1995-1 series shall apply
Trapezoidal and sinusoidal profiles can be fastened in crown and valley
B.3.4 Supports made of concrete or masonry
For optimal support, it is essential to install adequately anchored continuous elements, such as anchor bodies or fastening rails, preferably constructed from steel, to which the profiled sheeting can be connected Additionally, built-in components made of flat steel must have a minimum thickness of 8 mm, as referenced in section 8.4.6 and illustrated in Figure B.1.
When the width of the supports exceeds 10% of the calculated span, they must be installed to extend above the concrete surface, following the deflection curve of the profiled sheeting.
In certain situations, such as when refurbishing an old building without a supporting component, profiled sheeting can be directly attached to the supporting member However, to prevent condensation, it is important to avoid direct contact with concrete supports.
The article discusses various connection methods in millimeters, including: a) a connection with an attachment rail that is embedded flush with the top face of the concrete support; b) a connection featuring a protruding attachment rail embedded in the concrete support; c) a connection using a flat steel bar that is flush with the top face of the concrete; and d) an attachment with a hat-shaped profile anchored in the support.
1 steel plate, thickness not less than 8 mm
5 rigid foam, timber, or similar material
6 concrete, reinforced concrete or pre- stressed concrete e) Direct connection flush with top edge of concrete (refurbishment of an old building)
Figure B.1 — Examples of support design
Shear forces / fixed points
When dimensioning supporting members, it is essential to account for the transfer of shear and normal forces from the roof plane through the profiled sheets Shear forces resulting from roof shear can only be transferred at the attachment point in the valley of the profiled sheet If the attachment occurs at the top flange, shear forces must be managed by a specially designed fixed point Additionally, when detailing these fixed points, both the structural elements and the supporting member must be designed to accommodate the corresponding shear forces.
Thermal elongation of the profiled sheets has to be taken into account by
— proof that the thermal elongation will not cause any damage; or
— the construction allows free movement of the profiled sheets and the definition of a fixed point.